Regulation of apoptosis and necrosis. Medical search. Frequent questions

formerly known as tumor necrosis factor alpha or TNF-α) is an adipokine and a cytokine. (wikipedia.org)
Subsequently, in 1975 Lloyd J. Old from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, reported another cytotoxic factor produced by macrophages and named it tumor necrosis factor (TNF). (wikipedia.org)
The antitumor effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in gliomas has thus far only been thoroughly established in tumor cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
This gene encodes a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family which is a ligand for osteoprotegerin and functions as a key factor for osteoclast differentiation and activation. (nih.gov)
This protein was shown to activate antiapoptotic kinase AKT/PKB through a signaling complex involving SRC kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6, which indicated this protein may have a role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. (nih.gov)
The CD56 bright population produces immunoregulatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-B), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-10, and IL-13 ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. (wikigenes.org)
Abstract The multiple roles of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-inducible protein 8 (TNFAIP8), also named TIPE family of proteins have been shown in tumor and inflammation progression and regulation of cellular autophagy and apoptosis. (techscience.com)
The intracellular domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75ICD) lacks catalytic activity but contains a motif similar to death domains found in the cytoplasmic regions of members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and their downstream targets. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Treatment of LNCaP cells with Nexrutine reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced enzymatic as well as promoter activities of Cox-2. (nih.gov)
As compared to passage-matched control cells, SWCNT-transformed BEAS-2B cells exhibited resistance to apoptosis induced by death ligands, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-a and Fas ligand, but not by inducers of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, e.g., antimycin A and cisplatin, suggesting death receptor pathway as the primary pathway of defective apoptosis in SWCNT-transformed cells. (cdc.gov)
In addition, some studies have suggested a role for tumor necrosis factor, and others have suggested an imbalance of type 1 helper T cells. (medscape.com)

Therefore, in this review, we avoid a lengthy repetition of the description of autophagy and cell death processes and focus on the death-promoting roles of autophagy and the intertwined connection between autophagy and apoptosis. (nature.com)
Primarily, the aim of anti-cell death in animals is to describe the processes of autophagy and apoptosis, while necrosis is the mechanism for defining the uncontrollable or chaotic mode of death. (essaywriter.org)

Low ATP concentrations in hypoxic tumour cells disable the apoptotic cascade and induce cell death by necrosis. (bmj.com)
Under pathological conditions, uncontrolled apoptosis-induced proliferation contributes to tumour development and recurrence. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Psoriasin is strongly induced by interleukin (IL)-22 and by the combination of IL-17 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which emphasizes the role of psoriasin in the pathogenesis of psoriasis (7). (medicaljournals.se)

MicroRNAs are a kind of small noncoding RNAs, which are involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by binding the translation section and lead to either mRNA degradation or translational inhibition and have been found to regulate crucial biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [ 10 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway is involved in multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
PI3K activates a number of signaling molecules, among which the Akt/mTOR pathway is of particular interest because of its role in inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
He subsequently worked at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Massachusetts Medical School in the United States during which time his research focused on regulation of program cell death (apoptosis) and its related compensatory cell proliferation. (birmingham.ac.uk)
This evolutionarily conserved phenomenon has been termed apoptosis-induced compensatory cell proliferation (apoptosis-induced proliferation or AiP). (birmingham.ac.uk)
We have discovered that apoptosis can induce cell proliferation through distinct mechanisms in a context-dependent manner, e.g. in proliferating versus differentiating tissues ( Fan and Bergmann, Dev Cell 14: 339 ). (birmingham.ac.uk)
However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis-induced proliferation is far from complete. (birmingham.ac.uk)
In its role as a cell signaling agent, GSH is involved in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation regulation. (immunochemistry.com)
and TNFR2, which signals cell proliferation, gene activation and apoptosis mainly in T cells. (biologists.com)

