• In comparison to transcriptional regulation, it results in much more immediate cellular adjustment through direct regulation of protein concentration. (wikipedia.org)
  • They serve as bridges between transcriptional regulation and phenotypic variation in mammals. (nature.com)
  • Accordingly, three-dimensional genome architecture models at various resolutions, based on chromatin interactomes, have provided a conceptual framework for transcriptional regulation in animals ranging from flies to humans 12 . (nature.com)
  • However, due to the limited resolution of Hi-C maps, comprehensive high-resolution chromatin maps involving regulatory elements, which allow for elucidation of their impact on transcriptional regulation are still lacking in plants. (nature.com)
  • This approach has excluded levels of post-transcriptional regulation, associated with a rapid response through the activation of pre-existing mRNAs. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • We have also identified a group of genes either up- or down-regulated at translational levels that participate in pre-mRNA splicing, 3´-processing of the pre-RNA, RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing, miRNA-mediated repression and mRNA turnover, as well as genes involved in epigenetic and transcriptional regulation. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • The gene expression profiling data, selection of candidate genes and transcriptional regulation of the seed germination and seedling growth will be presented and discussed. (usda.gov)
  • Post-transcriptional regulation of the expression of the flowering time gene FT in different light conditions. (slu.se)
  • Transcriptional regulation of aquaporins in accessions of Arabidopsis in response to drought stress. (lu.se)
  • Here, we identify the cis-acting modifications that have reshaped gene expression in response to dehydration stress in three Arabidopsis species. (nih.gov)
  • Research conducted by three independent groups and reported in The Plant Cell shows that fundamental developmental processes controlled by the plant hormone auxin are regulated by microRNAs in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dr. Bonnie Bartel at Rice University in Houston, TX together with Drs. David Bartel and Allison Mallory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, MA report experiments using transgenic Arabidopsis plants that produce a version of ARF17 mRNA that resists microRNA-mediated cleavage. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Arabidopsis ago1 mutants lacking the AGO1 protein have numerous severe developmental defects, supporting the notion that regulation by microRNAs is critical for normal plant growth. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Auxin is known to be a major regulator of adventitious root formation and normal Arabidopsis plants form multiple adventitious roots on the hypocotyl (stem just above the root) when treated with auxin but the ago1 mutants do not. (sciencedaily.com)
  • By searching the genomes of woody Poplar trees and leafy Arabidopsis, the scientists identified 94 and 61 genes they suspected belonged to this family in those two species, respectively. (bnl.gov)
  • Potato hexokinase 2 complements transgenic Arabidopsis plants deficient in hexokinase 1 but does not play a key role in tuber carbohydrate metabolism. (mpg.de)
  • For identification and characterization of genes involved in the expressional control of antioxidant enzymes several Arabidopsis mutants with low activation of the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A (2CPA) promoter were isolated from a chemically mutagenized reporter gene line, which expresses luciferase under control of the redox-regulated 2CPA promoter. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Microarray technologies will be employed to examine global gene expression in wild type and mutated Arabidopsis and barley plants. (usda.gov)
  • The functions of the candidate genes will be further validated using genetic approaches in Arabidopsis and barley. (usda.gov)
  • Diane Burgess and Michael Freeling sampled the genomes of a wide variety of plant species (e.g., rice, banana, cacao, the model plant Arabidopsis , and other flowering plants, both monocots and dicots) and found " numerous conserved non-coding sequences " (CNSs). (evolutionnews.org)
  • These 77 genes were then divided into eleven subfamilies according to their homology with Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analyses of in vitro protein-protein interaction of ACT7 or ACT2 and AIP1-2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and in vivo analysis of AIP1-2 expression. (slu.se)
  • Translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of protein synthesized from its mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulation of this process begins with the supply of methionine by a tRNA anticodon that basepairs AUG. This base pairing comes about by the scanning mechanism that ensues once the small 40S ribosomal subunit binds the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We measured the levels of gene 5 and gene 6 mRNA and showed that they were not significantly different, and protein analysis indicated no difference in stability of NSP1 compared with VP6. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Polyribosome analysis showed that the majority of gene 6 mRNA was present on large polysomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In contrast, sedimentation of more than half of the gene 5 mRNA was subpolysomal. