• In response FOXO1 modulates genes associated with autophagy cell cycle and DNA repair (9-13). (immune-source.com)
  • It is dispensable for mouse development [ 9 ] and interacts with polycomb 2 protein to control relocation of growth-control genes between polycomb bodies and inter-chromatin granules [ 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Twenty-nine of these genes were significantly regulated in UC-in-remission subjects compared with non-IBD controls, including a large number of epithelial cell-expressed genes such as REG4, S100P, SERPINB5, SLC16A1, DEFB1, AQP3 and AQP8, which modulate epithelial cell growth, sensitivity to apoptosis and immune function. (bmj.com)
  • Given the strong link between the regulation of some of these genes and the growth and dissemination of gastrointestinal cancers, we believe their aberrant expression in UC may provide a mechanism for epithelial hyper-proliferation and, in the context of malignant transformation, for tumour growth. (bmj.com)
  • About half of the genes that are significantly regulated in UC active mucosa remain altered during remission despite endoscopic and histological healing. (bmj.com)
  • These genes participate in biological functions such as cellular growth, movement, assembly and organisation, as well as in fatty acid and protein metabolism. (bmj.com)
  • Among the genes that remain deregulated during remission, we identify several that are expressed by epithelial cells and are involved in epithelial cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and response to stress. (bmj.com)
  • Identification of miRNA-regulated targeting genes is important for understanding their specific biological functions [ 11 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • A p120ctn is really a regulator from the kaiso perform and it is identified that while in the nucleus of the cell they straight modulate the action of canonical Wnt pathways and target genes of B catenin, which can be another indication in the importance of Kaiso while in the growth of cancer. (alkpathway.com)
  • In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. (frontiersin.org)
  • We further found that SET domain bifurcated 1 (Setdb1) was a SUMOylated protein and that SUMOylation promoted Setdb1 occupancy on the promoter locus of Pparg and Cebpa genes to suppress their expressions by H3K9me3. (deepdyve.com)
  • by regulating lipogenesis-related genes (Ahmadian et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • STAT proteins induce transcription of IFN-stimulated genes upon binding of type I interferon to its heterodimeric receptor [43]. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Other genes affected by the mastic oil diet belong to the family of the very large interferon inducible GTPases (VLIG) that also contribute to the host cellular response to IFNs [47]. (mingsheng88.org)
  • In support to this hypothesis, the microarray analysis revealed two up-regulated genes, and (Table 2, Physique 3) that play important functions in the host defense against bacterial pathogens. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Retinoids and retinoid analogues exert their activities by interacting with nuclear receptors (RARs [retinoic acid receptors] or RXRs [retinoic X receptors]) on cells and by activating genes that contain RARE (retinoic acid response elements) or RXRE (retinoic X response elements) in their promoters (Michel, Jombard, & Démarchez, 1998). (medscape.com)
  • The AP-1 transcription complex controls the expression of a subset of genes that are expressed early in response to extracellular mitogenic stimuli or to stress. (medscape.com)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • The RUNX2 protein is a transcription factor, which means it attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers believe that the RUNX2 protein acts as a "master switch," regulating a number of other genes involved in the development of cells that build bones (osteoblasts) and in the development of teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Here, we describe B. pseudomallei genes encoding putative penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) and investigate their utility for determining phylogeography and differentiating closely related species. (cdc.gov)
  • An early growth response transcription factor that has been implicated in regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. (harvard.edu)
  • Thus FOXO1 regulates cell-stress resistance and cell longevity but can also promote cell apoptosis (14). (immune-source.com)
  • This may be related to mitochondrial proteins that regulate apoptosis and necrosis and that are shown to be induced in mouse fatty liver models. (medscape.com)
  • Taken together, our findings indicate that SS18-SSX-mediated attenuation of an EGR1-PTEN network regulates synovial sarcoma cell survival, and that HDAC inhibitor-mediated apoptosis operates at least in part through reactivation of this pathway. (nature.com)
  • Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
  • Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a multifunctional cytokine and plays important roles in regulating cell proliferation, cell cycle, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis in a broad spectrum of tissues [ 12 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Cells differentiating into neuroectoderm undergo apoptosis in the absence of functional retinoblastoma family proteins. (mcmaster.ca)
