• See also CDK inhibitor for inhibitors of various CDKs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • CDKs show their action by interacting with cyclins and different CDK-cyclin complexes regulate the cell cycle in the G1, S and G2/M phases ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (proteopedia.org)
  • The profiling of compound 51 against a panel of 339 kinases revealed high selectivity for CDKs, with preference for CDK2 and CDK5 over CDK9, CDK1, CDK4, and CDK6. (proteopedia.org)
  • At molecular level, we show that HSP70-2 depletion resulted in up-regulation of caspases, pro-apoptotic molecules, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors and epithelial markers, and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic molecules, cyclins, CDKs and mesenchymal markers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a), CDKN2A and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • New anticancer therapy strategies refer to the inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes as an important target to prevent uncontrolled proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)
  • CDK inhibition by dinaciclib resulted in Bim release from Mcl-1 in ABT-737-resistant cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Melatonin has oncostatic properties that are mediated by induction of apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle, regulation of metabolic activity, and the inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) activity [ 9 ]. (explorationpub.com)
  • Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway is involved in multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We detected apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells by TUNEL assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treating SMMC-7721 cells with 5-Fu leads to apoptosis of the cells, and reduction in telomerase activity, as well as a dramatic reduction in the activated form of p70 S6 kinase, a mTOR substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results suggest that chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fu may down-regulate telomerase activity at both transcriptional level and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-dependent post-transcriptional level to facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PI3K activates a number of signaling molecules, among which the Akt/mTOR pathway is of particular interest because of its role in inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some studies also suggest that mTOR may be a cellular context-dependent, pleiotropic regulator of apoptosis, although conclusive demonstration of mTOR inactivation in such circumstances is lacking [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 muM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • Further, we studied the effect of HSP70-2 protein ablation on signaling cascades involved in apoptosis, cell cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition both in culture as well as in-vivo human breast xenograft mouse model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Depletion of HSP70-2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells resulted in a significant reduction in cellular growth, motility, onset of apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle arrest as well as reduction of tumor growth in the xenograft model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we have examined the putative role of HSP70-2 in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in-vitro and in-vivo xenograft mouse model using gene silencing approach. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase activity is frequently deregulated in human cancers, resulting in impaired apoptosis. (oncotarget.com)
  • With aging, the cell stops dividing: it does not respond to growth factors and becomes resistant to apoptosis. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • This indolamine advances apoptosis, which arrests the cell cycle and regulates metabolic activity. (explorationpub.com)
  • Many laboratories have focused on the functions of the clock genes and proteins that are involved in cellular activities, including cell survival, cell cycle regulation, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage repair, and tumor promotion or suppression [ 5 , 6 ]. (explorationpub.com)
  • The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
  • TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
  • Microarray analyses detected a suite of master developmental regulators that control differentiation and maintenance of diverse cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A series of cellular pathophysiological mechanisms involved in AS (e.g., differentiation, proliferation, and signalling pathways) are under the control of miRNAs. (hindawi.com)
  • The balance between cell proliferation and death is vital for normal growth, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. (oncotarget.com)
  • The SEs consist of critical epigenetic regulatory elements, which modulate the biological characteristics of digestive system tumors including tumor cell identity and differentiation, tumorigenesis, environmental response, immune response, and chemotherapeutic resistance. (ijbs.com)
  • This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). (wikipedia.org)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Phosphorylation by mTOR of 4E-BP1 disrupts its binding to eIF4E, a protein that binds the 5'-cap structure of mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells under aerobic conditions utilize oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria to sustain energy demands. (biomedcentral.com)
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
  • regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • NPM1 phosphorylation by cyclin E/CDK2 promotes its dissociates from unduplicated centrosomes, thus initiating centrosome duplication. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1. (proteopedia.org)
  • Studies with Mcl-1 phosphorylation mutants show that cyclin E/Cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of Mcl-1 residues on its PEST domain resulted in increased Mcl-1 stability (Thr92, and Thr163) and Bim binding (Ser64). (oncotarget.com)
