• As can be seen in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) images, the 'cyclic' portion consists of two bonds between the phosphate group and the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups of the sugar, very often a ribose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evgeny Fesenko, Stanislav Kolesnikov, and Arkady Lyubarsky discovered in 1985 that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) can initiate the photoresponse in rods. (wikipedia.org)
  • cAMP is 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cGMP is 3'5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cCMP is cytidine 3',5'-monophosphate, and cUMP is uridine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Garg, U.C. and Hassid, A. (1989) Nitric Oxide-Generating Vasodilators and 8-Bromo-cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Inhibit Mitogenesis and Proliferation of Cultured Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. (scirp.org)
  • Fertel and Weiss, 1976) therefore preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by the respective PDE subtype(s). (biomedjournal.com)
  • Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) are key mediators of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway that regulates biological functions as diverse as smooth muscle contraction, cardiac function, and axon guidance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Considerably higher resistance against cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases compared to dibutyryl or 8-Br-cAMP, no metabolic side effects. (biolog.de)
  • Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond of cAMP and cGMP to form the inactive 5′-AMP and 5′-GMP. (biomedjournal.com)
  • Understanding how cGMP differentially triggers mammalian PKG isoforms could lead to new therapeutics that inhibit or activate PKGs, complementing drugs that target nitric oxide synthases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in this signaling axis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sperm intracellular cAMP levels depend on the activity of adenylyl cyclases, mostly SACY, though transmembrane-containing adenylyl cyclases are also present, and on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) whose role is to degrade cAMP into 5'-AMP. (plos.org)
  • As in somatic cells, sperm intracellular cAMP concentration is regulated by the opposite action of two enzymes: the adenylyl cyclases (AC), which synthesize cAMP from ATP, and the phosphodiesterases (PDE), which break the phosphodiester bond of cAMP to form 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (plos.org)
  • By the end of the decade, the presence of two types of intramembrane receptors was understood: Rs (which stimulates cyclase) and Ri (which inhibits cyclase). (wikipedia.org)
  • Though researchers' attention and this Viewpoint focus on a few famous ion channels that are considered the usual suspects as MS mechanosensors, we also discuss some of the more unusual suspects, such as G-protein coupled receptors. (stanford.edu)
  • Fig. 1: Photochemistry of light-oxygen-voltage receptors and sequences of proteins under study. (nature.com)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins ( RECEPTORS, ODORANT ) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • Neonatal exposure to a Type-I pyrethroid (bioallethrin) induces dose-response changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in neonatal and adult mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The activation of ligand-gated ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic P2Y receptors has been reported to induce an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in inner hair cells (IHCs), outer hair cells (OHCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), and supporting cells in the cochlea. (sagepub.com)
  • Increasing evidence has suggested the possibility that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors modulates spinal nociceptive transmission via a nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. (silverchair.com)
  • The activation of NMDA receptors in the central nervous system initiates an influx of Ca 2+ , inducing Ca 2+ -dependent intracellular processes. (silverchair.com)
  • 1 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent enzyme that is stimulated by the activation of NMDA receptors and synthesizes nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. (silverchair.com)
  • Wei-Jen Tang and James Hurley reported in 1998 that adenylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cAMP, is regulated not only by hormones and neurotransmitters, but also by phosphorylation, calcium, forskolin, and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). (wikipedia.org)
  • We measured this using an improved fluorescent reporter and by phosphorylation of endogenous cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB). (nature.com)
  • Egan, J. J., Greenberg, A. S., Chang, M. K. & Londos, C. Control of endogenous phosphorylation of the major cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate in adipocytes by insulin and beta-adrenergic stimulation. (nature.com)
  • The JNK protein kinase is a member of the MAP kinase group that is activated in response to dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine. (umassmed.edu)
  • Furthermore, this increase in cGMP degradation is paralleled by the phosphorylation of phosphodiesterase type 5 at Ser-92. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, our data suggest that NO-induced desensitization of the cGMP response is caused by the phosphorylation and subsequent activity increase of phosphodiesterase type 5. (rupress.org)
  • These results suggest that NO contributes to L-LTP by stimulating guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which acts in parallel with PKA to increase phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition, increases in GPX, SOD3, G6PD, HK, and PFK at proteomic and transcriptomic levels suggested elevation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, synthesis of glutathione and nucleotides, and antioxidative pathway activity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation, TCA and mitochondrial energy metabolism were reduced. (frontiersin.org)
