AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleS Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsM Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsCell Cycle ProteinsG2 PhaseCell Cycle CheckpointsDNA DamageCheckpoint Kinase 2S PhaseG1 PhaseGenes, cdcAtaxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesMitosisApoptosisTumor Suppressor Protein p53Protein KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21cdc25 PhosphatasesCell Line, TumorDNA RepairPhosphorylationDNA-Binding ProteinsCell DivisionCyclinsCDC2 Protein KinaseTumor Suppressor ProteinsCyclin B1Cell ProliferationNuclear ProteinsGamma RaysDNA ReplicationSignal TransductionFlow CytometryAtaxia TelangiectasiaRadiation, IonizingCell LineHydroxyureaCell SurvivalCyclin BRetinoblastoma ProteinHeLa CellsSpindle ApparatusRadiation ToleranceG0 PhaseMutationTumor Cells, CulturedCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Cyclin-Dependent KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Cyclin D1Cells, CulturedBlotting, WesternGenomic InstabilityCyclin ERNA, Small InterferingUltraviolet RaysFibroblastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsAntineoplastic AgentsNocodazoleSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSchizosaccharomycesAntineoplastic Agents, PhytogenicModels, BiologicalMolecular Sequence DataCell NucleusCaspasesHistonesDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4DNAChromosomal InstabilityCaspase 3bcl-2-Associated X ProteinApoptosis Regulatory ProteinsEnzyme ActivationGenes, p53Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2Gene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticFungal ProteinsBRCA1 ProteinMimosineTime FactorsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsAllyl CompoundsDose-Response Relationship, DrugTranscription FactorsInterphaseProtein BindingTransfectionEnzyme InhibitorsCDC2-CDC28 KinasesProto-Oncogene ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceCyclin AAphidicolin
ProliferationArrestProgressionPhosphorylationMitosisInhibitionCyclin dependAvoid apoptosisInhibitorsKinaseSynthesisInhibitsMicrotubuleReplicationOnsetTransitionSquamousDifferentiationNecrosisPathwayUpregulationPathwaysAnticancerCancer CellsMigrationHistoneInductionEmbryonic developmentSurvivalSpindleMalignantTumor cellsCellularRegulatePromotesChk2MAPKInvasionCytokinesisMechanismsChromatinInactivationIntracellularAntioxidantEpithelialDamageMechanismHomologousTranscriptionGenesPhenotypeFindingsGolgiResponseImmuneMutationsCytotoxicityAccumulation
Proliferation34
  • Taken together, our results suggested that decreased LAPTM5 inhibited proliferation and viability, as well as induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest possibly via deactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 in BCa cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, previous studies suggested that knockdown of LAPTM4B , another important subtype of the LAPTM family inhibited proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma ( 11 ), prostate ( 12 ) and breast cancer cells ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Exposure to benzo(a)pyrene affected the expression of genes that are involved in cell cycle regulation in both genotypes, indicating that the presence of unrepaired DNA damage in testis blocks cell proliferation to protect DNA integrity in both DNA repair proficient and deficient animals. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • The most significant pathways and BPs that were deregulated in the primary disease condition were associated with the cell cycle and fibroblast proliferation procedures. (genominfo.org)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 muM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • An obvious requirement for the stringent control of cell cycle progression is the prevention of deregulated proliferation - loss of control may result in tumors and cancers. (janechin.net)
  • Integration of intracellular metabolic states with extracellular signals leads to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or quiescence. (janechin.net)
  • Inhibitory effect of EESR on cancer cell growth and proliferation was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. (jcpjournal.org)
  • EESR possessing antioxidant activity efficiently inhibits proliferation of HT29 cells by inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (jcpjournal.org)
  • 6 , 7 Therefore, the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis is being an important preventive strategy against cancer. (jcpjournal.org)
  • The gain- and loss-of-function assays indicated that CSE1L promoted NSCLC cells proliferation and inhibits cells apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • CSE1L promotes proliferation of NSCLC cells by activating the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibiting apoptosis in coordination with P65. (researchsquare.com)