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The change in distribution of gene 5 mRNA in polyribosome gradients in response to treatment with low concentrations of cycloheximide suggested that gene 5 is a poor translation initiation template compared with gene 6 mRNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 2014. Diversity, expression and mRNA targeting abilities of Argonaute-targeting miRNAs among selected vascular plants. . (ncbs.res.in)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are encoded by genes and are themselves templates for the proteins that carry the main metabolic functions in a cell. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The complex then cleaves the mRNA into smaller pieces, thereby preventing translation of the protein it encodes, and thus inhibiting or "silencing" gene expression. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The plants showed increased accumulation of ARF17 mRNA and altered levels of mRNAs corresponding to several genes that may be regulated by ARF17. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dr. Bellini and her colleagues found that the mutant plants over-accumulate ARF17 mRNA within the hypocotyl, pointing to ARF17 as a major regulator of adventitious rooting and microRNA-mediated regulation as a major regulator of ARF17. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The rise of the techniques associated with transcriptomics has led to the use of steady-state levels of mRNA as a criterion to select and study genes with a possible implication in agronomically important characters. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • We show that, similar to metazoan steady-state systems, endogenous miRNAs in Chlamydomonas can regulate gene expression both by destabilization of the mRNA and by translational repression. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • As binding of miRNAs to a target mRNA may result in an airway inflammatory disease closely correlates with either mRNA degradation or inhibition of protein immune regulation, more and more evidences suggest translation.1 More than 2000 miRNAs have been discovered in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Research reported in The Plant Cell shows that microRNAs control the accumulation of transcription factor proteins that regulate the expression of genes in the auxin response pathway. (sciencedaily.com)
  • There are many AGO1-like proteins in animals and other eukaryotes as well, indicating that the RNA-induced silencing complex is of ancient evolutionary origin, and that microRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression is shared among many eukaryotes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Mid-SUN proteins are a neglected family of conserved type III membrane proteins of ancient origin with representatives in plants, animals and fungi. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Genes are segments of DNA that carry the instructions for making proteins, which are the building blocks of life. (proprofs.com)
  • Chromosomes are thread-like structures made up of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information in the form of genes. (proprofs.com)
  • The DNA that makes up genes contains the instructions to synthesise proteins, but it's wrong to think that, for a given gene, these instructions are always the same for all parts of the organisms . (evolutionnews.org)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (21-24 nucleotides) sequences of RNA that reduce gene expression by promoting the breakdown of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and by repressing translation of mRNAs into proteins. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • The main aim of our research is to understand the molecular details and physiological roles of the multitude of water channel-like proteins present in plants and animals. (lu.se)
  • Annotation of Selaginella moellendorffii major intrinsic proteins and the evolution of the protein family in terrestrial plants. (lu.se)
  • The course comprises molecular biology of genes, proteins, multicomponent protein complexes, and other biomolecules that provide structure and perform the organism's functions. (lu.se)
  • While these general concepts are widely conserved, some of the finer details in this sort of regulation have been proven to differ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • MicroRNAs are tiny ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules (~22 nucleotides long) that recently have been found to play important roles in regulating gene expression in eukaryotic organisms, including plants and animals. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Regulation of gene expression occurs at multiple levels within eukaryotic cells, including chromatin-based, transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization, regulation of gene expression, gene mutation and repair, chromosomal aberrations (numerical and structural), transposons. (successcds.net)
  • Epigenetic regulation is achieved through promoter DNA methylation. (lonza.com)
  • However, compared to developmental processes, knowledge about the epigenetic regulation of metabolism is limited in multicellular organisms. (biorxiv.org)
  • More so, our results show that the epigenetic regulation of TE transcription is dynamically regulated throughout life (Paper II), upon the beginning of neuroinflammation (Paper III), and in a disease-driving polymorphic TE insertion (Paper IV). (lu.se)
  • Computational analysis of potential candidate genes involved in the cold stress response of ten Rosaceae members. (ncbs.res.in)
  • Meta-QTL analysis for mining of candidate genes and constitutive gene network development for viral disease resistance in maize (Zea mays L. (researchgate.net)
  • The candidate genes will be identified by comparing gene expression profiling data from plant tissues at different physiological conditions and genetic backgrounds. (usda.gov)
