• 60% of human protein-coding genes, mostly by binding to the 3′- untranslated region (3′UTR) of the target mRNAs ( 5 ) and, therefore, miRNAs affect gene expression networks of a variety of biological processes including development, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. (cancerindex.org)
  • The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. (cancerindex.org)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that bind complementary messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to repress gene expression and regulate essentially all cellular processes 19 . (nature.com)
  • MiRNAs are generated by stepwise cleavage via double-stranded ribonuclease III enzymes DROSHA and DICER1 and loaded onto Argonaute (AGO) proteins to pair with target sequences on mRNAs 20 . (nature.com)
  • The expressions of candidate miRNAs and mRNAs were determined by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) in MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although RNA editing has long been considered a relatively rare processing event, more recent research suggests that the vast majority of pre-mRNAs are edited [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first class of small RNAs identified were the micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mRNAs where they direct either mRNA cleavage or repress translation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although more and animals and plants and regulate gene/protein expression more progressions have been made about the through direct complementarity between their 5' region pathogenesis of asthma in recent years, the increasing and the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs. (cdc.gov)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a category of small nonencoding RNAs of 22 nucleotides in length. (hindawi.com)
  • and (3) the level of tumor-derived extracellular miRNAs might vary with the age of the patient and the status of disease, so their value as non-invasive biomarkers are reduced. (frontiersin.org)
  • An increasing number of evidence suggests that miRNAs may act as potential biomarkers for pancreatic injury [ 19 - 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Circulating extracellular RNAs (ex-RNAs) are an emerging class of biomarkers with target-organ epigenetic effects. (researchgate.net)
  • We have access to well-designed patient cohort materials in which we investigate miRNAs as potential blood based biomarkers of T2D and its complications. (lu.se)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and play a critical role in gonadal differentiation as well as early development of animals. (peerj.com)
  • Analysis from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets supported the mRNA findings. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, the miRNAs correlated negatively with the immunohistochemical expression of NRF1 and NRF2 but positively with their respective mRNA. (hindawi.com)
  • The miRNA-mRNA pairing triggers casein kinase 1α (CK1α)-induced phosphorylation and dissociation of AGO2 from the active complex, whereas the ANKRD52-PPP6C phosphatase complex dephosphorylates AGO2 to restore its miRNA loading activity 21 , 22 . (nature.com)
  • Recently, miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory relationships have been confirmed during biological processes, including osteogenic differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study aimed to find out more candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Multiple miRNA-mRNA prediction databases were searched by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to obtain pairs of a miRNA-DEG regulatory network. (frontiersin.org)
  • The miRNA-mRNA interactions were verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and experiments using mimics miRNA or their inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
  • There were 7 overlapped miRNA-mRNA pairs identified during osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, including mmu-miR-204-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-211-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-24-3p-H2afx, mmu-miR-3470b-Chek2, mmu-miR-3470b-Dlgap5, mmu-miR-466b-3p-Chek1, and mmu-miR-466c-3p-Chek1. (frontiersin.org)
  • miRNAs predominantly interact with mRNA targets through imperfect binding to motifs in target mRNA 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs) ( Bartel, 2009 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The nature of imperfect binding specificity means that a single miRNA can regulate a large number of mRNA targets involved in complex cellular processes, thereby tightly controlling genetic networks during development and in response to stress ( Pocock, 2011 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The mature miRNA is then loaded onto an Argonaute protein (Ago2 in humans) where it then interacts with and regulates the mRNA target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As binding of miRNAs to a target mRNA may result in an airway inflammatory disease closely correlates with either mRNA degradation or inhibition of protein immune regulation, more and more evidences suggest translation.1 More than 2000 miRNAs have been discovered in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • ADAR3 contains an arginine-rich domain, shown in pink, which binds single-stranded RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MiRNAs are approximately 19- to 25-nucleotide estimated about 250,000 and mortality does not appear single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that exist in both to correlate well with prevalence. (cdc.gov)
  • The OA subchondral bone dataset GSE51588 was downloaded from the GEO database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The biogenesis of miRNAs has been extensively reviewed elsewhere ( 25 - 27 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We find that the core microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis and targeting machinery maintains the sensitivity of cancer cells to PD-1-independent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (nature.com)