  • Export and import of mRNA and specific proteins from the nucleus is a key step in intracellular signaling and can lead to cell proliferation or apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • Under experimental normoxic condition (21 % O 2 ), deferasirox (DFX) used at 10 μM for 3 days reduced proliferation, led cell cycle arrest in S and G2-M phases and induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in U251 and U87 GBM cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Irradiation at a dose of 16 Gy repressed proliferation, cytotoxicity and apoptosis, but only in U251 cells, while no synergy with DFX was observed in either cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The anticancer activities of iron depletion are based on the fact that neoplastic cells require more iron than normal cells for proliferation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results indicate that JNK activity may regulate cell proliferation through the regulation of cell cycles. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Our results strongly support the idea that SP600125 inhibits cell proliferation by inhibiting mitosis through extended tubulin polymerization. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Both inhibition of WDR5 by siRNA and OICR-9429 could reduce proliferation, and increase apoptosis and chemosensitivity to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo . (thno.org)
  • These data revealed that targeting WDR5 suppressed proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, chemosensitivity to cisplatin and immunotherapy in PCa. (thno.org)
  • PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (lookformedical.com)
  • Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell proliferation is a very important physiological effect for low power laser irradiation (LPLI) used in clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by LPLI are poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Binding of one molecule of eribulin to two microtubules can inhibit cell proliferation by 50%, and such binding is reversible. (shu.edu)
  • The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assay, propidium iodide (PI) staining, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI staining, and transwell assay were employed to test the proliferation, apoptosis, migration ability, and invasiveness of COAD cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Upregulating the level of miR-323a-3p impaired the proliferation, migration, and invasion of COAD cells and promoted apoptosis, whereas supplementing NEK6 alleviated the damage of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of COAD cells caused by miR-323a-3p and inhibited miR-323a-3p-induced apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
  • These findings indicate that miR-323a-3p regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of COAD cells by targeting NEK6. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent studies have revealed that AXL contributes to leukaemic phenotypes through activation of oncogenic signalling pathways that lead to increased cell migration and proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
Arrest24
  • Moreover, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was triggered by decreased LAPTM5 as well, which could lead to delayed BCa cell growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition, analysis of cell cycle phase dependent gene expression revealed that expression of genes involved in G1-S and G2-M phase arrest was increased after B[a]P exposure in both genotypes. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • In line with this, for HPV negative but not for HPV positive cell lines, treatment with roscovitine resulted in a pronounced enhancement of the radiation-induced G2 arrest as well as a significant increase in radiosensitivity. (oncotarget.com)
  • Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
  • PIG3 knockdown led to an abnormal DNA damage response, including decreased IR-induced phosphorylation of H2AX, Chk1, Chk2 and Kap-1 as well as a prolonged G2-M arrest and aberrant mitotic progression. (ijbs.com)
  • In some p53 mutants, induction of cell cycle arrest, but not apoptosis was found to be associated with a lack of induction of PIG3 expression ( 2 ). (ijbs.com)
  • To investigate the mechanism of EESR-mediated cytotoxicity, HT29 cells were treated with various concentrations of EESR and the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and Western blot analysis. (jcpjournal.org)
  • EESR induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner by modulating cyclin B, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK inhibitor p21 expression. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Whereas damage signals of cells activate p53 via CHK2 to repair damaged DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation. (affbiotech.com)
  • Some studies have reported that the G2 M arrest induced by SP600125 may be due to inhibition of cyclin B Cdk1 kinase activity through an increase in p21 levels. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Thus, inhibition of JNK activity prevents dissociation between p21 and JNK, and then prevents inhibition of cyclin B Cdk1 activity, leading to induction of G2 M arrest. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • This indicates that high levels of p21 and Cdk2 can be expressed at different times in G2 M arrest and endoreduplication because endoreduplication occurs after G2 M arrest. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • The present study has shown that an increase in p21 expression coincides with the onset of G2 M arrest at 24 h, but that endoreduplication may occur due to loss of p21 and a maximum level of Cdk2 at 48 h. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Therefore, the upregulation of p21 expression may contribute to G2 M arrest in the early stages, and then Cdk2 may regulate endoreduplication by treating leukemia cells in the middle stages in the presence of SP600125. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • This illustration shows the proposed relative location of the 2 known cell cycle arrest points in cells with MTD (microtubule damage). (shu.edu)