  • Previously, IRAG1 was discovered as a 125 kDa membrane protein at the endoplasmic reticulum, which is associated with the intracellular Ca2+ channel IP3R-I and the PKGIß and inhibits IP3R-I upon PKGIß-mediated phosphorylation. (bvsalud.org)
  • AMPKα2 siRNA increased basal levels of phosphorylated myosin phosphate target subunit 1 and decreased the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2. (bvsalud.org)
  • A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. (rush.edu)
  • Most interestingly, gender-specific proteome comparison showed that male and female rats displayed differential regulation of proteins involved in muscle contraction, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, as well as oxidative phosphorylation and cellular stress. (karger.com)
  • It is known to act through protein phosphorylation via PRKA and through the activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors like EPAC. (plos.org)
  • The initial discovery of protein phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism for the control of glycogen metabolism has led to intense interest of protein phosphorylation in regulating protein function (Cohen et al. (ecu.edu)
  • My results indicate that KCNK3 internalizes in response to Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation, using a novel pathway that requires the phosphoserine binding protein, 14-3-3β, and demonstrates for the first time regulated KCNK3 channel trafficking in neurons. (umassmed.edu)
  • The lcn2-induced phenotypic changes of astrocytes occurred through a Rho-ROCK (Rho kinase)-GFAP pathway, which was positively regulated by nitric oxide and cGMP. (jneurosci.org)
  • While most work has focused on regulation of cGMP turnover, we recently described several small molecule tool compounds which were capable of activating PKG1α via a cGMP independent pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, PKGIα siRNA activated the AMPK-dependent signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Countervailing Influences of Nitric Oxide and Angiotensin II. (scirp.org)
  • We previously reported the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 6 (CNGC6) in the responses of plants to heat shock (HS) exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • cAMP and cGMP are currently the most well documented cyclic nucleotides, however there is evidence that cCMP (with cytosine) is also involved in eukaryotic cellular messaging. (wikipedia.org)
  • The role of cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP) is even less well known. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two well-established cyclic nucleotides are adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The non-canonical cyclic nucleotides include the purines inosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic IMP), xanthosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic XMP) and the pyrimidines cytidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic cCMP), uridine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic UMP), and thymidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cTMP) (145). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Protein kinase G type Iα (PKGIα) and adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK) affect the contractile apparatus of podocytes and influence the permeability of the GFB. (bvsalud.org)
  • On the horizon, novel insights into metabolism and energy homeostasis reveal guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling circuits as emerging targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • 2,3 NO increases cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) through the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). (silverchair.com)
  • In mammals, adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is known to play highly important roles in sperm motility and acrosomal exocytosis. (plos.org)
  • Cyclic AMP (adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate) is an important player in sperm function. (plos.org)
  • Stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also named MITA, MYPS, or ERIS) is an intracellular DNA sensor that induces type I interferon through its interaction with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). (umassmed.edu)
  • 4. Chen X, Wang N, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang T, Zhu L, Wang Y, Wu C, Yang J. (2014) Yonkenafil: a novel phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor induces neuronal network potentiation by a cGMP-dependent Nogo-R axis in acute experimental stroke. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • In a recent review [ 13 ], a model was presented that over-accumulation of NO induces heat-sensitive phenotypes (and that can be rescued with NO scavengers), in consistent with our former conclusion [ 10 ] that only a moderate NO increase could cause increased heat tolerance (see Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • After a ligand binds to the GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G-protein, which is composed of three subunits: a guanine nucleotide binding α-subunit, and a βγ-heterodimer (98). (pancreapedia.org)
  • In search of a molecular explanation for this observation we assessed Ca 2+ -dependent modulation of ligand sensitivity in cyclic GMP-gated (CNG) ion channels of intact mammalian rods and cones. (silverchair.com)
  • Current activation arises from a Ca 2+ -dependent modulation of cone CNG channels, presumably because of an increase in their affinity to the cyclic nucleotide. (silverchair.com)
  • Cyclic GMP plays a central role in the regulation of many physiologic responses, including the modulation of immune responses. (livonlabs.com)
  • Like other nucleotides, cyclic nucleotides are composed of three functional groups: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a single phosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