  • These data define a regulatory mechanism for the difference in amounts of VP6 and NSP1 and provide evidence for post-transcriptional control of rotavirus gene expression mediated by the translational efficiency of individual viral mRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The role of the 3′-untranslated region of non-polyadenylated plant viral mRNAs in regulating translational efficiency. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These miRNAs mainly control gene expression through translational inhibition. (intechopen.com)
  • Chloroplast translational regulation uncovers nonessential photosynthesis genes as key players in plant cold acclimation. (mpg.de)
  • Chromatin loops connect regulatory elements to their target genes. (nature.com)
  • By integrating expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, we demonstrate that long-range chromatin interactions between variant regulatory elements and their target genes contribute to variations in gene expression, metabolic phenotypes, and agronomic traits. (nature.com)
  • Important regulatory factors, TFs bind to the promoter regions of target genes and activate or inhibit their transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the fact that translation elongation is an irreversible process, there are few known mechanisms of its regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have investigated potential mechanisms of regulation of rotavirus gene expression by functional evaluation of two differentially expressed viral mRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • However, the mechanisms underlying these variations and their phenotypic expression are unclear. (nature.com)
  • Inappropriate function of genes that promote or inhibit cell growth or survival can be caused by errors introduced into the genetic code itself or by faulty epigenetic mechanisms deciding which genes can and cannot be expressed. (epigenie.com)
  • One of the mechanisms by which cells control gene expression is epigenetics. (lonza.com)
  • The group studies the molecular mechanisms involved in plant tolerance to environmental parameters. (fu-berlin.de)
  • During plant evolution and species diversification, the signalling mechanisms of the heterotrophic and phototrophic compartments were challenged by functional gene translocation and adaptation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Comparison of today´s plants demonstrate species- and ecotype-specific modifications of the chloroplast-to-nucleus signalling and regulation mechanisms. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Although they are structurally similar, plant and animal microRNAs repress gene expression through very different mechanisms. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • The following modules form part of the BSc Honours degree in Biotechnology: Molecular Techniques, Plant Physiology, Integrated Plant Metabolism (elective)​, Biostatistics (elective), Scientific and Proposal Writing, Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement and Plant Genomics. (sun.ac.za)
  • Metabolism underpins development and physiology, but little is known about how metabolic genes and pathways are regulated, especially in multicellular organisms. (biorxiv.org)
  • The laboratory will emphasize plant identification, various aspects of plant ecology and physiology, plant morphology, and plant use by humans. (middlebury.edu)
  • Plant and Cell Physiology 2007, 48 (8):1132-1147. (lu.se)
  • Using camalexin biosynthesis genes as an example, we confirmed that these two modifications were co-localized to form bivalent chromatin. (biorxiv.org)
  • Developmental genes, especially Hox genes, turned out to be remarkably conserved across lineages that diverged over half a billion years ago. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • The role of histone acetylation and its involvement in the regulation of transcription has long been a topic of research in cell and molecular biology labs. (epigenie.com)
  • Plant Molecular Biology 66:221-231. (usda.gov)
  • The study, published in the April 2009 issue of Plant Molecular Biology, also lays a foundation for understanding these genes' evolutionary and structural properties and for a broader exploration of their roles in plant life. (bnl.gov)
  • The Plant Biotechnolog y specialization uses the tools of molecular biology, genetics, and tissue culture to learn how plant cells work and to develop plants with improved traits. (hawaii.edu)
  • Detailed analysis of three members of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase (sad) gene family by Northern blotting, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR showed that the same individual genes were expressed both in gametophytic and sporophytic tissues, although under different temporal regulation. (nih.gov)
  • These results suggest that, although the same genes may be expressed in the sporophytic tapetal cells and in gametophytic tissues, they are regulated differentially leading to the production of the various contrasting lipidic structures that are assembled together to give rise to a viable, fertile pollen grain. (nih.gov)
  • Auxin influences development by affecting the expression of numerous genes that control the processes of cell division and cell expansion in specific plant tissues at specific stages during the plant life cycle - e.g. for leaves, roots, and floral organs to develop in the correct patterns and correct time sequence. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Of particular interest to Liu's group were a number of genes expressed at high levels in the woody plant tissues. (bnl.gov)
  • In fact, some of the genes the scientists found to be expressed at high levels in woody tissues may carry the genetic instructions for making the enzymes the scientists would like to control. (bnl.gov)