  • IL-6 and IL-21 also plays a role in differentiation as they regulate expression of transcription factors necessary for IL-10 production, which is believed to start up the differentiation itself later on. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proposed transcription biomarkers for type 1 regulatory cells differentiation are: musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma(c-Maf) the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) the repressor of GATA-3 (ROG) early growth response protein 2 (Egr-2) Expression of these transcriptional factors are driven by IL-6 in IL-21 and IL-2 dependant manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • These MAPKs increase the expression or activity of several transcription factors such as early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) cJUN cFOS and activating Bay 65-1942 transcription factor 2 (ATF2) mediating and synthesis (28). (immune-source.com)
  • These studies suggest that FOXO1 suppresses gonadotropin synthesis impartial of direct DNA binding likely through protein complex formation with transcription factors important for gonadotropin synthesis such as paired-like homeodomain. (immune-source.com)
  • Characterization of transcription factors and cis-acting elements that regulate human CTP: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2). (nih.gov)
  • Transcription factors such as PPAR-γ, ERG2, and BACH2 helps in maturation and differentiation of fetal monocytes that seeds alveolar space during embryonic stage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once NFAT2 is activated, it exposes nuclear localization sequences, promoting its cytoplasm-to-nuclear translocation and then NFAT2 forms heterodimers with other transcription factors to exert its transcriptional functions [6]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Together, these microRNAs cooperatively regulate expression of the E-cadherin transcriptional repressors ZEB1 (also known as deltaEF1) and SIP1 (also known as ZEB2), factors previously implicated in EMT and tumour metastasis. (nih.gov)
  • Phosphorylation of the C terminus of c-Fos has been implicated in serum response element-mediated repression of c-fos transcription after its induction by serum growth factors. (nih.gov)
  • Rapid growth and division of cells in tumors are correlated with intensive nucleolar metabolism as a response to oncogenic factors overexpression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The activity of this enzyme is under the control of two main factors, UBF and SL1 both components of the complex that stabilizes RNA Pol I on rDNA promoter [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generally, these receptors explain their function on the cell membrane where, after the binding with growth factors or neuregulin undergo to homo or hetero oligomerization with the activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and the subsequent recruitment of proteins involved in the cytoplasmic signalling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Topical retinoids also demonstrate inhibition of various immune factors, including the activity of leukocytes, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators, and the expression of transcription factors and toll receptors involved in immunomodulation (Wolf, 2002). (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, they can regulate gene expression by inhibiting the activity of other transcription factors, such as AP-1. (medscape.com)
  • As the cancer volume increases, the cancer may release angiogenesis factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promote formation of new blood vessels that are required for further growth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the most active metabolite of vitamin A. Several studies have described a pivotal role for RA signalling in different biological processes such as cell growth and differentiation, embryonic development and organogenesis. (mdpi.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associating protein 1 commits murine embryonic stem cell differentiation through retinoblastoma protein regulation. (nih.gov)
  • Retinoids are potent agents that can normalize abnormal growth and differentiation in keratinocytes (American Academy of Dermatology [AAD], 2003). (medscape.com)
  • Cytolysis indirectly suppresses immune response by reducing numbers of myeloid-origin antigen presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2021 ). Not only are macrophages among the first immune cells to encounter viral particles in the lung, but they also maintain lung function by engulfing small debris and regulating surfactant turnover (Aegerter et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review article discusses the crucial role of distinct lung macrophage subsets in the immune response to respiratory viral infections such as influenza (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (biomedcentral.com)
  • and regulating the immune system. (researchsquare.com)
  • Although the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) indicates an endogenous anti-tumor response, immune regulatory pathways can subvert the effector phase and enable tumor escape. (bmj.com)
  • Our results suggest that the co-expression of LAG-3, PD-1, 4-1BB, and perhaps CRTAM may identify a critical subpopulation of dysfunctional TILs that are specific for tumor antigens and contribute to an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. (bmj.com)