  • The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. (cancerindex.org)
  • Annotated database entry including the location and sequence of the mature miRNA sequence. (cancerindex.org)
  • We examined each of these small RNA classes with respect to the newly assembled tammar wallaby genome for gene and repeat features, salient features that define their canonical sequences, and the constitution of both highly conserved and species-specific members. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using a combination of miRNA hairpin predictions and co-mapping with miRBase entries, we identified a highly conserved cluster of miRNA genes on the X chromosome in the tammar and a total of 94 other predicted miRNA producing genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we report that the microRNA miR-1 regulates the autophagy pathway through conserved targeting of the orthologous T re-2/ B ub2/ C DC16 (TBC) Rab GTPase-activating proteins TBC-7 and TBC1D15 in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells, respectively. (elifesciences.org)
  • Further, we found that the cytokine interferon-β (IFN-β) can induce miR-1 expression in mammalian cells, reducing TBC1D15 levels, and safeguarding against proteotoxic challenges. (elifesciences.org)
  • After pre-miRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm, RNase III Dicer and TRBP (transactivation-response RNA-binding protein) cleave them into double-stranded miRNA duplexes of ~22 nt ( 30 , 31 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The double-stranded (ds)RNA-binding domains, shown in purple, determine substrate specificity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA polymerase II mainly transcribes microRNA genes as primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that contain 5′cap and 3′poly(A) tails ( 28 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. (cancerindex.org)
  • 98% of RNA transcripts in humans are non-coding ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A-to-I RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification that converts adenosines to inosines in both coding and noncoding RNA transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotic RNA transcripts can undergo a range of post-transcriptional modifications, which increase the diversity of the transcriptome without requiring increases in genome size. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Numbers shown below represent number of publications held in OncomiRDB database for Oncogenic and Tumor-Suppressive MicroRNAs. (cancerindex.org)
  • In the case of RNA molecules that bind target RNA segments, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), the altered base pairing can change binding specificities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNAs have proven to be essential regulatory molecules encoded within eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Twenty-two of the pairs, chromosome numbers 1 to 22, the autosomes, are normally homologous (identical in size, shape, and position and number of genes). (msdmanuals.com)
  • the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The other approach is to screen CRISPR-Cas9-based guide RNA (gRNA) libraries that target either the whole genome using cancer cell and immune cell co-culture systems 9 , 10 , or focused gene sets using immunocompetent murine tumors 11 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • These short RNAs participate in a diverse array of cellular processes including gene regulation, chromatin dynamics and genome defense. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As part of the genome sequencing initiative for the tammar, we have explored the evolution of each of the major classes of mammalian small RNAs in an Australian marsupial for the first time, including the first genome-scale analysis of the newest class of small RNAs, centromere repeat associated short interacting RNAs (crasiRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mapping all miRNAs to the tammar genome and comparing target genes among tammar, mouse and human, we identified 163 conserved target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study encompasses the first analyses of the major classes of small RNAs for the newly completed tammar genome, validates preliminary annotations using deep sequencing and computational approaches, and provides a foundation for future work on tammar-specific as well as conserved, but previously unknown small RNA progenitors and targets identified herein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA editing refers to post-transcriptional processes that alter the nucleotide sequence of an RNA transcript by insertion, deletion or nucleotide conversion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results of the present study indicate that microRNAs play important roles in regulating asthma immune responses. (cdc.gov)
  • Following a complex process of miRNA transcription, processing, and nuclear export, miRNAs are further processed by the RNaseIII enzyme, Dicer, and its cofactor TRBP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Humans have about 20,000 to 23,000 genes depending on how a gene is defined. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Drosha, RNase III, and DGCR8, the RNA-binding protein, further process pri-miRNAs into stem-loop structured precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) of ~70 nt ( 29 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular circulating miRNAs are also observed outside the cell, but their origin is poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • miRNAs are transcribed within cells, but are also found outside cells, called extracellular miRNAs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs were observed in cell culture system ( 6 ), in blood plasma and serum ( 7 - 10 ), and in other biological fluids ( 11 ) including cerebrospinal fluid ( 12 ), saliva ( 13 ), breast milk, urine, and tears ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The existence of extracellular miRNAs suggests that they participate in cell-to-cell communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs are highly stable in freeze-thaw cycles, extreme pH, and can withstand storage for up to 4 days at room temperature ( 9 , 10 , 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies are considered as carriers of extracellular miRNAs ( 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • More than 90% of extracellular miRNAs are vesicle-free, but form a complex with proteins such as Agonaute2 (AGO2) ( 22 , 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Although extracellular miRNAs are believed to contribute to cell-to-cell communication, the mechanisms by which miRNAs are released are still not understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs have been considered as byproducts or artifacts caused by cell lysis and cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular small non-coding RNAs (exRNAs) have been associated with cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and we hypothesized that they are associated with post-MI LVRm phenotypes. (researchgate.net)
  • The objective of this review is to discuss how miRNAs are released by active exocytosis and to examine the physiological functions of vesicle-free miRNAs in neuroendocrine cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • They regulate gene expression through different mechanisms [ 10 ] and play a diverse role in many cellular processes [ 11 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, due to their rapid and reversible regulatory capacity, miRNAs are prime candidate facilitators of responses to proteotoxic stress. (elifesciences.org)
  • ADARs have been shown to contribute to disease pathologies by editing of glutamate receptors, editing of serotonin receptors, mutations in ADAR genes, and by other mechanisms, including recently identified regulatory roles in microRNA processing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A survey of the tammar gonadal piRNAs shows that these small RNAs are enriched in retroelements and carry members from both marsupial and tammar-specific repeat classes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, very little is known about the role gonadal miRNAs play in the early development of birds. (peerj.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • It regulates Sp7 protein expression and induces expression of major bone matrix protein genes, such as Col1a1, Spp1, Ibsp, Bglap2, and Fn1 ( 7 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We characterized the immunohistochemical expression of NRF1 and NRF2 in 99 naevi, 88 primary skin melanomas, and 67 lymph node metastases. (hindawi.com)
  • Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the expression of related proteins in OA and non‑OA tissue samples. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • this observation demonstrates that vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells, in a manner similar to hormone secretion. (frontiersin.org)
  • We are currently performing functional investigations of key miRNAs and their role in insulin- and/or glucagon secretion. (lu.se)
  • A-to-I editing is a mechanism that regulates and diversifies the transcriptome, but the full biological significance of ADARs is not understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional enrichment analysis was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and then Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to formulate the molecular functions and pathways based on the results of GO and KEGG analyses. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Of these, three miRNAs were differentially expressed miRNAs and 18 miRNAs involved in sexual differentiation as determined by functional analysis with GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis. (peerj.com)
  • In conclusion, this work is the first report of sex-biased miRNAs expression in the budgerigar, and provides additional sequences to the avian miRNAome database which will foster further functional genomic research. (peerj.com)
  • A gene, the basic unit of heredity, is a segment of DNA containing all the information necessary to synthesize a polypeptide (protein) or a functional RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes (X and Y), determines a person's sex as well as containing other functional genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As a result, ADAR-mediated editing can post-transcriptionally alter codons, introduce or remove splice sites, or affect the base pairing of the RNA molecule with itself or with other RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the code to construct a protein or RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This review focuses on the mechanisms by which vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells and will discuss potential functions of vesicle-free miRNAs and how vesicle-free miRNAs regulate cell-to-cell communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Today we know that miR-375 also regulate several other mechanisms. (lu.se)
  • As a consequence, both factors are transported to the nucleus to induce the expression of their target genes. (hindawi.com)
  • Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated Arhgap11a as the target of miR-211-5p. (frontiersin.org)
  • MicroRNAs participate in the regulation of asthma, the goal of this study is to summarize recent researches on the roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding the roles of Asthma is a worldwide problem, the prevalence of miRNAs in asthma pathogenesis may also aid to asthma ranged from 1% to 18% of the population in explore new therapeutic targets. (cdc.gov)