  • Cell cycle arrest accompanies DCS induced differentia tion of 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
  • 38 Consistent together with the greater differentiation, G1 arrest also increases when QVD is utilised to inhibit HPK1 cleavage in DCS treated 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
  • While exploring the molecular changes associated with strong ST efficacy in breast cancer cells, we observed that ST induced cell cycle arrest as well as cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ST caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest which was accompanied by a decrease in CDK4 and cyclin D1, and an increase in p21/Cip1and p27/Kip1 protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • p53 mediates cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage or starvation for pyrimidine nucleotides. (thermofisher.com)
  • p53 is up-regulated in response to stress signals and stimulated to activate transcription of specific genes, resulting in expression of p21waf1 and other proteins involved in G1 or G2/M arrest. (thermofisher.com)
Progression13
  • Reactivated after successful DNA repair through WIP1-dependent signaling leading to CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation and restoring cell cycle progression. (arigobio.cn)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (proteopedia.org)
  • Comparative biochemical studies of rapamycin and wortmannin on transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1)-mediated G(1)-S cell cycle progression in C3H-10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts. (janechin.net)
  • Therefore, understanding biochemical dynamics of cell cycle progression may lead to target-specific therapy with improved side effect profiles. (janechin.net)
  • These factors couple extracellular signals to intracellular processes to determine cell cycle progression. (janechin.net)
  • 12 The activation of cyclin/CDK complex accelerates cell cycle progression, which are regulated by phosphorylation. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (lookformedical.com)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • miRNAs expressed in a wide variety of human cancers can regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of the target mRNAs and act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate cell signaling pathways, affecting tumorigenesis and tumor progression [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The molecular biology underlying renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression has been a key milestone in the management of this type of tumor. (cancerindex.org)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • By exogenously modulating its activity, we demonstrate that PP1α is required to maintain CHK1 in a dephosphorylated state and, more importantly, that it is responsible for the accelerated replication fork progression in Spi1/PU.1-overexpressing cells. (oncotarget.com)
Phosphorylation10
Mitosis7
  • Required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. (arigobio.cn)
  • During G2 and early mitosis, CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation activates CDK1/cyclin complexes which phosphorylate several substrates that trigger at least centrosome separation, Golgi dynamics, nuclear envelope breakdown and chromosome condensation. (arigobio.cn)
  • activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • Stages of the cell cycle are G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2, M (Mitosis), and G0 (quiescence), with mitosis as the shortest and most visually dramatic process of the cycle after which two daughter cells result, Figure 1-1. (janechin.net)
  • Recently, certain cancer chemotherapy agents have been found to exert their anticancer activities by disrupting the dynamics of microtubule assembly, thus perturbing the formation and function of the mitotic spindle apparatus and arresting cells in mitosis. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • TP53 is a checkpoint molecule that maintains genomic stability, prevents cell mitosis and induces apoptosis following abnormal chromosome segregation or chemical damage to DNA sequences [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similar to these drugs, eribulin is a microtubule inhibitor that induces apoptosis of cancer cells by stopping mitosis in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle . (shu.edu)
Inhibition8
  • In all five HPV negative and HPV positive cell lines tested, roscovitine caused inhibition of CDK1 and 2. (oncotarget.com)
  • To analyse whether inhibition of NF ��B, which leads to re duction of Fascin, also affects invasion of EBV transformed lymphocytes, LCL B cells were incubated in the presence of ACHP and serum starved for 4 h. (kspinhibitors.com)
  • Inhibition using the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK caused up-regulation of γ-H2AX, a DNA-damage sensor, indicating its negative regulation via caspases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cell cycle analysis revealed an accumulation of HCEC in the G1 -phase as first response to oxidative stress and increased S-phase population and then apoptosis as second response following caspase inhibition. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study provides fundamental insight into the functional impact of CDK4 inhibition on cells in the tumor microenvironment, which is of high importance and interest to the field. (elifesciences.org)