  • While all nucleotides have this structure, the phosphate group makes a second connection to the ribose ring at the 3' carbon in cyclic nucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the phosphate group has two separate bonds to the ribose sugar, it forms a cyclic ring. (wikipedia.org)
  • A cyclic nucleotide, unlike other nucleotides, has a cyclic bond arrangement between the ribose sugar and the phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group of the molecule of nucleotide triphosphate (ATP or GTP) is attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the ribose, forming a cyclic 3',5'-phosphate ester with release of pyrophosphate. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Conversely, either NO or cGMP analogs paired with one-train tetanization produced late-phase potentiation, and the cGMP-induced potentiation was blocked by inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis and an inhibitor of PKG, but not by an inhibitor of PKA. (jneurosci.org)
  • The interaction with the non-selective PDE (cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was tested after three days. (scirp.org)
  • In addition, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one, also inhibited significantly NMDA-induced pain-related behavior and the increase in glutamate concentration. (silverchair.com)
  • The understanding of the concept of second messengers, and in particular the role of cyclic nucleotides and their ability to relay physiological signals to a cell, has its origins in the research of glycogen metabolism by Carl and Gerty Cori, for which they were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hormones mobilize intracellular second messengers and initiate signalling cascades involving protein kinases and phosphatases, which are often spatially compartmentalized by anchoring proteins to increase signalling specificity 1 . (nature.com)
  • Both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP are second messengers. (pancreapedia.org)
  • PDEs consists of a superfamily with 11 subfamilies, which have been characterized on the basis of amino acid sequence, substrate specificity, pharmacological properties and allosteric regulation. (biomedjournal.com)
  • 2001). The substrate specificities include the enzymes which are specific for cAMP hydrolysis, those for cyclic GMP hydrolysis (Mehats et al. (biomedjournal.com)
  • The inositol triphosphate-associated proteins IRAG1 and IRAG2 are cGMP kinase substrate proteins that regulate intracellular Ca2+. (bvsalud.org)
  • IRAG2 is a 75 kDa membrane protein homolog of IRAG1 and was recently also determined as a PKGI substrate. (bvsalud.org)
  • In comparison, under extreme growth conditions, NR can transfer electrons from NAD(P)H to NO 2 − to induce the biosynthesis of NO. NR plays a central role in regulating NO production in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • J Cell Biol (2001) 155 (2): 271-278. (rupress.org)
  • Chen, Z.S., Lee, K. and Kruh, G.D. (2001) Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides and Estradiol 17-Beta-d-glucuronide by Multidrug Resistance Protein 4. (scirp.org)
  • One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The ligand-binding site is in the extracellular domain and the cytosolic domain has a heterotrimeric G protein-binding site (127). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This occurs through the downregulation of methylmalonyl coenzyme A epimerase (MCEE), mediated by an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2-driven transcription factor Sp1/early growth response protein 1 transcriptional switch driven by metastatic signalling at its promoter level. (biomed.news)
  • We used the carboxyl-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) flanked by different FRET pairs to generate two cGMP biosensors (Yellow PfPKG and Red PfPKG). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Neuronal microtubule-associated protein 2D is a dual A-kinase anchoring protein expressed in rat ovarian granulosa cells. (nature.com)
  • Endocytic trafficking dynamically regulates neuronal plasma membrane protein presentation and activity, and plays a central role in excitability and plasticity. (umassmed.edu)
  • Over the course of my dissertation research I investigated endocytic mechanisms regulating two neuronal membrane proteins: the anesthetic-activated potassium leak channel, KCNK3, as well as the psychostimulant-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT). (umassmed.edu)
  • Moreover, DAT segregates into two populations at the neuronal plasma membrane: trafficking-competent and -incompetent. (umassmed.edu)
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate that novel, non-classical endocytic mechanisms dynamically control the plasma membrane presentation of these two important neuronal proteins. (umassmed.edu)
  • The his- Bariatric surgery reduces the size of the stomach, increases tory of dietary supplements is full of success stories in terms the feeling of fullness, and reduces the amount of food intake.8 of efficacy, but this success is matched by tragedy with regard Different types of bariatric surgery include the following: to safety. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • Despite the fact that sexual differences increase diabetic risk and contribute to the need for gender-specific care, there remain contradictory results as to whether or not sexual dimorphism increases susceptibility to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. (karger.com)
  • Discovery of cyclic nucleotides has contributed greatly to the understanding of kinase and phosphatase mechanisms, as well as protein regulation in general. (wikipedia.org)
  • This activation was blocked by expression of the MAP kinase phosphatase MKP-1. (umassmed.edu)
  • 3 hr, and is reduced by inhibitors of PKA and of protein or RNA synthesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Three-train L-LTP was also blocked by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (jneurosci.org)