  • Gluten imparts an inflammatory reaction and an immune response at the intestinal level in individuals who are gluten sensitive. (adventuresofaglutenfreemom.com)
  • Wang M, Yu F, Wu W, Wang Y, Ding H, Qian L. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs as regulators in host immune responses. (ijbs.com)
  • This review will update the current knowledge about EBV miRNAs implicated in host immune responses. (ijbs.com)
  • Currently, zebrafish is usually a well-established in vivo experimental system for investigating host microbial-chemical interactions and innate immune responses [23]. (mingsheng88.org)
  • During early development, the survival of zebrafish larvae GNE-0439 is dependent solely around the innate immune responses because the adaptive immune system is usually functionally mature after 4C6 weeks post fertilization [24]. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Notably, Irg1 protein is usually localized in mitochondria, a cellular compartment recently recognized as a platform orchestrating anti-inflammatory and immune cell defense mechanisms [51]. (mingsheng88.org)
  • It has been hypothesized that the AP-1 may play a substantial role in the inflammation and immune response (Michel et al. (medscape.com)
  • PKC activates Bay 65-1942 several mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of p38 cJun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK) (29). (immune-source.com)
  • We now provide evidence that two growth-regulated, nucleus- and cytoplasm-localized protein kinases, 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), contribute to the serum-induced phosphorylation of c-Fos. (nih.gov)
  • Identification of a novel inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. (rndsystems.com)
  • Tumor suppressors such as retinoblastoma (pRB) and p53 negatively regulate RNA polymerase I and interfere with the assembly of transcriptional machinery on the rDNA promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neural JNK3 regulates blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in mice via an Egr1/Creb1 axis. (harvard.edu)
  • In this study, we report a central role of the transcription factor, early growth response-1 (EGR1), in the regulation of HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptotic cell death in synovial sarcoma. (nature.com)
  • Nucleolar function of EGR1 is strictly linked to the expression of nucleolar proteins such as nucleophosmin (B23) and alternative reading frame (p14ARF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that CCN1 (also known as CYR61), a matricellular protein that dampens and resolves liver fibrosis, also mediates cholangiocyte proliferation and ductular reaction, which are repair responses to cholestatic injury. (jci.org)
  • Administration of CCN1 protein or soluble JAG1 induced cholangiocyte proliferation in mice, which was blocked by inhibitors of NF-κB or NOTCH signaling. (jci.org)
  • In vitro stimulation of CD8+LAG-3+PD-1+ double positive (DP) population revealed blunted IL-2 transcription and proliferation compared to the double negative (DN) population. (bmj.com)
  • Preliminary data suggest that DP cells could suppress T cell proliferation in vitro and promote tumor growth in vivo. (bmj.com)
  • Natural polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The effects of POP inhibition and knockdown on the proliferation of cultured human estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) MCF7 and T47D, and ER-negative (ER-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and the MCF12A non-tumorigenic epithelial cell line were tested by analyzing their influence on cell proliferation (WST-1 assay), cell viability (trypan blue exclusion assay), and cell cycle arrest (cell cycle analysis, cell cycle regulator proteins expression). (cancerindex.org)
  • These phytochemicals frequently act by means of regulating molecular pathways which are embroiled in development and dissemination of cancer. (researchsquare.com)
  • AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
  • Oxidative stress pathways regulate redox balance by Nrf2 and other ways. (springer.com)
  • Tumor suppressors, oncogenes and alternatively deregulated upstream signalling pathways can directly influence the RNA polymerase I activity inducing hyper activation of rRNA transcription in cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These changes in gene expression alter cell metabolism, tissue re-modeling, and even organismal responses such as increases in heart rate and ventilation. (nobelprize.org)
  • 2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • NFAT2, as an important transcriptional promoter, regulates expression of TNF-α, myc proto-oncogene protein (c-myc), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Fas ligand (FasL) and also generates crosstalks with ERK/MAPK pathway and AKT/GSK3b signaling, which achieves its control of the cell fate [7-12]. (researchsquare.com)