  • FANTOM5 extends the third and fourth FANTOM atlases by including 4,721 human and 5,127 mouse genes, focusing on primary cells, cell lines and tissues, but that's not all: "The atlas also detected signals from the promoters of short RNA primary transcripts, and long non-coding RNAs . (evolutionnews.org)
  • Wounded leaves of the KED-lacking plants exhibited higher binding of Evans blue dye than the wild-type, indicating a possible role for KED in healing damaged tissues . (bvsalud.org)
  • Central to this investigation is an understanding of what gene products are required and expressed during a natural infection and how this expression changes over time (from initial colonization to causation of disease and spread of the pathogen to new hosts) and space (in different cells or tissues within the host). (cdc.gov)
  • As cells become older, they are no longer able to regulate their genes and processes as well as they did when they were young. (lonza.com)
  • Identification of Molecular Processes Underlying Abiotic Stress Plants Adaptation Using "Omics" Technologies. (routledge.com)
  • . pilosum and a de novo assembled transcriptome, which can be used to characterize genes related to diverse biological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In response to low temperature, many biochemical and physiological processes change in plants through regulation of cold responsive (COR) gene expression as well as through posttranslational protein modifications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The interactions between proteases and their inhibitors have been linked to modulation of cell death processes in plants and in certain cut flowers. (scialert.net)
  • A new research project was initiated to identify the genes important to the processes and related signal transduction pathways. (usda.gov)
  • This chapter describe the possibilities of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in crop plants gene expression regulation in different metabolic pathways. (intechopen.com)
  • and the regulation of the expression of enzyme-coding genes associated with important metabolic pathways. (oregonstate.edu)
  • they can combine with the promoter regions of key genes in signaling pathways to regulate their transcription levels and, in turn, plant resistance to stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcriptomes of Populus lines modified in Pectin methylesterase expression reveal activation of oxidative stress signaling pathways. (slu.se)
  • The molecular steps in the replication pathway that regulate the levels of viral gene expression are not well defined. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We uncovered determinants of dynamic TF binding and defined a hierarchy among TFs to explain differential gene expression and pathway feedback regulation. (nih.gov)
  • By extrapolating regulatory characteristics observed for the canonical ABA pathway components, we identified a new family of transcriptional regulators modulating ABA and salt responsiveness, and demonstrate their utility to modulate plant resilience to osmotic stress. (nih.gov)
  • To increase our understanding of these differentially expressed unigenes, we performed Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ICE1-CBF-COR transcriptional cascade (inducer of CBF expression 1 and C-repeat binding factor transcriptional cascade) is the best characterized pathway for gene regulation under cold conditions in many species [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the first series of experiments, we demonstrated that a 24 h cold stimulus modifies chloroplast-to-nucleus ROS signalling still 5 days after the priming stress event, which regulatio of genes responding to the canonical cold signalling pathway was not affected. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Exploiting natural variation in tomato to define pathway structure and metabolic regulation of fruit polyphenolics in the lycopersicum complex. (mpg.de)
  • The arginine decarboxylase gene ADC1, associated to the putrescine pathway, plays an important role in potato cold-acclimated freezing tolerance as revealed by transcriptome and metabolome analyses. (mpg.de)
  • Attempts are made in classical breeding via forward genetics to detect the genetic architecture of a trait from its expression (phenotype). (researchgate.net)
  • Breeding for Sustainability: Utilizing High-Throughput Genomics to Design Plants for a New Green Revolution. (routledge.com)
  • Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Book of abstracts, 9th International Barley Genetics Symposium. (usda.gov)
  • I am a senior lecturer in Cell Bilogy and a member of the plant biology group. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • My research interests include studies on the biology, epidemiology and management of bacterial diseases of plant especially citrus canker, blackleg of potato and bacterial blight of rice. (edu.pk)
  • In biology class, we got to cover much about the human body and even went on to see what some of the structures within our body and genes look like. (proprofs.com)
  • BMC Plant Biology 2008, 8 (1):45. (lu.se)
  • Our next step will be to use biochemical and biophysical approaches to characterize these individual genes' functions to find those directly or indirectly related to cell-wall modification. (bnl.gov)
  • Foreign gene sequences could be inserted into deletion mutants, which may alter the infectious characteristics of the virus. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • In this unique organization, the paired genes (sequences of DNA) produce protein-encoding segments (RNAs) that are complementary to one another - meaning the two RNA strands would stick to each other like highly specific Velcro. (bnl.gov)
  • Many non-coding sequences produce RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by turning them on and off. (evolutionnews.org)
