PathwayReceptorsTranscriptionalIntracellular signal transductionMechanismsBiochemistryMetabolismPathways that involveProteinsProcessesEmbryonicMoleculesLigandsBiologicalNegative regulationDifferentiationPhosphorylationInflammatoryMammalianDrosophilaEpithelialSMADMolecular MechanismKinaseProtein kinasesEnzymesTumorInitiateMoleculeFunctionRegulateTransducerBone morphogGenesMutationsInflammation and cancerCell CycleCrucialApoptosisDownstreamMembraneExtracellular signalRoles
Pathway10
- The canonical TGFβ signalling pathway involves ligand-dependent assembly of a heteromeric receptor complex, receptor-kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins, which are transcriptional regulators that consequently accumulate in the nucleus. (nature.com)
- Such continuous sensing of signal intensity might involve cycling of receptors through the endocytic pathway. (nature.com)
- An in-depth understanding of the pleiotropic cellular functions that can be evoked by TGFβ superfamily signalling will depend on a more quantitative knowledge of temporal and spatial characteristics of the pathway. (nature.com)
- The changes elicited by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor give rise to a biochemical cascade, which is a chain of biochemical events known as a signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- Each component (or node) of a signaling pathway is classified according to the role it plays with respect to the initial stimulus. (wikipedia.org)
- Course work should emphasize fundamental biochemical principles that maintain normal homeostasis in humans which requires learning cellular integration of biochemical pathways, regulatory mechanisms that control intermediary metabolism and how physiologic signals determine pathway utilization. (unm.edu)
- The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is crucial for tumor cell survival. (senescence.info)
- AKT proteins also participate in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway which controls the assembly of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4E) complex and this pathway, in addition to responding to extracellular signals from growth factors and cytokines, is disregulated in many cancers. (senescence.info)
- Downregulation of Herg1 suppresses osteosarcoma proliferation and invasion by targeting Hippo signaling pathway]. (cancerindex.org)
- In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
Receptors6
- Ligands are termed first messengers, while receptors are the signal transducers, which then activate primary effectors. (wikipedia.org)
- The majority of signal transduction pathways involve the binding of signaling molecules, known as ligands, to receptors that trigger events inside the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Paula studied protein delivery to lysosomes at the Cambridge Institute of Medical Research for her first postdoc, and for her second she investigated the role of ubiquitin in the signalling and down-regulation of growth factor receptors at the Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool. (swansea.ac.uk)
- Signal transduction Nuclear and membrane receptors. (unibo.it)
- AKT/PI3K forms a key component of many signalling pathways that involve the binding of membrane-bound ligands such as receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein coupled receptors, and integrin-linked kinase. (senescence.info)
- e.g. inflammation, genotoxicity, and This chapter focuses on issues as- ellers, growth factors, growth factor epigenetic alterations) and can have sociated with the understanding and receptors, signal transducers, and both genetic and epigenetic origins. (who.int)
Transcriptional4
- E.M. Davison, A.M. Saffer, L.S. Huang, J. DeModena, P.W. Sternberg, and H.R. Horvitz (2011) The LIN-15A and LIN56 transcriptional regulators interact to negatively regulate EGF/RAS signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans vulval cell-fate determination. (umb.edu)
- therefore, we have analyzed domains and individual amino acids in the cytoplasmic region of the rat GHR required for ligand-mediated receptor internalization, receptor down-regulation, and transcriptional signaling. (ku.dk)
- These results demonstrate that phenylalanine 346 is essential for GHR internalization and down-regulation but not for transcriptional signaling, suggesting that ligand-mediated endocytosis is not a prerequisite for GH-induced gene transcription. (ku.dk)
- Transcriptional regulation of aquaporins in accessions of Arabidopsis in response to drought stress. (lu.se)
Intracellular signal transduction1
- Link to all annotated objects annotated to intracellular signal transduction involved in positive regulation of cell growth. (planteome.org)
Mechanisms3
- With the advent of computational biology, the analysis of signaling pathways and networks has become an essential tool to understand cellular functions and disease, including signaling rewiring mechanisms underlying responses to acquired drug resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Many other intercellular signal relay mechanisms exist in multicellular organisms, such as those that govern embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