  • The mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation pathway was however found to support the switch to hyphal growth on the leaf surface, providing strong evidence that catabolism of stored lipids is required for early host invasion by Z. tritici. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • In planta transcriptomic analysis revealed that the CWI pathway regulates the expression of infection-related secreted proteins, including the characterised LysM effectors required for host defence evasion, suggesting that Z. tritici may co-regulate virulence gene expression with the response to cell wall perturbation. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Inhibition of VEGF/KDR pathway by using SU5416, a selective inhibitor of KDR, alleviated the hyperpermeability and the cav-1 overexpression induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
  • These results suggest TIEG and Itch contribute to a ubiquitin-dependent nonproteolytic pathway that regulates inducible Foxp3 expression and the control of allergic responses. (nih.gov)
  • FOXO1 protein Bay 65-1942 has been recognized in murine and rat gonadotrope cells (30 33 While FOXO1 protein expression has not been characterized in human pituitary FOXO1 mRNA levels were found to be decreased seven fold in human null cell and gonadotrope pituitary tumors (34). (immune-source.com)
  • Myelinating Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a single axon and express high levels of myelin-related proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA). (medscape.com)
  • At last, the mRNA and protein expression of NFAT2, Egr2, FasL, COX-2 and c-myc in carcinoma and adjacent tissues was investigated. (researchsquare.com)
  • In addition, miR-101-3p decreased myeloid cell leukemia 1 ( MCL1 ) expression by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of its mRNA. (oncotarget.com)
  • Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a kind of small noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of protein through targeting the 3′UTR of messenger RNA (mRNA), resulting in mRNA degradation or suppression of translation [ 5 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • is usually regulated by inhibitors and activators, then Open in a separate window Figure 3 The Simulated dataset with realistic character types represents the abundance of the mRNA of gene are inhibitor concentrations, are activator concentrations, and is usually mRNA breakdown rate. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • In [12] mRNA synthesis rate is usually modelled as is the basal transcription rate, constants and are concentrations at which the effect of the inhibitor or activator is usually half of its saturating value. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • This occurs through the downregulation of methylmalonyl coenzyme A epimerase (MCEE), mediated by an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2-driven transcription factor Sp1/early growth response protein 1 transcriptional switch driven by metastatic signalling at its promoter level. (biomed.news)
  • Applying the BBC algorithm to the yeast expression data, we noticed that most the biclusters we discovered are backed by significant biological evidences, such as for example enrichments of gene features and transcription aspect binding sites in the corresponding promoter sequences. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • In this way, we evaluated the effects of water deficit progress on AtDREB2A-CA transgenic cotton plant responses, driven by the stress-inducible rd29 promoter. (scirp.org)
  • Integrin CD11b negatively regulates Mincle-induced signaling via the Lyn-SIRPα-SHP1 complex. (rndsystems.com)
  • The integration of AtDREB2A-CA into the cotton genome increased total root volume, surface area and total root length, without negatively affecting shoot morphometric growth parameters and nor phenotypic evaluated traits. (scirp.org)
  • In SSc, pulmonary disease can exist as a heterogeneous combination of pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the pathogenic mechanisms that induce different pulmonary responses are poorly understood. (ersjournals.com)
  • Lacking proteosomal function on aggregates of unfolded proteins, ER stress may induce autophagic machinery. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • RESULTS: From January-March 2021, a projected 23 (1%) school-based transmission events occurred among 1,636 school close contacts. (cdc.gov)
  • Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)
  • Consistent with their role in regulating EMT, expression of these microRNAs was found to be lost in invasive breast cancer cell lines with mesenchymal phenotype. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, NFAT2 participates in the early growth response factor 2 (Egr2)-regulated anergic phenotype which impairs the migration and invasion of leukaemia cells [16]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Recently, we have shown that the transcription factor Early Growth Response 2 (Egr2) is critical in controlling the anergic state by regulating the expression of DGK-α and -ζ. (bmj.com)
  • Gene expression profiling and Egr2 ChIP-Seq analysis revealed multiple Egr2-driven cell surface proteins in T cell anergy, including LAG-3, CRTAM, and 4-1BB. (bmj.com)
  • In this study we used Egr2 targets as well as other previously defined molecules of T cell dysfunction, PD-1 and TIM-3, to characterize T cells in the context of the murine B16.SIY melanoma model. (bmj.com)