  • The subsequent huge changes in morphology were more often due to changes in when and where those genes were expressed than to changes in the coding sequences of the genes themselves. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • This paper reports on the kinetics of accumulation of these lipid classes during pollen maturation and the expression patterns of several lipid biosynthetic genes and their protein products that are differentially regulated in developing microspores/ pollen grains (gametophyte) and tapetal cells (sporophyte) of B. napus. (nih.gov)
  • Enrichment of modifications in each metabolic domain, relative to all the genes in the genome, revealed both shared and diverse patterns. (biorxiv.org)
  • In contrast, metabolic genes involved in specialized and hormone metabolic domains, which are generally involved in interactions with biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli, showed distinct patterns with the enrichment of a repression mark H3K27me3 and an activation mark H3K18ac ( Fig. 1B ). (biorxiv.org)
  • The enrichment patterns of epigenetic modifications were consistent with expression levels of genes involved in each domain under healthy conditions (Fig. S1A). (biorxiv.org)
  • The rimb -mutants (redox-imbalanced) were compared for gene expression regulation, metabolite patterns and stress responses. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis identified that expression patterns of bZIP s differed, including in different organs and under various abiotic stresses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compared to the wild-type plants , the CRISPR /Cas9-mediated SlKED knockout plants did not exhibit altered expression patterns for genes involved in hormone biosynthesis or stress signaling, suggesting a lack of pleiotropic effect on other stress-responsive genes . (bvsalud.org)
  • Our study shows that the direction of effects of most cis-regulatory variants differentiating the response between A. thaliana and the sister species A. lyrata and A. halleri depends on the direction of pre-existing plasticity in gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • UPTON, NY - By creating a "family tree" of genes expressed in one form of woody plant and a less woody, herbaceous species, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have uncovered clues that may help them engineer plants more amenable to biofuel production. (bnl.gov)
  • Transformed miRNA expression studied in some plant species for better understanding of plant development and stress tolerance such as heavy metal, salinity, temperature, drought and nutrient deficiency. (intechopen.com)
  • Our results suggest that cold temperature significantly affects genes related to protein translation and cellular metabolism in this chilling sensitive species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Species in the genus Ocimum are native to Africa, South America, and Asia, and are valued as aromatic and medicinal plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For many temperate plant species, a period of exposure to chilling temperatures increases plant tolerance to subsequent freezing conditions in a phenomenon known as "cold acclimation" [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We further studied the collinearity between these genes and related genes of six other species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Brassicaceae is a vast family of plants including 372 genera and 4,006 species contributing to condiments, biofuel, food, oil, and fulfilling fodder demands for the ecosystem 1 . (nature.com)
  • Therefore, our study systems often include multiple plant- and insect species that form small interaction networks. (lu.se)
  • Indeed, FANTOM5's survey of 95 percent of protein-coding genes found near universal coverage by promoters, based on the first few bases of RNA transcripts. (evolutionnews.org)
  • Molecular neuroscience has largely focused on the functions of protein-coding genes, which account for less than 2% of our DNA. (lu.se)
  • Soft kernel texture phenotype results when the Puroindoline a and Puroindoline b genes are present and encode the wild-type puroindolines PINA and PINB, respectively, and various mutant alleles in either or both gene(s) result in hard phenotypes. (usda.gov)
  • Over time U-triangle developed on polyploidization of Brassica 's proved its usefulness in studying the evolution of various genes and phenotypes 3 . (nature.com)
  • High-Throughput Approaches for Characterization and Efficient Use of Plant Genetic Resources. (routledge.com)
  • Several current researches have shown different environmental stresses induce abnormal expression of miRNA, thus signifying that miRNAs may be an appropriate tool for genetical improvement in plant for stress tolerance. (intechopen.com)
  • All these findings indicate that miRNAs act as a potential tool for genetic engineering and to enhance stress tolerance in crop plants. (intechopen.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) is a large family of endogenous, small noncoding RNAs with 20-25 nucleotides that have emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in mammals, bacteria, and plants [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The discovery of miRNAs has revolutionized our comprehension of the regulation of gene expression. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs are predicted to control the activity of more than 30% of human genes [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide stem-loop precursors and subsequently processed by the cytoplasmic RNase-III type enzyme Dicer to generate ~22 nucleotide mature products which can target and modulate gene expression by inhibiting translation and/or inducing degradation of target mRNAs [ 4 , 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Gain and loss of function studies have indicated that miRNAs play a critical role in the regulation of all key biological functions such as development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These results demonstrate the evolutionarily conserved mode of action for miRNAs, but details of the mechanism diverge between the plant and metazoan kingdoms. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • DC demonstrated that miRNAs participate in airway maturation, while downregulation of let-7i significantly inflammatory regulation in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • However, this analysis requires accurate reference genomes to identify the specific genes from which RNA reads originate. (osti.gov)