  • To map the mechanisms of aggressiveness we aimed to investigate changes in protein phosphorylation across WHO grades of human meningiomas. (nature.com)
  • [ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16INK4a. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein p16INK4a is a potent cell cycle inhibitor and is a relatively selective CDK inhibitor. (foxchase.org)
  • Dr. Greg Enders developed TetOp16 transgenic mice which would allow for cell, tissue or organ-specific expression of p16INK4a, thereby allowing a broad control of cell proliferation in mice. (foxchase.org)
  • TetOp16 transgenic mice offer a way to selectively manipulate cell proliferation by allowing for temporal and spatial regulation of p16INK4a expression. (foxchase.org)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • Ser/Thr-kinase component of cyclin D-CDK4 (DC) complexes that phosphorylate and inhibit members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulate the cell-cycle during G1/S transition. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased levels of polyamines in cells are considered to be involved in cancer progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The proper development and homeostasis of tissues and organs at the cellular level are ensured by a finely and timely regulated progression of the cell division cycle, which requires the perfectly harmonized activity of numerous protein kinases/phosphatases and regulatory proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • Deregulation of proteins involved in these processes drive tumor progression and contributes to malignant phenotype. (oncotarget.com)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • ER alerts a self-protective mechanism that is called ER stress during nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, alterations in redox status, intraluminal Ca 2+ levels and folding defective protein conditions ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In this compiled work, we elaborate on the effect of protein expression alterations and their resulting effect on recurrence capability of cells. (lu.se)
  • We explore signalling alterations resulting in cancer stem cells as well as cell cycle arrest and cell fate determination. (lu.se)
  • The multistep transformation of normal cells into malignant cells involves genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote the aberrant expression of critical oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • Induction of p16 inhibits cell proliferation and thus can help to block the growth of tumors in a specific manner. (foxchase.org)
  • Collectively, our findings identify a novel mechanism of cyclin E-mediated Mcl-1 regulation that provides a rationale for clinical use of Bcl-2 family and Cdk inhibitors for Mcl-1-dependent tumors. (oncotarget.com)
  • Choline kinase (ChoK) is increased in human mammary tumors with high incidence, and this activation is associated with clinical variable indicators of greater malignancy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Choline kinase (ChoK), the enzyme responsible for the generation of phosphorylcholine (PCho) from its precursor choline, is the first enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that renders phosphatidylcholine as its final product. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
  • Plasmid driven short hairpin RNA approach was employed to validate the role of HSP70-2 in cellular proliferation, senescence, migration, invasion and tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Also phosphorylates SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and represses its transcriptional activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that cyclin E/Cdk2 phosphorylates and stabilizes the pro-survival Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1, a key cell death resistance determinant to the small molecule Bcl-2 family inhibitors ABT-199 and ABT-737, mimetics of the Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3). (oncotarget.com)
  • It is regulated by Cyclin D. Ribociclib are US FDA approved CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive/ HER2 negative advanced breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overexpression of Cmb causes the formation of a multiple hair cell phenotype (MHC), similar to loss of rok and mwh. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The molecular consequence of translocation is overexpression of the protein cyclin D1 (coded by the PRAD1 gene located close to the breakpoint). (medscape.com)
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
  • Among them, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)s with their modulatory partners, cyclins, represent the major players acting with switch-like behavior to turn on cell growth, through the control of chromatin replication and condensation, gene transcription, assembly of the mitotic spindle, and proper cytodieresis. (mdpi.com)
  • The aberrant transcription of key oncogenes is driven by super-enhancers (SEs), which are characterized by large clusters of enhancers with significantly high density of transcription factors, cofactors, and epigenetic modulatory proteins. (ijbs.com)
  • CDK4 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenic and antimitogenic signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Component of the ternary complex, cyclin D/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nowadays, deregulated CDK4 is considered to be a potential therapeutic target in some cancer types and various CDK4 inhibitors are being tested for cancer treatment in clinical trials. (wikipedia.org)
  • This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
  • It turned out that old cells, on the one hand, act as tumor suppressors (since they irreversibly stop dividing themselves and reduce the risk of transformation of surrounding cells), and on the other hand, the specific metabolism of old cells can cause inflammation and degeneration of neighboring precancerous cells into malignant ones. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC. (proteopedia.org)
  • We describe the development of highly potent diaminothiazole inhibitors of CDK2 (IC50 = 0.0009-0.0015 muM) from a single hit compound with weak inhibitory activity (IC50 = 15 muM), discovered by high-throughput screening. (proteopedia.org)