  • FACS and qPCR revealed subpopulations of CD8+ TILs expressing Egr2 in which PD-1 and LAG-3 are enriched. (bmj.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ROG then downregulates GATA-3, a characteristic transcription factor for Th2 cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 1 ] Tripodi et al reported that in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a procoagulant imbalance progresses from steatosis to metabolic cirrhosis, which may be caused by an increase in factor VIII and a reduction of protein C. (medscape.com)
  • The role of the early growth response-1 (EGr-1) transcription factor is thought to be essential for ethanol-induced fatty liver injury in mice. (medscape.com)
  • Data from animal studies and clinical studies support the role of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the early stages of fatty liver, as well as in alcoholic steatohepatitis. (medscape.com)
  • In studies during the early 1990's, Gregg Semenza identified, and then in 1995 purified and cloned, a transcription factor that regulates these oxygen-dependent responses. (nobelprize.org)
  • Through the combined work of these three laureates it was thus demonstrated that the response by gene expression to changes in oxygen is directly coupled to oxygen levels in the animal cell, allowing immediate cellular responses to occur to oxygenation through the action of the HIF transcription factor. (nobelprize.org)
  • Nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2) has been reported to regulate the development and malignancy of few tumors. (researchsquare.com)
  • We found that all five members of the microRNA-200 family (miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-141 and miR-429) and miR-205 were markedly downregulated in cells that had undergone EMT in response to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta or to ectopic expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Pez. (nih.gov)
  • Finally, genomic and transcriptomic analysis of a spontaneous Z. tritici mutant revealed the potential function of the light responsive transcription factor white collar 1 in controlling Z. tritici morphological development and infection. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Resveratrol also down-regulated the increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, or VEGF receptor-2) induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
  • On the other side, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the strongest hyperpermeability inducers (Senger et al. (springer.com)
  • Several members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) family, have been identified in the nucleus and nucleolus of many cancer cells, but their function in these compartments remains unexplored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression levels of miR-128-3p and transforming growth factor beta receptors II (TGFBR2) were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). (degruyter.com)
  • Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in naive T cells induces expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, a 'master' regulator of regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells). (nih.gov)
  • The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch associated with and promoted conjugation of ubiquitin to the transcription factor TIEG1. (nih.gov)
  • 1996). Expression of Egr-1 correlates with the transformed phenotype and the type of viral latency in EBV genome positive lymphoid cell lines. (nature.com)
  • In response to environmental cues they display a proinflammatory (M1) or an alternative anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. (hindawi.com)
  • In this context, during any sort of stress condition the alternative reading frame protein p14ARF subtracts MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, from the interaction with p53 in manner to free and stabilise p53 level in the nucleolus of the cell where it inhibits RNA polymerase I activity [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression of cell-cycle regulator CDK2-associating protein 1 (p12CDK2AP1) in transgenic mice induces testicular and ovarian atrophy in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. (jci.org)
  • Our understanding of mitochondrial transcription in mammalian cells has largely progressed, but the mechanisms regulating mtDNA gene expression are still poorly understood despite their profound importance for human disease. (biomed.news)
  • Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process. (biomed.news)
  • 2010 ). Results from cav-1 (caveolin-1, the key structural protein of caveolae)-deficient mice indicated that cav-1 in endothelium is essential in the translocation of LDL-derived cholesterol into the vessel wall and in the development of atherosclerosis, and this result was further confirmed in apoE-/- mice (Fernandez-Hernando et al. (springer.com)
  • We found that SET domain bifurcated 1 Since no difference in food intake was observed between adqcKO f/f (Setdb1) was a SUMOylated protein and that Senp2 de-SUMOylated Senp2 and Senp2 mice fedeitherwithNCD or HFD and regulated Setdb1 action in trimethylation at histone 3 lysine 9 (Supplementary Figure S2A). (deepdyve.com)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • External insults (eg, infections, radiation, drugs) may disrupt stem cell homeostasis in marrow environment, leading to altered growth. (medscape.com)