Our contributions to elucidating the mechanisms of apoptosis led to clinical investigation of a novel class of molecules called Pro-Apoptotic Receptor Agonists, and aided in the advancement of apoptosis-promoting cancer medicines such as venclexta. (gene.com)
Understanding the regulation of apoptosis during hypoxia and the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis might lead to more specific treatments for solid tumours. (bmj.com)
We presently evaluated the mechanisms by which PTPN2 , a candidate gene for T1D, modulates β-cell apoptosis after exposure to type I and II interferons (IFNs), cytokines that contribute to β-cell loss in early T1D. (diabetesjournals.org)
Deciphering these mechanisms will make substantial contributions to our understanding of the cellular strategies and genetic pathways used to maintain tissue homeostasis in response to apoptosis. (birmingham.ac.uk)
The pathophysiology of ischemic brain injury and TBI involves a number of mechanisms leading to neuronal injury, including excitotoxicity , free radical damage, inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis. (weeksmd.com)
Brain injury also triggers auto-protective mechanisms, including the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and endogenous antioxidants. (weeksmd.com)
Since resistance to apoptosis is a foundation of neoplastic evolution and selection of malignant transformed phenotype, we investigated the apoptosis pathway underlying the resistance its mechanisms to aid the understanding of SWCNT-induced carcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)
As a result, the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of DNA hypomethylation on tumors could be related to reactivating tumor suppressor genes and negative regulation of cell cycle progression. (pdgf-receptor.com)
125I irradiation-induced apoptosis and DNA hypomethylation are two key mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of low-energy 125I seed implantation. (pdgf-receptor.com)
Classic anti-cancer strategies aimed at actively killing cancer cells include alkylating agents that generate crosslinks in DNA and trigger repair mechanisms to induce apoptosis, antimetabolites that severely disrupt nucleic acid synthesis, and alkaloids that interfere with microtubule polymerization/depolymerization and halt mitosis 2 . (cancerbiomed.org)
Introduction: Bisphosphonates (BP) are effective drugs in the prevention and treatment of various bone pathologies, acting in the regulation of osteoclast function through different mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
BP act in the regulation of osteoclast function by decreasing bone resorption by different mechanisms, inhibiting the development of their precursor cells, increasing apoptosis rate, stimulating inhibitor factors and reducing its activity 28 . (bvsalud.org)
There is clearly a need to identify accu- allergy research and in the definition of the important rately chemicals that have the potential to induce aller- immune mechanisms that influence the acquisition and gic sensitization and to assess the risks they pose to regulation of allergic sensitization to chemicals. (cdc.gov)

Due to the pleiotropic effect of bortezomibenhanced TRAIL DISC formation upon TRAIL triggering, down-regulation of cFLIP L and activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway seem to cooperatively contribute to the antitumor effect of bortezomib/TRAIL cotreatment. (aacrjournals.org)
The present findings suggest that local IFN production may interact with a genetic factor ( PTPN2 ) to induce aberrant proapoptotic activity of the BH3-only protein Bim, resulting in increased β-cell apoptosis via JNK activation and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. (diabetesjournals.org)
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. (mdpi.com)
These results suggest that chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fu may down-regulate telomerase activity at both transcriptional level and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-dependent post-transcriptional level to facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the core apoptosis pathway has been well studied, it is not yet clear how cells modulate their susceptibilities toward apoptosis. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Due to the genetically conserved molecular processes by which cells die, intracellular levels of GSH can favor a cell death pathway via apoptosis (adequate intracellular GSH stores) or via necrosis or autophagy (depleted intracellular GSH stores). (immunochemistry.com)

Apoptosis is a fundamental homeostatic mechanism essential for the normal growth, development and maintenance of every tissue and organ. (nature.com)
Research in the laboratory led by Mark Mattson has shown that TNF can prevent the death/apoptosis of neurons by a mechanism involving activation of the transcription factor NF-κB which induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes and Bcl-2. (wikipedia.org)
Necroptosis can be a fail-safe mechanism in case apoptosis is inhibited, for example, by bacteria or viruses. (sciencedaily.com)
Together, our study demonstrated a novel mechanism of apoptosis resistance induced by chronic exposure to SWCNT in human lung epithelial cells and identified FLIP as a key regulator of apoptosis avoidance that contributes to the development of malignant transformed phenotype. (cdc.gov)