  • Cyclic nucleotide signaling can be initiated by two general mechanisms. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The mechanisms underlying context-dependent flexibility in odor valence are not fully understood. (plos.org)
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
  • NO-dependent mechanisms modulate both K ATP channels and participate in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process. (biomed.news)
  • The innate immune system is a multicomponent response governed by intricate mechanisms of induction, regulation and resolution to elicit antimicrobial defenses. (umassmed.edu)
  • HEK293 cells had an efficient ef flux system for cGMP and the use of inside-out vesicles (IOVs) showed high affinity ATP-dependent cGMP transport with a K m value of 2.3 μM. (scirp.org)
  • Selected molecules were crystallized in the presence of PKG1α and were found to bind to an allosteric site proximal to the low-affinity nucleotide binding domain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gupta DD, Saha S, Chakrabarti MK (2005) Involvement of protein kinase C in the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in a human colonic carcinoma cell line, COLO-205. (springer.com)
  • Zinc helps to enhance the interferon type 1 response to the virus and participates in many regulatory pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • This demonstrates the intersection of two key pathways of innate immune regulation, NLR and STING, to fine tune host response to intracellular DNA, DNA virus, and c-di-GMP. (umassmed.edu)
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
  • Florea SM, Blatter LA. Regulation of cardiac alternans by ß-adrenergic signaling pathways. (rush.edu)
  • Other two pathways, ΔΨm/ATP/cAMP/JNK/AP-1 and ROS/Src, are also involved in LPLI-induced proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, type I Interferon signaling is required to dampen parasite load during liver-stage infections, but leads to host mobidity if these pathways are activated in the erythrocytic phase of infection. (umassmed.edu)
  • A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, the regulation of HSP synthesis is an particularly important issue in plant thermotolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In sea urchin sperm, a cyclic nucleotide-gated K + channel (CNGK) mediates a cGMP-induced hyperpolarization that evokes Ca 2+ influx. (elifesciences.org)
  • In chapter 2, a novel lncRNA is identified, more specifically, a natural antisense transcript, that mediates the transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1α. (umassmed.edu)
  • Their biological significance includes a broad range of protein-ligand interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
  • These protein kinases correspond to alternatively spliced isoforms derived from the JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 genes. (umassmed.edu)
  • cMonkey tries to identify two motifs per modules in the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
  • The results showed that the genes associated with metabolic processes and biofilm regulations were down-regulated while those associated with the membrane matrix and antibiotic resistance were highly up-regulated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we found that the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein, NLRC3, reduced STING-dependent innate immune activation in response to cytosolic DNA, cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), and DNA viruses. (umassmed.edu)
  • There are two types of nitrogenous bases: purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil and thymine). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Two aspartic acid residues in the active site of the cyclase (AC or GC) promotes the binding of ATP. (pancreapedia.org)
  • As recently proposed 25 , glutamine reorientation, and signal propagation may be aided by transient rearrangements of two conserved asparagine residues that coordinate the pteridin portion of the flavin. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, current through recombinant wild-type SUR1/Kir6.2 channels expressed in COS7 cells was activated by NO, but channels formed only from truncated isoform Kir6.2 subunits without SUR1 subunits were insensitive to NO. Further, mutagenesis of SUR1 indicated that NO-induced K ATP channel activation involves interaction of NO with residues in the NBD1 of the SUR1 subunit. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanosensitive membrane proteins: Usual and unusual suspects in mediating mechanotransduction. (stanford.edu)
  • This Viewpoint, which accompanies a Special Issue focusing on membrane mechanosensors, discusses unifying and unique features of both established and emerging mechanosensitive (MS) membrane proteins, their distribution across protein families and phyla, and current and future challenges in the study of these important proteins and their partners. (stanford.edu)
  • MS membrane proteins are essential for tissue development, cellular motion, osmotic homeostasis, and sensing external and self-generated mechanical cues like those responsible for touch and proprioception. (stanford.edu)
  • As the field continues to grow, so too will the list of proteins suspected to function as mechanosensors and the diversity of known MS membrane proteins. (stanford.edu)
  • In 1992 Lawrence Haynes and King-Wai Yau uncovered cNMP's role in the light-dependent cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel of cone photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pilz, R.B. and Broderick, K.E. (2005) Role of Cyclic GMP in Gene Regulation. (scirp.org)
  • cGMP-dependent protein kinase I-α (PKG1α) is a target for pulmonary arterial hypertension due to its role in the regulation of smooth muscle function. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, HS proteins (HSPs) play an important role in cellular responses under HS conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A cyclase enzyme (lyase) catalyzes the formation of the cyclic nucleotide from its nucleotide triphosphate precursor ( Figure 1 ). (pancreapedia.org)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74888","manY","Escherichia coli","mannose-specific enzyme IIC component of PTS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • The protein kinase activity of these JNK isoforms was measured using the transcription factors ATF2, Elk-1 and members of the Jun family as substrates. (umassmed.edu)