  • Gonadotropin synthesis and secretion are primarily regulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) but other hormones such as steroids activin follistatin and inhibin also modulate gonadotropin production (26). (immune-source.com)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle responsible for protein synthesis, folding, post-translational modification of proteins and protein trafficking in eukaryotes ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, Neuregulin 1 mediated proliferative stimuli, promotes ErbB3 relocalization from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm and increases pre-rRNA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, the control of ribosome assembly and protein synthesis is essential for the survival of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • William Kaelin, Jr. was in 1995 engaged in the study of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene, and after isolation of the first full-length clone of the gene showed that it could suppress tumor growth in VHL mutant tumorigenic cell lines. (nobelprize.org)
  • Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cdk2ap1 expression is primarily regulated by progesterone and the progesterone receptor in uterus and is mainly localized to proliferating tissues. (nih.gov)
  • Protein phosphorylation is the most common post-translation modification of proteins and regulates many biological processes. (lu.se)
  • It is important to recognize that because of the biological activity of these contaminants, dose-response relationships obtained using technical grade methoxychlor may not be directly applicable to pure methoxychlor. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 Hanson Institute and Division of Human Immunology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. (nih.gov)
  • 1 Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. (nih.gov)
  • Type 1 regulatory cells or Tr1 (TR1) cells are a class of regulatory T cells participating in peripheral immunity as a subsets of CD4+ T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tr1 cells regulate tolerance towards antigens of any origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • LAG-3 activates dendritic cells (DCs) and enhances the antigen-specific T-cell response which is necessary for Tr1 cells antigen specificity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon activation, Tr1 cells migrate preferentially in response to I-309, a ligand for CCR8. (wikipedia.org)
  • IL-10 indirectly downregulates MHC II molecules and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and force them to upregulate tolerogenic molecules such as ILT-3, ILT-4 and HLA-G. Cell to cell contact: Type 1 regulatory T cells poses inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 through which they exert suppressor function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tr 1 cells are inducible, arising from precursors naive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • FOXO1 was also expressed in immortalized murine gonadotrope-derived cell lines: ?T3-1 cells which only express CGA and represent an immature gonadotrope lineage and in L?T2 cells which express CGA LHB and FSHB (30 33 35 36 In gonadotrope cells FOXO1 overexpression suppressed transcription of both human and rodent basal and GnRH stimulated Bay 65-1942 and (30-32). (immune-source.com)
  • 1998). p21(WAF1) is required for butyrate-mediated growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • They have proinflammatory functions: they produce effector molecules (reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β , TNF α , and IL-6) and participate as inducer and effector cells in polarized Th1 responses. (hindawi.com)
  • Cancerous growth is characterized as the uncontrolled multiplication and spread of the body's particular cells causing infection and addresses one of the greatest medical care issues for humanity and requests a proactive procedure for fix. (researchsquare.com)
  • Consistent with this notion, SIY-Kb pentamer staining revealed that the vast majority of CD8+ T cells specific for this model antigen expressed LAG-3, PD-1, and 4-1BB. (bmj.com)
  • Moreover, HOTAIR expression correlates with differential response of ovarian cancer cells to platinum-based chemotherapy [ 7 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A cancer may release cells into the circulation at a very early stage of development. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1 million cells/24 hours into the venous circulation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Experiments suggest that the abilities to invade, migrate, and successfully implant and stimulate new blood vessel growth are all important properties of the cells that cause metastases, which are likely a subpopulation of the primary cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • The growth-regulated enzymes responsible for this phosphorylation in early G1 phase of the cell cycle and the sites of phosphorylation have not been identified. (nih.gov)
  • They are usually generated from either exons or introns of both protein-coding and non-coding transcripts that are processed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) [ 12 - 14 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • They affect gene expression by regulating chromatin modification, transcription and post-transcriptional mechanisms [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Indeed, several human diseases are characterized by attenuated repair responses and imbalances in the inflammatory response with increased number of infiltrating macrophages [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response that can lead to the dysfunction of many organs. (degruyter.com)