  • Liu's group also made some interesting observations about gene expression and gene location in their study of the acyl-modifying enzyme genes. (bnl.gov)
  • Sample-specific meta-genomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were used as reference genomes to accurately identify the origin of RNA reads, and transcript ratios of genes with opposite transcription responses were compared to eliminate biases related to differences in organismal abundance, an approach hereafter named the "diametric ratio" method. (osti.gov)
  • On the Role of Transposable Elements in the Regulation of Gene Expression and Subgenomic Interactions in Crop Genomes. (mpg.de)
  • mRNAs corresponding to several regulatory genes that mediate auxin responses contain short stretches of sequence that are complementary to microRNAs, and therefore have been considered potential targets of microRNA-mediated regulation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We have only known that microRNAs even existed since the early 1990's, and their importance in gene regulation and development wasn't appreciated until the 2000's. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • MicroRNAs participate in the regulation of asthma, the goal of this study is to summarize recent researches on the roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • MicroRNAs not only participate in determining DCs phenotype and then naive T lymphocyte differentiation, but also participate in the regulation of airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • Light-stimulated transcription of genes for two chloroplast polypeptides in isolated pea leaf nuclei. (wikidata.org)
  • Special focus is given to the regulation of the chloroplast antioxidant system, which protects plants against photooxidative damage. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Subsequently, we analyse them and their trans -regulators in vivo and in vitro to study the nuclear transformation of chloroplast signals into gene expression regulation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • One of these targets is the transcription factor AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 (ARF17), which is thought to repress the expression of a number of other genes involved in auxin responses. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Exploring this border is now proving hugely rewarding, with implications for many aspects of cell function and plant responses to the environment. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Special attention is given to apetala-2-related transcription factors, which are involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as drought, heat and high light. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Previous studies have shown that the bZIP TF family is involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many bZIP s may play vital roles in the regulation of organ development, growth, and responses to abiotic stresses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FAE ( Fatty Acid Elongation ) like genes take part in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs, growth regulation, and stress responses, and are further comprised of KCS ( Ketoacyl-CoA synthase ) and ELO ( Elongation Defective Elongase ) sub-gene families. (nature.com)
  • Although its possible involvement in response to other biotic and abiotic stresses is still unclear, we propose that SlKED may play a role in plant 's rapid, short-term, early wounding responses, such as in cellular damage healing. (bvsalud.org)
  • To see if there are any interactions between epigenetic modifications across metabolic genes, we computed pairwise Pearson's correlation coefficients between the 16 epigenetic modifications based on their relative abundance at each metabolic gene region. (biorxiv.org)
  • plant-microbe beneficial interactions. (successcds.net)
  • We investigate the direct effects of polyploidization on phenotypic traits of importance for plant-insect interactions (e.g. floral scent and morphology), using different ploidy-types of the plant Lithophragma bolanderi as model. (lu.se)
  • Two of these methods, signature-tagged mutagenesis and in vivo expression technology, do not directly measure gene expression and do not allow true genomic-scale analysis, but they have been devised to identify genes necessary for pathogens during real infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results highlight the significance of 3D organization of regulatory elements and suggest that the topology of long-range genetic variations may affect gene expression as well as phenotype variation. (nature.com)
  • Exploding the gene myth : how genetic information is produced and manipulated by scientists, physicians, employers, insurance companies, educators, and law enforcers / Ruth Hubbard and Elijah Wald. (who.int)