- Allosteric interactions of the Hsp90 with cochaperones and protein kinase clients can determine regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of many signaling proteins and cascades. (utoronto.ca)
Biochemistry2
- Paula delivers, or teaches on, a number of core biochemistry modules about hormonal regulation of biochemical pathways, clinical biochemistry, bioenergetics, membrane trafficking and biomolecular techniques, and was awarded a Teaching Contribution Award in 2008. (swansea.ac.uk)
- The Huang Lab uses genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry to study the signal transduction processes that govern spore morphogenesis, with a long term goal of understanding how cellular architecture is regulated. (umb.edu)
Metabolism1
- Transport (turquoise), ribosome (blue), cellular homeostasis (brown), regulation of signal transduction (pink) and amino acid metabolism (yellow) which were the fundamental functions that retain the typical activities of cells (32). (estrogen-receptor.com)
Pathways that involve1
- Based on these findings, we developed a computational synthetic biology framework for design and re-engineering signal transduction networks and pathways that involve cross-talk between molecular chaperones and protein kinase clients. (utoronto.ca)
Proteins2
- The overarching goal of understanding molecular principles underlying differentiation of protein kinase clients and chaperone-based modulation of kinase activity is fundamental to understanding activity of many tumor-inducing signaling proteins. (utoronto.ca)
- Integration of computational systems biology and machine learning analysis of the Hsp90 interactions with oncogenic kinase mutants is then used to construct models of allosteric regulation of oncogenic proteins by molecular chaperones in signaling cascades. (utoronto.ca)
Processes1
- MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)
Embryonic1
- Signal duration and signal magnitude are crucial determinants of the outcome of TGFβ superfamily signalling, in particular in early embryonic patterning, in which TGFβ superfamily ligands act as morphogens that elicit distinct responses in a dose-dependent fashion. (nature.com)
Molecules3
- Depending on the efficiency of the nodes, a signal can be amplified (a concept known as signal gain), so that one signaling molecule can generate a response involving hundreds to millions of molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- Not all classifications of signaling molecules take into account the molecular nature of each class member. (wikipedia.org)
- Mutagenesis signalling molecules cade. (who.int)
Ligands1
- Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions. (nature.com)
Biological5
- As described previously, studies into cold-sensitive fibers were elusive in defining the biological basis for cold signaling. (nih.gov)
- As with other signals, the transduction of biological signals is characterised by delay, noise, signal feedback and feedforward and interference, which can range from negligible to pathological. (wikipedia.org)
- Originally based on a graduate course taught by the author, this true classic has once again been extensively updated to incorporate key new findings in biological signaling. (freepdfbook.com)
- Thanks to its clear structure, hundreds of illustrative drawings, as well as chapter introductions and newly added study questions, this text excels as a companion for a course on biological signaling, and equally as an introductory reference to the field for students and researchers. (freepdfbook.com)
- Generations of students and junior researchers have relied on "the Krauss" to find their way through the bewildering complexity of biological signaling pathways. (freepdfbook.com)
Negative regulation1
- The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. (cancerindex.org)
Differentiation1
- and positive regulation of cell differentiation. (mcw.edu)
Phosphorylation1
Inflammatory2
- Bidirectional regulation of signal transduction by protein kinase C (PKC) and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) have been observed in neuronal and inflammatory cells. (cdc.gov)
- These data provide evidence for PKA as a negative regulator to PKC-driven signaling inflammatory events in airway epithelium and suggests that PKA plays an anti-inflammatory role in the lung. (cdc.gov)
Mammalian1
- Figure 2: Core signalling in the mammalian TGFβ-SMAD pathways. (nature.com)
Drosophila1
- The first main topic is modeling, analysis, and discovery of Bone Morphogenetic Protein signaling networks in Drosophila stem cells maintenance and embryo development. (purdue.edu)
Epithelial4
- Bidirectional regulation of bronchial epithelial function by PKA and PKC in organic dust-induced airway injury. (cdc.gov)
- We hypothesized that a mechanism of bidirectional regulation of airway epithelial function exists that is driven by the net balance of PKA/PKC activity. (cdc.gov)
- Involvement of eicosanoid signalling in epithelial cell migration. (lu.se)
- Regulation of survival and proliferationof human intestinal epithelial cells by leukotriene D4. (lu.se)
SMAD5