  • The pan caspase inhibitor Q VD OPh even more enhances DCS induced differentiation of 40AF cells by inhibition of HPK1 cleavage. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
  • To examine the mechanism by which DCS reverses resistance of 40AF buy Roscovitine cells to 1,25D, we asked if HPK1 sig naling is enhanced from the inhibition of its proteolytic cleavage, regarded to take area in other methods. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
  • In MDA-MB-231 cells, ST caused a significant dose-dependent cell growth inhibition by 31- 63% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 48 h and 40-50% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyclin depend2
  • Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), also known as p34Cdc2 (cell division control protein kinase 2) depends on cyclin A and B and is triggered by a positive feedback loop at the end of G2 phase, which is the key event that initiates mitotic entry. (arigobio.cn)
  • 8 , 9 Cell cycle program is regulated by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. (jcpjournal.org)
Avoid apoptosis2
Inhibitors8
  • Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)
  • Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Invasive cells are able to degrade the matri , pass through the pores Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of the polycarbonate mem brane, and attach either to the bottom of the membrane, or they migrate to the lower well after invasion. (kspinhibitors.com)
  • Discussion A large body of evidence indicates that neurons Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries affected in AD follow a dying back pattern of degeneration, where such loss of a onal integrity precede somatic cell death and has a profound effect on neuronal network function. (kspinhibitors.com)
  • Interestingly, P-Tex cells expressed CDK4 genes as high as cancer cells, which could be simultaneously inhibited by CDK4 inhibitors and might be a potential reason for the ineffectiveness of CDK4 inhibitors in treating HPV-positive HNSCC. (elifesciences.org)
  • Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), in particular blockade of PD-1/PD-L1, show promising therapy response in some cancers, they are less effective in PCa which may be poor infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells [ 7 - 9 ]. (thno.org)
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
  • 13 So, in one,25D resistant 40AF cells HPK1 doesn't seem inhibitor checkpoint inhibitors to signal differentiation with the JNK pathway. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
Kinase4
  • KAT5 is an important enzyme for repairing DNA and returning cellular function to normal through its regulation of ataxia telangiectasia mutant (ATM) protein kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lack of KAT5 suppresses ATM protein kinase activity and reduces the ability of a cell to correct its DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • These paclitaxel resistant ovarian cells demonstrate: (1) Increased IC 50 for paclitaxel and docetaxel (10 to 75-fold) and cross-resistance to anthracyclines (2) Reduced cell apoptosis in the presence of paclitaxel (3) Gene depletion involving mitotic regulators BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase, cyclin BI (CCNB1), centromere protein E (CENPE), and centromere protein F (CENPF), and (4) Functional data validating gene depletion among mitotic regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this study was to assess the DNA damage response through the expression of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), H2A histone family member X (H2AX), and P53 among smokers and non-smokers with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (knoblauchpublishing.com)
Synthesis1
  • Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)
Inhibits2
  • Although, their part in EMT remains unclear, overexpression of ei ther ARRB1 or ARRB2 in HeLa cells inhibits NF B medi ated transcription. (pka-signal.com)
  • Eribulin inhibits the growth phase of microtubules without affecting the shortening phase and sequesters tubulin into nonproductive aggregates. (shu.edu)
Microtubule6
  • Centrosomes are the major microtubule organizing structures in vertebrate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In animal cells, centrosomes represent the major microtubule-organizing structures (MTOC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, SP600125 has a strong anticancer effect against leukemia cells in a dose and time dependent manner by promoting tubulin polymerization and disrupting the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • G1MTC, G1 phase microtubule checkpoint. (shu.edu)
  • The centrosome cycle (1 or 2 MTOC indicates microtubule organizing centers) is shown to be coordinated with the DNA/chromosome cycle (2N or 4N DNA content). (shu.edu)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication6
  • Zhao J, Kennedy BK, Lawrence BD, Barbie DA, Matera AG, Fletcher JA, Harlow E. NPAT links cyclin E-Cdk2 to the regulation of replication-dependent histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. (affbiotech.com)