  • In this case, two to three fold changes in expression of initiation factors coincide with increased favorability towards translation of specific cold-shock mRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although more and animals and plants and regulate gene/protein expression more progressions have been made about the through direct complementarity between their 5' region pathogenesis of asthma in recent years, the increasing and the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs. (cdc.gov)
  • Then we could use those genes to engineer new bioenergy crops, and test whether those changes improve the efficiency of converting biomass to biofuel," Liu said. (bnl.gov)
  • Many genes are involved in starch biosynthesis and there is limited natural variation with regards to starch metabolism in cassava compare to other crops such as maize. (scialert.net)
  • Initially, researchers were mainly focused on miRNA identification, appropriate to specific or multiple environmental condition, expression profiling and recognize their roles in stress tolerance. (intechopen.com)
  • Various levels of regulation, including epigenetic modifications and transcription factors, play important roles in coordinating the expression of genes. (biorxiv.org)
  • BAHD Company: The Ever-Expanding Roles of the BAHD Acyltransferase Gene Family in Plants. (mpg.de)
  • Group III included only the modifications that repress expression, such as H3K9me2 and H3K27me1. (biorxiv.org)
  • The maps also demonstrated the topological basis of quantitative trait loci which influence gene expression and phenotype. (nature.com)
  • Topics covered will include cell membrane structure and function, metabolism, cell motility and division, genome structure and replication, the regulation of gene expression and protein production, genotype to phenotype relationship, and basic principles of inheritance. (middlebury.edu)
  • DNA methylation, histone modifications and higher order chromatin structure play a central role in the regulation of mammalian genome organization. (epigenie.com)
  • This Frontiers Research Topic aims to highlight recent advances made to examine the role of the nuclear envelope (NE) as the "key border" in plants. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Frontiers in Plant Science 2012, 3 . (lu.se)
  • Tissue-specific and light-regulated expression of a pea nuclear gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. (wikidata.org)
  • My research focuses on the nuclear envelope in plants. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Previous higher plant studies have associated them with functions at the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Monophyletic origin of plastids: plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes are related in the plastid bearing organisms. (elte.hu)
  • Nucleus-specific expression in the multinuclear mushroom-forming fungus reveals different nuclear regulatory programs. (broadinstitute.org)
  • cDNA-Array experimentes demonstrated that thousands of nuclear encoded genes respond to photosynthetic signals. (fu-berlin.de)
  • But plants have strategies to inhibit being digested. (bnl.gov)
  • That would prevent the RNA from building its enzyme, so the expression of one gene in the pair appears to inhibit its partner. (bnl.gov)
  • However, the complete B region allows a more general constitutive expression than expected from the combinations of subdomains. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Transcription occurs from a nonintegrated, circular minichromosome in the nucleus of the plant cell, and virion DNA is synthesised in the cytoplasm by reverse transcription of the 35S RNA transcript (4, 5). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Wood and other biofibers made of plant cell walls are the most abundant feedstocks for biofuel production," explained Liu. (bnl.gov)
  • Our long-term interest is to find the enzymes that control the formation of cell-wall-bound acyl groups, so we can learn how to modify plant cell walls to increase their digestibility," Liu said. (bnl.gov)
  • Gene-Expression Analysis of Cell-Cycle Regulation Genes in Virus-Infected Rice Leaves. (routledge.com)
  • The nucleus plays a vital role in cell division, gene expression, and the overall regulation of cellular functions. (proprofs.com)
  • organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, artificial seed, somaclonal variation, secondary metabolism in plant cell culture, embryo culture, in vitro fertilization. (successcds.net)
  • VLCFAs consist of 20 or more carbon atoms and are the key components of the cell membrane and cuticular lipids in plants 9 . (nature.com)
  • This work was supported by the DOE-Department of Agriculture joint Plant Feedstock Genomics program and by Brookhaven's Laboratory Directed Research and Development program. (bnl.gov)
  • Plant genome evolution: lessons from comparative genomics at the DNA level. (mpg.de)
  • The differential expression of these genes was confirmed by RT-PCR and they are being analyzed by functional genomics. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • In 2021, our sustainability efforts sent more than 80 percent of waste from the Genomics Platform to either a recycling facility or to an incineration plant that generates electricity. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Comparative genomics : understanding regulation of hydrogenases in the nitrogen-fixing Frankia. (slu.se)
  • The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), commonly referred to as auxin, plays a major role in regulating plant growth and development. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential hormone that allows plants to respond to environmental stresses such as high salinity, drought and cold. (nih.gov)