  • Zhao J, Kennedy BK, Lawrence BD, Barbie DA, Matera AG, Fletcher JA, Harlow E. NPAT links cyclin E-Cdk2 to the regulation of replication-dependent histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cyclin E levels were elevated and there was increased association of cyclin E/Cdk2 with Mcl-1 in ABT-737-resistant compared to parental cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Similarly, depletion in the STRIPAK component STRIP1 affects activation of GCKIII kinases and cell cycle disruption through elevated expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, enhanced levels of which lead to a protective effect from therapeutic treatments and increased proliferation. (lu.se)
  • miR-128-5p directly targeted the 3′UTR-binding sequences of the p21 gene, negatively regulated p21 expression, and supported the proliferation of VSMCs. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, this mouse model is a very useful tool in research studies of cancer, development, tissue renewal, aging, and a variety of chronic diseases that involve cell proliferation. (foxchase.org)
  • Proteins in this family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. (cancerindex.org)
  • HSP70-2 expression was examined in 154 tumor and 103 adjacent non-cancerous tissue (ANCT) specimens and breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, BT-474, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231) by RT-PCR, quantitative-PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, flow cytometry and indirect immunofluorescence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • miR-128-5p targets the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), silent information regulator 2 (SIRT2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), and p21 genes, which are linked to the behaviours of VSMCs. (hindawi.com)
  • Several studies have shown that miRNAs play multiple roles in the phenotypic transformation, migration, and proliferation of VSMCs by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation [ 11 , 12 ], partly by regulating the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-MMPs and p21-cyclins interactions [ 13 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cell renewal can occur quite intensively: for example, connective tissue cells in the pancreas are replaced every 24 hours, gastric mucosa cells - every three days, leukocytes - every 10 days, skin cells - every six weeks, approximately 70 g of proliferating small intestine cells are removed from the body daily [1]. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Tissue regeneration occurs due to the proliferation of stem cells, which can not only divide, but also differentiate into cells of the tissue whose regeneration is taking place. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • During cell division, tissue rejuvenation occurs: new cells take the place of damaged ones, while repair (elimination of DNA damage) occurs more intensively and regeneration is possible in case of tissue damage. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • In the discovery set of fresh-frozen tissue specimens (14), the A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) protein was found downregulated across the grades. (nature.com)
  • Telomere shortening leads to the attainment of the Hayflick limit, the transition of cells to a state of senescence. (actanaturae.ru)
  • One of them is the replicative aging of cells (senescence), which consists in the irreversible stopping of cell division at the G1 stage of the cell cycle. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Purvalanol is a purine-derived CDKI that binds with a high selectivity and competitively to the ATP binding side of CDK1/2 and leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In many cell lines, exposure to rapamycin results in a relatively small decrease in overall protein synthesis (~15-20%), but dose result specifically in G1 cell cycle arrest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
  • The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
  • Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • mRNA microarray analyses of A549, PC14, and PC14CDDP cells that were transiently transfected with either pre-miR-197 or LNA-miR-197 and their controls. (nih.gov)
  • In the present study, we have investigated the possible association of HSP70-2 mRNA and protein expression with various stages, grades and histotypes of breast cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin E depletion in various human tumor cell-lines and cyclin E -/- mouse embryo fibroblasts showed decreased levels of Mcl-1 protein, with no change in Mcl-1 mRNA levels. (oncotarget.com)
  • In the absence of cyclin E, Mcl-1 ubiquitination was enhanced, leading to decreased protein stability. (oncotarget.com)
  • In the present study, our aim was to determine the time-dependent, ER-mediated apoptotic and autophagy induction of purvalanol in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A hallmark of events observed during segmentation was the induction of multiple transcription factors, including a large group of homeobox proteins in pace with decay of a large fraction of maternal transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AA and the extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) blocker U0126 markedly inhibited migration, elevated smooth muscle 22 α (SM22 α ) expression, repressed VSMC proliferation, elevated miR-466f-3p and miR-425-3p expression, and suppressed miR-27a-5p and miR-128-5p expression in ox-LDL-induced VSMCs. (hindawi.com)
  • The migration, phenotypic transformation, and proliferation of VSMCs lead to vascular wall remodeling, which is mediated by activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Melatonin can disrupt estrogen-mediated cellular pathways, ensuing in a lattice drop of estrogenic stimulus to the breast cancer cells. (explorationpub.com)
  • Heat shock family of proteins (HSPs) is proposed to play pivotal role in breast tumor development owing to their intrinsic molecular chaperone properties [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we have investigated the role of ChoK in the development of breast cancer and found that ChoK is both necessary and sufficient for growth factor-induced proliferation in primary human mammary epithelial cells and an absolute requirement for the specific mitogenic response to heregulin in breast tumor-derived cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