  • The early preinvasive stage was characterized by cell-cycle checkpoint activation triggered by DNA replication stress and dramatic downregulation of basic transmembrane signaling processes that maintain epithelial/stromal homeostasis in the normal mucosa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • We previously showed that constitutive overexpression of the oncogenic transcription factor Spi1/PU.1 leads to pre-leukemic cells that have a shortened S phase duration with an increased replication fork speed and increased mutability in the absence of DNA breaks. (oncotarget.com)
Onset2
  • The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3) was originally indentified by Polyak et al in the analysis of p53-induced genes related to the onset of apoptosis ( 1 ). (ijbs.com)
Transition10
  • Transcripts found in unfertilized oocytes also encoded a large number of proteins implicated in cell adherence, tight junction and focal adhesion, suggesting high complexity in terms of structure and cellular interactions in embryos prior to midblastula transition (MBT). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a number of animal species, MZT roughly coincides with the mid-blastula transition (MBT) [ 20 ] when cells become motile and divide asynchronously. (biomedcentral.com)
  • promotes G2-M transition, and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition via association with multiple interphase cyclins. (arigobio.cn)
  • 10 , 11 The major molecules responsible for G2/M transition are cyclin A /CDK1 and cyclin B/CDK1. (jcpjournal.org)
  • 13 The expression of CDK inhibitor p21 is upregulated by activated p53, resulting in the suppression of G2/M transition by the inactivation of cyclin/CDK complex. (jcpjournal.org)
  • We had also found that ERK1c translocates to the Golgi at the G2 to M phase transition, but the molecular mechanism underlying this recruitment remains unknown. (biologists.com)
  • M transition in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • S transition in the cell cycle, upregulated expression of tumor-promoting microenvironmental factors, and profound dysregulation of metabolic pathways (e.g., increased aerobic glycolysis, downregulation of pathways that metabolize drugs and xenobiotics). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The activity of NEK6 plays important roles in mitotic spindle kinetochore fiber formation, metaphase-anaphase transition, cytokinesis, and checkpoint regulation [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
Squamous7
  • A phase II study showed that patients with resected local-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) had improved survival when pembrolizumab was added to adjuvant RT (NCT02641093). (nature.com)
  • At present, advanced stage human Papillomavirus (HPV) negative and positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are treated by intense multimodal therapy that includes radiochemotherapy, which are associated with relevant side effects. (oncotarget.com)
  • Two main etiologies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are recognized that reveal distinct biological characteristics. (oncotarget.com)
  • The survival prognosis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is largely different, and little is known about the anti-tumor mechanism of tumor-infiltrated exhausted CD8 + T cells (Tex) in HNSCC. (elifesciences.org)
  • The risk is increased 1000-fold for squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and fibrosarcoma and is increased 10-fold to 20-fold for other tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Excretory stem cells give rise to squamous cell and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, while intercalated stem cells give rise to pleomorphic adenomas, oncocytomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Squamous cell carcinomas arise from excretory duct cells, pleomorphic adenomas arise from the intercalated duct cells, oncocytomas arise from the striated duct cells, and acinic cell carcinomas arise from acinar cells. (medscape.com)
Differentiation4
  • Microarray analyses detected a suite of master developmental regulators that control differentiation and maintenance of diverse cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This can be consistent with our previ ously reported observation that JNK2 action is inhibitory to differentiation of 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
  • 33 35 The pan caspase inhib itor Q VD OPh considerably increases differentiation of DCS handled 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
  • Interestingly, the maximal impact on differentiation is 5 uM, a concentration lower than the 10 uM minimal reported to block apoptosis. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
Necrosis2
  • RT can directly induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • The sub G1 peaks, which signify necrosis/apoptosis, are greater in DCS taken care of 40AF cells compared with all the handle group. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
Pathway4
  • Additionally, PIG3 mediates cancer cell death through the GPx3 pathway, and knocking down PIG3 or blocking the interaction between PIG3 and GPx3 would abolish the increase in ROS and apoptosis ( 5 ). (ijbs.com)
  • RNA-seq results indicated that CSE1L activated the MAPK signaling pathway in NSCLC cells by increasing activity of P65. (researchsquare.com)