  • It is a main inductor of genes of antioxidant proteins and phase II detoxifying enzymes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Using next generation sequencing, we have characterized the major classes of small RNAs, micro (mi) RNAs, piwi interacting (pi) RNAs, and the centromere repeat associated short interacting (crasi) RNAs in the tammar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each class of small RNAs is synthesized by a distinct mechanism and each has discrete biological functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another class of important small RNAs is the piRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the current study, we sequenced two small non-coding RNA libraries made from the gonads of adult male and female budgerigars using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. (peerj.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs responsible for posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, it has been shown that miRNAs have a substantial role in melanocyte and melanoma biology [ 8 ] and that they affect, for instance, melanoma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We have identified a single microRNA that controls glioma cell proliferation, migration, and responsiveness to glucose deprivation. (researchgate.net)
  • Animal miRNA are involved in neuronal cell fate, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, aging, apoptosis and organ morphogenesis, suggest that miRNAs are particularly critical in the development, health, and aging of animals ( Ameres & Zamore, 2013 ). (peerj.com)
  • The over- or underexpression of miRNAs is involved in various pathophysiological processes [ 15 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our data indicate that the evolutionarily conserved miRNA pathway can be exploited by cancer cells to escape from T cell-mediated elimination and immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • The discovery of misregulated miRNAs not only broadened our biological understanding of these diseases but also provided a new class of markers. (hindawi.com)
  • While long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important i. (researchgate.net)
  • While long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important in cardiac development and disease, their role in physiol. (researchgate.net)
  • Long noncoding-RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical regulators of cardiac development as well as pathological hypertrophy and heart failure (HF). (researchgate.net)
  • Through the centre, we have access to human islets from which we have investigated the miRNA-profile and together we perform large-scale RNA-sequencing studies in human islets that has given us the opportunity to investigate other non-coding RNAs such as the lncRNAs and their role in beta cell function. (lu.se)
  • MicroRNAs not only participate in determining DCs phenotype and then naive T lymphocyte differentiation, but also participate in the regulation of airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • in this way, vesicle-free miRNA may regulate cell-to-cell communication including the regulation of gene expression and cellular signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • Of note, recent study identified that miR-127 expression was aberrant in the inflammation-related pulmonary disorders [ 36 ] and further revealed that enhanced expression of miR-127 could promote the development of inflammatory macrophages and contribute to the exaggerated lung inflammation and injury [ 37 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It is generally hypothesized to be related to aging, trauma, inflammation, obesity, metabolism and genetics, and may also be related to genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities and gene fusion ( 5 , 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, microRNA-127 (miR-127) is one of the miRNAs that focuses on lung diseases [ 31 - 33 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and TargetScan were used to identify the hub‑gene‑related diseases and the microRNAs that regulated the central hub genes. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, we review recent studies investigating connections between ADAR-mediated RNA editing and human diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, miRNA exocytosis by vesicle fusion in response to stimulation was observed in chromaffin cells, which are neuroendocrine cells in the sympathetic nervous system ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • During this period we could reveal how the influx of Ca 2+ regulates exocytosis and how second messengers like ATP and cAMP are important for priming of the insulin granules to become release ready. (lu.se)
  • We showed that this miRNA had effects on exocytosis when overexpressed. (lu.se)
  • In beta-cells, CFTR act as a regulator of the Ca 2+ activated chloride channel ANO1 to regulate granular priming and exocytosis of insulin granules. (lu.se)
  • The Arhgap11a, H2afx, Chek2, Dlgap5, and Chek1 were hub genes downregulated in MC3T3-E1 cells after osteogenic differentiation, verified by RT-qPCR results. (frontiersin.org)
  • Osterix (OSX) is a transcription factor in the SP family, which is essential for osteoblast differentiation, and its expression is closely related to Runx2 ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Although sexual dimorphism is most visual in birds (example peacock and peahen, hummingbirds, songbirds, paradise fly-catcher), the miRNAs involved in gender differentiation among Psittaciformes are not known. (peerj.com)
  • Furthermore, microRNAs are also shown to be targets for asthma therapy in the future. (cdc.gov)
  • The RT-qPCR also determined declined expressions of miR-204-5p and miR-24-3p concomitant with elevated expressions of miR-211-5p, miR-3470b, miR-466b-3p, and miR-466c-3p in the MC3T3-E1 cells, with osteoblast induction compared with undifferentiated MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)