Regardless of the tumor heterogeneity, cotreatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib efficiently sensitized all primary glioma samples for TRAIL-induced apoptosis and tremendously reduced their clonogenic survival. (aacrjournals.org)
Due to the strong correlation between intracellular GSH depletion and the onset of the apoptotic process, ICT's Intracellular GSH Assay provides a good screening option for assessing the potency of apoptosis inhibitor and activator reagents. (immunochemistry.com)

We now show that during early apoptosis limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies, which allows release of proteins that may affect the proximal microenvironment before the catastrophic loss of membrane integrity during secondary necrosis. (nature.com)
These results indicate that limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies before secondary necrosis, leading to acute and localized release of immunomodulatory proteins during the early phase of active apoptotic membrane blebbing. (nature.com)
Therefore, the shift from apoptosis to secondary necrosis is more graded than a simple binary switch, with the membrane permeabilization of apoptotic bodies and consequent limited release of DAMPs contributing to the transition between these states. (nature.com)
Later, apoptotic death appeared in all the axial structures, with the exception of the notochord, where some dying cells displayed features of secondary necrosis. (karger.com)

TRAIL, also called Apo2L, is a cytotoxic protein that induces apoptosis of many transformed cell lines but not of normal tissues, even though its death domain-containing receptor, DR4, is expressed on both cell types. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Our studies have shown that chronic exposure to single-walled carbon nanotube s (SWCNT) induces apoptosis resistance and malignant transformation of human lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)

Cyclooxygenase (Cox-2), a pro-inflammatory mediator, is a CREB target that induces prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and suppresses apoptosis. (nih.gov)
G-CSF suppresses apoptosis and prolongs the survival of neutrophils in vivo in a CD34 + cell population. (medscape.com)

The lentivirus-mediated overexpression of psoriasin, mimicking the psoriatic milieu, gave rise to an altered regulation of differentiation genes and an expression pattern reminiscent of that in psoriatic epidermis. (medicaljournals.se)

Blebbing, apoptotic body formation and protein release during early apoptosis are dependent on ROCK and myosin ATPase activity to drive actomyosin contraction. (nature.com)
2 , 3 A key feature of apoptosis has been defined as the maintenance of an intact cellular membrane (detectable as exclusion of impermeable dyes such as propidium iodide, PI) throughout the apoptotic program to prevent intracellular protein release and subsequent immunological activation. (nature.com)
Antagonists of anaphase-promoting complex (APC)-2-cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein (CARP)-1 interaction are novel regulators of cell growth and apoptosis. (karmanos.org)
This protein was shown to be a dentritic cell survival factor and is involved in the regulation of T cell-dependent immune response. (nih.gov)
Thus, regulation of the lifespans of mRNAs is a way of controlling protein synthesis. (sciencedaily.com)
Regulation of Cox-2 by cyclic AMP response element binding protein in prostate cancer: potential role for nexrutine. (nih.gov)
Among other results, they show that TNFR2-mediated apoptosis is blocked by caspase-8 inhibitors and depends on Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) but does not require simultaneous activation of TNFR1. (biologists.com)
Carbon nanotube s induce apoptosis resistance through FLICE-inhibitory protein. (cdc.gov)
DNA microarray and Western blot analyses of key apoptosis-regulatory proteins in the transformed cells revealed FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) as an important target of regulation by SWCNT. (cdc.gov)
Negative regulation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as an adjuvant therapy has demonstrated such chemo- and radio-sensitizing effects 4 . (cancerbiomed.org)
PP2A, a serine/threonine phosphatase composed of 3 distinct subunits-65-kDa PP2A-A (scaffold subunit), 55-kDa PP2A-B (regulatory subunit), and 37-kDa PP2A-C (catalytic subunit)-constitutes 0.2%-1.0% of the total protein content in mammalian cells and has been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell cycle progression, DNA replication, gene transcription, and protein translation 5 - 8 . (cancerbiomed.org)