  • We have generated model systems to explore drug resistance in ovarian cancer, which have revealed a key pathway related to the spindle assembly checkpoint underlying paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lastly, through gene expression profiling we have demonstrated disruption of the spindle assembly checkpoint in the paclitaxel resistant cell lines, indicating a potential therapeutic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Upregulation1
  • EESR-induced apoptosis was associated with the upregulation of p53, a death receptor Fas, and a pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the activation of caspase 3, 8, and 9, resulting in the degradation of PARP. (jcpjournal.org)
Pathways6
  • The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • P-Tex cells could aggregate in the antigen-presenting cell niches and activate certain signaling pathways. (elifesciences.org)
  • Additional examination of GC16 and GC19 exposed en richment for more pathways broadly linked with cancer and EMT, the majority of which overlap or crosstalk with TNF, MAPK, or EGFR signaling. (pka-signal.com)
  • GC16 is enriched for your cytokines and inflammatory response and interleukin one processing pathways, when GC19 is enriched for T cell receptor signaling. (pka-signal.com)
Anticancer3
  • The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of ethanol extract of S. rufopilosa (EESR) and to determine the molecular mechanism of its anticancer activity in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Therefore, elimination of the checkpoint increases the sensitivity of human tumor cell lines to anticancer agents. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • p53 has been characterized to play a role in blocking the proliferative action of damaged cells and act as an anticancer agent. (thermofisher.com)
Cancer Cells13
  • RT-induced damage to cancer cells leads to different outcomes, such as survival, senescence, or death. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
  • Distinguishing and removing cancer cells from normal cells continue to be key in the experimental design for therapy and prevention. (janechin.net)
  • Modern approaches to treating cancer take advantage of critical biochemical differences between cancer cells and normal cells - from radiation therapy to chemotherapy to experimental gene therapy. (janechin.net)
  • The Warburg hypothesis was based on the metabolic differences between cancer cells and normal cells, and proposed that increased glycolysis by transformed cells conferred a bio-energetic advantage for survival over normal counterparts under anoxic conditions (Anghileri, 1983). (janechin.net)
  • Fascin contributes to invasion of cancer cells and HTLV 1 transformed T lymphocytes, however, the relative contribution of Fascin to the motility of EBV transformed lymphocytes has not been investigated. (kspinhibitors.com)
  • Cancer cells can utilize the transportins into and out of the nucleus to stimulate tumor growth and to effectively evade apoptotic mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
  • Genomic instability caused by mutation of the checkpoint molecule TP53 may endow cancer cells with the ability to undergo genomic evolution to survive stress and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The activity of NEK6 is enhanced in several cancer cells, including colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Cell growth assay, cell cycle analysis, FACS, JC-1 staining, annexin V staining and immunoblotting were used to study the efficacy of ST on cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study provides valuable insight into the chemopreventive efficacy and associated molecular alterations of ST in breast cancer cells whereas it had only moderate efficacy on lung cancer cells and did not show any considerable effect on skin cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Migration6
  • Analysis of the changes of migration and invasion, showed significant reduced LAPTM5 suppressed cell metastasis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In studies focusing on NPC and cells of epithelial origin, LMP1 has been described as a potent regulator of cellular migration and invasion. (kspinhibitors.com)
  • This gene may be involved in several cellular functions including growth, migration, aggregation and anti-inflammation in multiple cell types. (cancerindex.org)
  • A novel human anti-AXL monoclonal antibody attenuates tumour cell migration. (cancerindex.org)
  • AXL significantly promotes tumour cell migration, invasion and metastasis, as well as angiogenesis. (cancerindex.org)
  • MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic disorder, though affected patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone3
Induction3
  • Our transcriptome analysis revealed in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues a significant induction of lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressing in immune cells and hematopoietic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A slightly higher induction of average gene expression was observed at the G2-M checkpoint in Xpc-/- mice, but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.086). (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Further, cell death effect of ST was associated with induction of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryonic development1