  • Comparison of the binding activity of the JNK isoforms demonstrated that the JNK proteins differ in their interaction with ATF2, Elk-1 and Jun transcription factors. (umassmed.edu)
  • Although a high level of PDE10A gene expression is observed in the testis, information on the identity of the isoforms or on the cell type that express the PDE10 protein is lacking. (plos.org)
  • Depending on which family the G protein is, it goes on to activate (G αs protein subunit) or inhibit (G αi protein subunit) the membrane-bound cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition. (rush.edu)
  • In addition to its PRKA-dependent effects, different studies have clearly demonstrated that cAMP also activates EPAC ( E xchange P roteins directly A ctivated by c AMP) during capacitation and acrosome exocytosis [ 15 - 17 ]. (plos.org)
  • LCN2 protein induced upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cell migration, and morphological changes similar to characteristic phenotypic changes termed reactive astrocytosis. (jneurosci.org)
  • A competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, completely blocked the NMDA-induced responses. (silverchair.com)
  • As a sub-objective, since PDE10A transcript variants were reported strictly through analyses of bovine genomic sequence, we also wanted to determine the nucleotide and amino acid sequences by experimental evidence. (plos.org)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
  • Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type in the brain, provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and modulate synaptic activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • FRET-based cyclic GMP biosensors measure low cGMP concentrations in cardiomyocytes and neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons , that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons . (lookformedical.com)
  • A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Corticosterone impairs cultured hippocampal neurons and facilitates Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. (sagepub.com)
  • Feliciello, A., Rubin, C. S., Avvedimento, E. V. & Gottesman, M. E. Expression of a kinase anchor protein 121 is regulated by hormones in thyroid and testicular germ cells. (nature.com)
  • In response to a brain injury, astrocytes proliferate and become hypertrophic with an increased expression of intermediate filament proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • Forced expression of lcn2 or treatment with LCN2 protein increased the sensitivity of astrocytes to cytotoxic stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this process, astrocytes proliferate to fill gaps and undergo a typical morphological change: a large cytoplasmic mass, long and branched processes, and increased expression of intermediate filaments such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (jneurosci.org)
  • After HS exposure, the level of NO was lower in cngc6 seedlings than in wild-type seedlings but significantly elevated in the transgenic lines depending on CNGC6 expression level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proteomic analysis of skeletal muscle identified a total of 21 proteins showing gender-dimorphic differential expression patterns between healthy controls and diabetic rats. (karger.com)
  • Sequencing libraries were prepared from S . Typhi planktonic cells and mature biofilm cells using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, and the transcriptome data obtained were processed using Cufflinks bioinformatics suite of programs to investigate differential gene expression between the two phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arterial blood gas levels (through an indwelling line [eg, umbilical arterial catheter or preductal peripheral arterial line]): To assess the pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) and the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ) which might be higher in the preductal arterial line. (medscape.com)
  • However, when intact platelets were incubated with NO and then lysed, enhanced activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 was detected in the cytosol. (rupress.org)
  • Although more than 50 years have passed since their initial discovery, interest in cyclic nucleotides and their biochemical and physiological significance continues. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review aims to highlight the recent research regarding these two regulatory proteins to envision their molecular and (patho-)physiological tasks and to unravel their functional interplay as possible (patho-)physiological counterparts. (bvsalud.org)
  • NLRC3 associated with both STING and TBK1 and impeded STING-TBK1 interaction and downstream type I interferon production. (umassmed.edu)
  • 2] Siegel B, "Enhancement of interferon production by poly(rI)-poly(rC) in mouse cell cultures by ascorbic acid" Nature 1975 254(5500):531-532. (livonlabs.com)
  • Cytokines are communication proteins released by certain white blood cells that transmit information to other cells, promoting the immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members mediate Ca 2+ influx from cellular stores in plants (Charpentier et al. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry (2013) 31 (2-3): 408-420. (karger.com)
  • It is involved in flagellar movements and motility, and in cellular events that occur in the sperm head, that will lead to successful interaction with the egg and to fertilization [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
  • This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)
  • We measured membrane currents under voltage-clamp in photoreceptors loaded with Diazo-2, a caged Ca 2+ chelator, and fixed concentrations of 8Br-cGMP. (silverchair.com)