Two morphological types of cell death were found: apoptosis which was characterized by round or semilunar nuclear chromatin condensations, condensation and shrinkage of the cytoplasm and formation of apoptotic bodies, and cell death without the morphological features of apoptosis which was characterized by pyknotic nuclear chromatin condensations, vacuolated cytoplasm and the formation of numerous intercellular spaces. (karger.com)

Apoptosis allows for efficient and immunologically silent removal of damaged or superfluous cells in multicellular organisms. (nature.com)
The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. (wikipedia.org)
We isolated primary tumor cells from 13 astrocytoma and oligoastrocytoma patients of all four WHO grades of malignancy and compared the levels of TRAIL-induced apoptosis induction, long-term tumor cell survival, caspase, and caspase target cleavage. (aacrjournals.org)
Further, AMP-17 treatment resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and changes in the cell cycle, leading to the apoptosis and necrosis, which ultimately contributed to the death of C. albicans cells. (researchsquare.com)
We have discovered that the key UPR enzyme IRE1 is hijacked by certain cancer cells to avert apoptosis and resist proteotoxic stress. (gene.com)
A hypoxic environment devoid of nutrients prevents the cell undergoing energy dependent apoptosis and cells become necrotic. (bmj.com)
Cells adapt to this environmental stress, so that after repeated periods of hypoxia, selection for resistance to hypoxia induced apoptosis occurs. (bmj.com)
7 Severe hypoxia in the presence of energy stimulates cells to undergo apoptosis, whereas oxygen levels above 0.5% prevent cell death. (bmj.com)
A recent paper published in Scientific Reports by researchers from Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology graduate University (OIST), establishes that in mouse cells, proteins comprising the CCR4-NOT complex are actively involved in regulation of a form of PCD called necroptosis. (sciencedaily.com)
Of note, an increased carbohydrate uptake and/or induction of death receptors of cancer cells was exploited to develop glycoconjugates that potentially induce cellular stress, ROS and apoptosis. (degruyter.com)
PTPN2 knockdown exacerbated type I IFN-induced apoptosis in INS-1E, primary rat, and human β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Of note, both Bim and JNK1 knockdown protected β-cells against IFN-induced apoptosis in PTPN2-silenced cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
We detected apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells by TUNEL assay. (biomedcentral.com)
Treating SMMC-7721 cells with 5-Fu leads to apoptosis of the cells, and reduction in telomerase activity, as well as a dramatic reduction in the activated form of p70 S6 kinase, a mTOR substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
5-Fu and rapamycin were synergistic in regards to down-regulation of telomerase activity in hepatocarcinoma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In response to stresses such as radiation and toxins, cells can get damaged and are removed primarily by apoptosis, a major form of programmed cell death. (birmingham.ac.uk)
In most cases, dying cells during development exhibit generalized morphological features typical of apoptosis. (karger.com)
real changes in Na + , K + , Cl − and water contents during STS apoptosis in U937 cells differ from the calculated example presented in Figure 1. (researchgate.net)
We use a range of approaches including cell biology, organ physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology to understand the intracellular processes that determine whether the cardiac cells will survive and repair, or undergo programmed cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. (pewtrusts.org)
Our current projects are focused on: 1) Rescue and Role of Complex I in Myocardial Ischemic Injury 2) Subcellular Regulation of Autophagy 3) Mitochondria and Stem Cells in Anthracycline-Induced Heart Failure 4) Development of Small-Molecular Cardioprotective Agents for Treatment of Reperfusion Injury and 5) Microbial Basis of Cardiovascular Disease. (pewtrusts.org)
Overexpression of FLIP increased apoptosis resistance of the cells, whereas RNAi knockdown of FLIP reversed the apoptosis resistance of cells in response to death ligands. (cdc.gov)
The formation of the characteristic ulcers seen in chancroid is facilitated by H ducreyi' s cytolethal distending toxin (HdCDT) that causes apoptosis and necrosis of human cells such as myeloid cells, epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and primary fibroblasts. (medscape.com)

Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression. (lsbio.com)
Overall, the neuroprotection of cell death helps the immune system fight of dangerous foreign substances and the induction of apoptosis. (samploon.com)
Detection of a drop in intracellular GSH concentration in an experimental cell population relative to a negative (healthy cell) control is often indicative of an apoptosis induction event. (immunochemistry.com)

Apoptosis regulatory proteins are delicately balanced. (bmj.com)
The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
DEATH domain, found in proteins involved in cell death (apoptosis). (embl-heidelberg.de)

In animals, morphological distinctions have since been used to distinguish different types of cell deaths, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. (essaywriter.org)
According to our findings, apoptosis seems to be the most frequently observed type of PCD, but it is not the exclusive type of morphological cell death during the development of axial structures in human embryos. (karger.com)

Further work is now needed to reveal the signalling complexes that TNFR2 uses to induce apoptosis. (biologists.com)

PP2A is involved in diverse regulatory functions, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA repair. (cancerbiomed.org)

In addition to apoptosis, necrosis is another type of cell death that frequently occurs in response to stresses. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Regulation of metformin response by breast cancer associated gene 2. (karmanos.org)
It was named necroptosis, as it shares some characteristics of apoptosis, such as rigorous gene-level regulation, and necrosis, an inflammatory cell death in which the cell membrane swells and later breaks, leaking its contents into the intercellular space. (sciencedaily.com)

Simultaneously, IL-6 stimulates CD4 cell activity in the area through the up-regulation of T-cell interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor expression. (medscape.com)

This led us to investigate a cell-suicide process called Apoptosis-which has important roles in normal physiology as well as in disease. (gene.com)

However, recent studies have revealed that necrosis can be genetically regulated therefore potentially manageable. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. (lsbio.com)
these changes involve genes that affect the regulation of granulopoiesis and neutrophil migration. (medscape.com)

induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. (lsbio.com)

Some studies also suggest that mTOR may be a cellular context-dependent, pleiotropic regulator of apoptosis, although conclusive demonstration of mTOR inactivation in such circumstances is lacking [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
LincRNA-p21 participates in TP53-dependent transcriptional repression leading to apoptosis and seem to have to effect on cell-cycle regulation. (lsbio.com)

The most studied form of PCD is apoptosis -- a process of cellular self-destruction, distinguished by fragmentation of nuclear DNA and cell shrinkage. (sciencedaily.com)
Apoptosis is a well-recognized process and sex-matched controls. (who.int)
the process of apoptosis and necrosis. (who.int)

In this context, the gut epithelium provides a primary interface for nutritional and microbial factors largely implemented in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune functions. (intestinal-microbiota.de)

Up-regulation of telomerase activity is thought to be a critical step leading to cell transformation. (biomedcentral.com)

GSH is involved in the regulation of a number of essential biochemical processes within the cell. (immunochemistry.com)

Anatomy33

Organisms10

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs127

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Tumor necros12

Autophagy and apoptosis2

Tumour3

Proliferation10

Mechanisms13

Pathway6

Mechanism4

Inhibitor2

Secondary necrosis4

Induces apoptosis2

Suppresses apoptosis2

Differentiation1

Protein11

Apoptotic1

Cells22

Induction3

Proteins3

Morphological2

TNFR21

Progression1

Occurs1

Gene2

Interleukin1

Cell-suicide1

Genetically1

Genes2

Arrest1

Dependent2

Process3

Adaptive1

Activity1

Processes1