Survival2
Spindle1
  • Previous evidence points to numerous components of the spindle assembly checkpoint and mitotic regulation playing a major role in several cancers [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Malignant3
  • Moreover, some studies demonstrated that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in malignant B lymphomas and involved in B cell malignancies ( 10 ), involving in negative regulation of cell surface T and B cell receptor by promoting lysosome degradation ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China. (thno.org)
  • This seems to get because of the cytotoxic impact with the DCS cocktail mixture that could help eradication from the malignant cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
Tumor cells4
  • The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) produced by irradiated tumor cells can be captured by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the TME and presented to T cells. (nature.com)
  • As dependence on iron is a key feature of tumor cells, using chelators to reduce iron represents an opportunity to improve conventional GBM therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5) increasing the intrinsic radioresistance of normal cells through ketone bodies but decreasing that of tumor cells by targeting glycolysis. (springer.com)
Cellular6
  • These results provide a new insight into the mechanism of PIG3's functioning in DNA damage signaling and the regulation network of cellular DNA-PKcs expression homeostasis. (ijbs.com)
  • The mammalian cell cycle typically completes in 24 hours, where dramatic changes occur in cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal physiology. (janechin.net)
  • Restriction points receive signals from central- and peripheral cellular networks to determine subsequent cell fate. (janechin.net)
  • Factors mandating cellular consequence include cell surface-receptors, cytoplasmic proteins, and nuclear proteins. (janechin.net)
  • The mammalian cell is furnished with receptors linked to interactive series of cytoplasmic networks for controlling cellular processes. (janechin.net)
  • Arrestins present elevated expression in differentiated cells and inhibit cellular responses to growth stimuli. (pka-signal.com)
Regulate2
Promotes1
Chk21
  • Immunohistochemistry for H2AX was conducted for the identification of double-strand breaks, CHK2, and P53 to evaluate the expression of this protein in cell cycle regulation. (knoblauchpublishing.com)
MAPK1
  • The appar ent continued transcription of both IEGs and DUSPs, nicely beyond the early response, suggests reduction of negative feed back regulation of MAPK signaling in our process. (pka-signal.com)
Invasion3
  • The abnormal cell growth is one of the critical characteristics of cancer for invasion or spreading out to other parts of the body. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Subsequently, invasion assays were performed util izing basement membrane coated inserts which separate the cells from medium with 20% fetal calf serum in the lower well. (kspinhibitors.com)
  • To test, whether sole e pression of LMP1 induces invasion of lymphocytes, too, and whether this specifically depends on Fascin, invasion assays were performed in transiently transfected cells. (kspinhibitors.com)
Cytokinesis2
Mechanisms2
  • We have generated paclitaxel resistant ovarian cell lines from their corresponding native cell lines to determine driver mechanisms of drug resistance using gene expression arrays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These pre-clinical models were used to observe cytotoxicity, cell cycle modulation and changes in gene expression to examine the mechanisms driving drug resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromatin1
  • However, the level in which these B[a]P regulated genes are expressed differs between Wt and Xpc-/- mice (p = 0.000000141), and were predominantly involved in the regulation of cell cycle, translation, chromatin structure and spermatogenesis, indicating a general stress response. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Inactivation1
Intracellular1
  • The three germ layers and the body plan of the mature organism are established during gastrulation, and the period is characterized by extensive cell movements and intracellular communications [ 21 , 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Antioxidant1
  • EESR showed significant antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on HT29 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. (jcpjournal.org)
Epithelial4
  • During EMT, cells will undergo transformation from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype ( 14 ) and many characteristics of cells will change including loss of cell-cell adhesion and acquisition of aggressive and metastatic ability ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Human ovarian cancer cell lines TOV21G (representing clear cell ovarian carcinoma) and TOV112D (representing endometrioid adenocarcinoma) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). The human ovarian epithelial-serous cell line COV504 was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ST on three different human cancer cell lines including skin epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells, lung epithelial carcinoma A549 cells and breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a nonmelanocytic skin cancer (ie, an epithelial tumor) that arises from basal cells (ie, small, round cells found in the lower layer of the epidermis). (medscape.com)