  • Journal of Immunotoxicology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by CDC Information Center on 03/30/15 inflammatory response (Maestrelli et al. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which lncRNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) mediates cisplatin resistance in lung cancer. (oncotarget.com)
  • p12(CDK2-AP1) mediates DNA damage responses induced by cisplatin. (nih.gov)
  • 2004). Inhibition of cell growth by EGR-1 in human primary cultures from malignant glioma. (nature.com)
  • Protein kinase C regulates human pluripotent stem cell self-renewal. (rndsystems.com)
  • Orthologous to human CDK2AP1 (cyclin dependent kinase 2 associated protein 1). (nih.gov)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the human herpesvirus family, was initially identified in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) in 1964 [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • The human body is armed with the proper binding proteins and enzymatic machinery to metabolize these retinoids appropriately (Prystowsky, 2001). (medscape.com)
  • Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils is of great concern for plant growth and human health. (bvsalud.org)
  • Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. (rndsystems.com)
  • Protein drugs are increasingly important in drug development worldwide due their high specificity, potency, and low toxicity. (lu.se)
  • The mechanisms under-lying oxygen sensing in animals have been previously marked by two Nobel Prizes from more than 75 years ago: to Otto Warburg in 1931 for his discoveries concerning the enzymatic basis for cellular respiration, and to Corneille Heymans in 1938 for his findings on the role of the nervous system in the respiratory response to oxygen. (nobelprize.org)
  • Macrophages participate in all the different phases of tissue repair: they can promote phagocytosis of cellular debris and apoptotic neutrophils and produce cytokines that may help orchestrate the healing response. (hindawi.com)
  • Investigating fungal cellular processes involved in early colonisation of wheat by Zymoseptoria tritici. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Resveratrol treatment alleviated the hyperpermeability and the overexpression of cav-1 induced by high glucose in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become the leading cause of deaths that are caused by all cancers worldwide [1] and the incidence and mortality of HCC are increasing at a faster pace than other cancers, which trend will continue through at least 2030 in United States [2]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Findings presented here also suggest that cAMP signalling regulates transcription during the switch to necrotrophic growth, providing insights into the elusive mechanisms controlling this infection cycle transition. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Ribosomal RNA is synthesised as precursor 47S pre-rRNA which is subjected to specific and highly regulated processing steps that allow to mature 18S, 5.6S and 28S RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During ribosomal RNA processing, ribosomal proteins are incorporated into the pre-ribosomal subunits to form the mature 40S and 60S subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early Growth Response Protein 1" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • In response to stress, reverse electron transport (RET) through respiratory complex I generates high levels of mtROS. (biomed.news)
  • Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ER alerts a self-protective mechanism that is called ER stress during nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, alterations in redox status, intraluminal Ca 2+ levels and folding defective protein conditions ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The body's reaction to this is stress, a response from our hormonal system. (adventuresofaglutenfreemom.com)
  • Here, we present how altered root traits shown by transgenic plants impacted on physiological acclimation responses when submitted to severe water stress. (scirp.org)
  • As of January 1, 2022, Oncotarget has shifted to a continuous publishing model. (oncotarget.com)
  • They contribute to homeostatic tissue remodelling during foetal life [ 1 , 2 ] and in several tissues in the adult. (hindawi.com)
  • Local growth is facilitated by enzymes (eg, proteases) that destroy adjacent tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • GnRH binds to the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) a G-protein coupled receptor around the cell surface of gonadotropes (27). (immune-source.com)
  • Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. (frontiersin.org)
  • p27 is a protein that binds to and prevents the activation of different G1. (lu.se)
  • however, purvalanol triggered autophagy, which functions as a cell survival mechanism at early time-points. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) facilitates tissue remodelling during embryonic development and is viewed as an essential early step in tumour metastasis. (nih.gov)
  • Targeted inactivation of p12, CDK2 associating protein 1, leads to early embryonic lethality. (nih.gov)