  • The maps indicate that chromatin loops are formed between regulatory elements, and that gene pairs between promoter proximal regions tend to be co-expressed. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we explore the regulatory role of mutations occurring in distal regulatory elements related to gene expression and phenotypic variations with adapted long-read ChIA-PET, and construct high-resolution chromatin interaction maps of maize promoter proximal regions and distal regulatory elements associated with RNA polymerase II occupancy and histone mark H3K4me3. (nature.com)
  • Our study suggests that this type of bivalent chromatin, which we name a kairostat, controls the precise timing of gene expression upon stimuli. (biorxiv.org)
  • A lymphocyte-specific cellular enhancer is located downstream of the joining region in immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. (wikidata.org)
  • Immunoglobulin gene transcription is activated by downstream sequence elements. (wikidata.org)
  • These CBFs can bind to and activate downstream COR genes, such as COR15 , COR47 , COR78 , and KIN1 , to protect plant cells from freezing damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A comparison of the rate of cis-acting variant accumulation in each lineage indicates that the selective forces driving adaptive evolution in gene expression favors regulatory changes that magnify the stress response in A. lyrata. (nih.gov)
  • During evolution of plants, transcription factos highly diverified. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Ancestral sequence reconstruction - An underused approach to understand the evolution of gene function in plants? (mpg.de)
  • The comparative genome-wide analysis and mode of evolution of KCS and ELO gene families have not been investigated in tetraploid Brassica carinata and its diploid progenitors. (nature.com)
  • In this study, 53 KCS genes were identified in B. carinata compared to 32 and 33 KCS genes in B. nigra and B. oleracea respectively, which suggests that polyploidization might has impacted the fatty acid elongation process during Brassica evolution. (nature.com)
  • Gene structure analysis indicated that the maximum number of genes were intron-less and remained conserved during evolution. (nature.com)
  • The neutral type of selection seemed to be predominant in both KCS and ELO genes evolution. (nature.com)
  • The current study provides a basis to understand the evolution of both KCS and ELO genes in fatty acid elongation and their role in stress tolerance. (nature.com)
  • In these networks, we study plant and insect trait evolution, and the role of trait diversification for gene flow and local adaptation. (lu.se)
  • Their mutagenic potential and gene regulatory effect have shaped the evolution of transcriptional networks involved in development, pluripotency, and inflammation. (lu.se)
  • We analyzed twenty fecal samples taken from four premature infants (4-6 time points from each infant), and found significantly higher diametric ratios of genes associated with low oxygen levels in samples of infants later diagnosed with NEC than in samples without NEC. (osti.gov)
  • and ii) plant phytohormone signalling, in order to understand how plants integrate environmental signals to modulate their growth. (sun.ac.za)
  • Various hybrid or combination promoters have been constructed from the CaMV 35S promoter which led to improved expression of transgenes: double 35S promoters (10), a hybrid containing the core 19S promoter from CaMV and the 35S upstream enhancers (11), and combination of CaMV 35S with mannopine synthase elements (12), or with Adh1 - and ocs- promoter elements for expression in monocotyledons (13). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • A wealth of information is now available that furthers our understanding regarding the spatial and temporal regulation of expression of Puroindoline genes and their promoter elements. (usda.gov)
  • Chromosomes are thread-like structures made up of DNA molecules that contain the genes. (proprofs.com)
  • One of the biggest changes in evolutionary theory in the late 20th century was the growing appreciation for the central role of changes in gene expression in macroevolution. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • In contrast, in developing microspores/pollen grains, maximal expression of the lipid marker genes sad, ear, acp and cyb5 was at the 3-5 mm bud stages, with the SAD and EAR gene products detected in 4-7 mm buds. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, plants of tropical and subtropical origins are intolerant of chilling and freezing temperatures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: regulation of expression, membrane binding properties and applications. (usda.gov)
  • Because of the interdisciplinary nature of biotechnology, postgraduate students with diverse academic backgrounds, such as plant sciences, biochemistry, microbiology and genetics, are accepted at BSc Honours level. (sun.ac.za)
  • A BSc degree with Genetics 314, 315, 344 and 345 are recommended for admission to the honours degree programme in Plant Biotechnology or equivalent modules in the Biological Science field at SU or other universities. (sun.ac.za)
  • Because the environment encountered within a living host will be quite different from the external environment, pathogens must be able to regulate the necessary genes in coordination as they move from the environment to the host and from one host niche to another. (cdc.gov)
  • A second group of methods, which includes DNA microarrays and proteomics, have advantages that overcome the limitations implicit in signature-tagged mutagenesis and in vivo expression technology, namely, the ability to directly measure expression (gene or protein) levels on a true genome-wide scale, but their application to analysis of bacterial pathogens during real infections is still in its infancy. (cdc.gov)
  • 8. Photosynthetic antennae in higher plants. (elte.hu)