  • The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
  • Up-regulation of telomerase activity is thought to be a critical step leading to cell transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study investigated changes in mTOR pathway and telomerase activity in hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 treated with chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5-Fu and rapamycin were synergistic in regards to down-regulation of telomerase activity in hepatocarcinoma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stem cells are characterized by a lower telomerase activity, which enables only partial compensation for the shortening of telomeres. (actanaturae.ru)
  • Somatic cells are usually characterized by the absence of telomerase activity. (actanaturae.ru)
  • The surviving cells become cancer cells, which are capable both of dividing indefinitely and maintaining telomere length (usually with the aid of telomerase). (actanaturae.ru)
  • Numerous genes transcribed in oocytes are involved in multiple aspects of cell maintenance and protection, including metabolism, signal perception and transduction, RNA processing, cell cycle, defense against pathogens and DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Cyclin E knock-down restored ABT-737 sensitivity to acquired and inherently resistant Mcl-1-dependent tumor cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • These changes can be inherited and are, therefore, found in every cell, but more often, they are somatically acquired and restricted to tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Mutations occur rarely, and in order for a cell to become cancerous - this is calculated for human fibroblasts - about 100 divisions must occur (this number of divisions usually occurs in a person at about the age of 40) [5]. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • These nutrient-driven post-translational modifications are highly altered in cancer and regulate protein functions in various cancer-associated processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Olomoucine, roscovitine and purvalanol are examples of CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) designed and investigated for their apoptotic potential on cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway has been reported as an important intracellular mediator frequently activated in cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unlike normal cells, cancer cells reprogram cellular energetics as a result of oncogenic transformations [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the HBP utilizes major macromolecules such as nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids to produce UDP-GlcNAc, cells may use it as a 'sensor' of energy availability that influences a large number of functional targets that contribute to cancer phenotypes (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pharmaceutical industry currently uses cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors to target cell proliferation for cancer chemotherapy. (foxchase.org)
  • In this study, we explore mechanisms in breast cancer cells that potentially lead to recurrence. (lu.se)
  • Both of these altered proteins lead to the eventual ability of cancer cell recurrence. (lu.se)
  • The tumour microenvironment (TME) contains several other cell types apart from cancer cells which play a role not only in the regulation of the environment but in response to treatments. (lu.se)
  • In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
  • HSP70-2 expression was also observed in all breast cancer cells (BT-474, MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3) used in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also report that HSP70-2 plays an important role in cellular growth, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and tumor growth of breast cancer xenograft. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, clinical trials are underway of drugs that selectively eliminate old cells in organs and tissues, thereby preventing degenerative changes in organs and cancer. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Finally, we discuss clinical significance of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system and inhibitors of SE-related proteins such as BET and CDK7 as potential cancer therapeutics. (ijbs.com)
  • Melatonin has oncostatic properties in breast cancer cells. (explorationpub.com)
  • With the synchronized output of the central circadian clock in relation to the pineal gland and other peripheral oscillators, melatonin acts as a key role player in the regulation of intermediary metabolism and cancer prevention [ 7 ]. (explorationpub.com)
  • In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
  • The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and its end product uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) are important regulators of cell signaling that favor tumor promotion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Planar Cell Polarity (PCP), the polarization within the plane of an epithelium, is perpendicular to apical-basal polarity and established by the non-canonical Wnt/Fz-PCP signaling pathway. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • DNA damage increases TP53 levels through an ATM-dependent pathway. (medscape.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
  • Demographic and that this particular family of angiogenic clinical data were collected during routine proteins plays an important role in placental obstetric visits. (who.int)
  • Regulation of gene expression plays a central role in embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To understand how B-Raf itself is regulated, we combined mass spectrometry with genetic approaches to map its interactome in MCF-10A cells as well as in B-Raf deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and B-Raf/Raf-1 double deficient DT40 lymphoma cells complemented with wildtype or mutant B-Raf expression vectors. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Phosphoproteomic techniques have been widely employed to identify kinase activity, which may lend itself to pharmaceutical blockade. (nature.com)
  • The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)