Damage10
  • P53 is well known for causing cell apoptosis after DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Numerous genes transcribed in oocytes are involved in multiple aspects of cell maintenance and protection, including metabolism, signal perception and transduction, RNA processing, cell cycle, defense against pathogens and DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, the potential mechanism of PIG3 participation in the DNA damage response induced by ionizing radiation (IR) was investigated in multiple cell lines with depleted expression of PIG3 transiently or stably by the small interference RNA and lentivirus-mediated shRNA expression strategies. (ijbs.com)
  • However, a compensatory feedback of increased mRNA expression of DNA-PKcs was formed in PIG3-depleted cells after a few passages or cell cycles of subculture, which led the recovery of the DNA-PKcs protein level and the consequent recovered efficiency of the DNA damage response. (ijbs.com)
  • J-H Lee et al extensively investigated the participation of PIG3 in DNA damage checkpoints after UV irradiation or after treatment using the radiomimetic drug neocarzinostatin (NCS) ( 8 ). (ijbs.com)
  • The DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered to be the most severe type of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, and this form of DNA damage must be repaired immediately to prevent cell death. (ijbs.com)
  • Thus, caspases execute a non-apoptotic function by promoting cells through G1 - and S-phase by overriding the G1 /S- and intra-S checkpoints despite DNA-damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conversely, we found that oxidative stress led to caspase-dependent proteolytic degradation of the DNA-damage checkpoint protein ATM that is upstream of γ-H2AX. (bvsalud.org)
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
Mechanism2
  • Centrosome duplication is tightly regulated and limited at once per cell cycle through a mechanism that prevents re-duplication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eribulin exerts its effects via a tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism leading to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage. (shu.edu)
Homologous2
  • Here we tested whether roscovitine, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which hereby also blocks homologous recombination (HR), can be used to enhance the radiation sensitivity of HNSCC cell lines. (oncotarget.com)
  • PIG3 is highly homologous to NADPH oxidoreductase TED2 in plants and zeta-Crystalline in mammalian cells, and is considered as a proapoptosis marker. (ijbs.com)
Transcription2
  • This negative regulation of DNA-PKcs by depleting PIG3 seemed to take place at the translational level but not at the levels of transcription or protein degradation. (ijbs.com)
  • Silencing of the transcription factor hCAS/CSE1L, which regulated PIG3 expression, led to decreased PIG3 transcription and concurrently decreased apoptosis ( 3 ). (ijbs.com)
Genes1
  • We employed TNF as being a proinflammatory cytokine to en hance TGFB induced EMT in our model system, and we discover that genes that propagate TNF signaling are upregulated and strongly enriched in GC16 and GC19. (pka-signal.com)
Phenotype2
  • Senescent cells elicit their fibrogenic actions primarily by secreting an assortment of inflammatory and profibrotic factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (frontiersin.org)
  • Dysregulation at any checkpoint program may lead to a transformed phenotype. (janechin.net)
Findings2
  • As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, our findings suggest a promising role for P-Tex cells in the prognosis of patients with HPV-positive HNSCC by providing modest but persistent anti-tumor effects. (elifesciences.org)
Golgi1
  • Golgi fragmentation is a highly regulated process that allows division of the Golgi complex between the two daughter cells. (biologists.com)
Response1
  • The compelling conclusion that proliferative exhausted T cells are associated with response in HPV+ head and neck cancer is supported by the cohort of 14 patients with paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue and rigorous bioinformatic analysis of nearly 50,000 single CD3+ T cell transcriptomes. (elifesciences.org)
Immune2
  • LAPMT5 is a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressed in immune cells ( 5 , 6 ) and hematopoietic cells ( 7 ), having a close interaction with the Nedd4 ( 8 ), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, some immune cells are immunosuppressive or transform into immunosuppressive phenotypes under specific conditions, leading to the development of radioresistance. (nature.com)
Mutations2
  • The G2 M checkpoint is especially important in protecting normal cells from tumor formation driven by the accumulation of mutations. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • MCPH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern in which both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytotoxicity1
  • Deferiprone, a bidentate iron chelator, has been shown to have antiproliferative and cytotoxicity activities in neuroblastoma cell lines [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Accumulation1