- In addition, nuclear accumulation of active nuclear SMAD complexes is dynamically maintained in strict accordance with the degree of receptor activation at any time of signalling. (nature.com)
- Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally active SMAD complexes and gives rise to a plethora of specific functional responses in both embryos and adult organisms. (nature.com)
- Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. (planteome.org)
- Link to all annotated objects annotated to regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction. (planteome.org)
- Link to all direct and indirect annotations to regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction. (planteome.org)
Molecular Mechanism1
- Network-defined modularity of interacting components and cross-talk in signal transduction networks are quantified through molecular mechanism of allosteric regulation. (utoronto.ca)
Kinase2
- Biophysical modeling of allosteric regulation in the protein kinases has offered additional insights into organizing principles of kinase activation by molecular chaperones that may be orchestrated by a cross-talk between key regulatory regions. (utoronto.ca)
- Our study offers a systems-based perspective on drug design and re-engineering of signaling networks by unravelling relationships between protein kinase networks with molecular chaperones and binding specificity of targeted kinase drugs. (utoronto.ca)
Protein kinases3
- The allosteric interactions and regulation of molecular chaperones and protein kinases allow for molecular communication and event coupling in signal transduction networks. (utoronto.ca)
- We report the results of integrative systems biology studies of the Hsp90 chaperone and protein kinases with an atomic level analysis of the communication pathways regulating conformational equilibrium of theses protein systems in signaling networks. (utoronto.ca)
- Among our primary findings is the emerging evidence that a small number of functional motifs may be utilized by the chaperone and protein kinases to act collectively as central regulators of the intermolecular communications, ATP hydrolysis, and protein client binding in signaling networks. (utoronto.ca)
Enzymes1
- Enzymes and their regulation. (unibo.it)
Tumor1
- Regulation of WNT5A Expression in Malignant Melanoma: Role in Tumor Progression. (lu.se)
Initiate1
- Protein docking studies revealed the Flg22 epitope of Xad1, a 22 amino acid peptide region in FliC that recognizes plant receptor FLS2 to initiate downstream defense signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Molecule1
- The binding of a signaling molecule with a receptor causes a change in the conformation of the receptor, known as receptor activation. (wikipedia.org)
Function4
- Our data support a model in which the bias of Frizzled signaling between the R3/R4 precursors results from higher Fat function in the precursor cell closer to the equator, which becomes R3. (nih.gov)
- Structure, function and regulation of PEP carboxylase. (elte.hu)
- Later, it became clear that ROS are versatile in function and integral to cellular signaling in most organisms. (frontiersin.org)
- Inhibition of WNT5A signaling and function in malignant melanoma. (lu.se)
Regulate1
- In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways regulate cell communication in a wide variety of ways. (wikipedia.org)
Transducer1
Bone morphog1
- Constam, D. B. & Robertson, E. J. Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein activity by pro domains and proprotein convertases. (nature.com)
Genes1
- One of these genes, SOCS-3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3) is a member of a newly identified family of genes that inhibit JAK/STAT-dependent signaling. (nih.gov)
Mutations1
- Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)
Inflammation and cancer1
- LTD4 signalling via ß-catenin: a possible link between inflammation and cancer. (lu.se)
Cell Cycle1
- As an outcome of the two-part signalling and/or cell-cycle control. (who.int)
Crucial1
- It is a crucial enzyme in transmembrane signaling. (hmdb.ca)
Downstream2
- Thus, SMADs both transmit the signal into the nucleus and execute the downstream effects by directly regulating target-gene transcription. (nature.com)
- Such signaling is mainly orchestrated in focal adhesions, regions where the integrin-bound actin cytoskeleton detects changes and transmits them downstream through YAP1. (wikipedia.org)
Membrane1
- Yet, NOX2 can also be recruited to the plasma membrane of phagocytes leading to the generation of extracellular H 2 O 2 ( Aviello and Knaus, 2018 ), and NOX2-derived ROS participate in major signaling pathways, both within the individual phagocyte and surrounding cells. (frontiersin.org)
Extracellular signal1
- How are these quantitative aspects of the extracellular signal regulated? (nature.com)
Roles2
- They have important roles in the regulation of cellular functions both in the adult organism and during embryogenesis. (nature.com)
- Pdx1 is mutated in monogenic forms of human diabetes and plays critical roles in early pancreas specification, regulation of organ size, and in beta cell formation, proliferation, and identity. (upenn.edu)