• This chapter describes methods that have been used to investigate some of these Wnt-dependent processes: endoderm specification, mitotic spindle orientation, and cell migration. (nih.gov)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dimension of mitotic spindle orientation. (mindunwindart.com)
  • Yet, the precise mechanisms coordinating cell polarity and correct mitotic spindle dynamics and chromosome segregation fidelity, to ensure proper epithelial integrity and differentiation remain ill defined. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • We recently used a proteomic-based screen to identify a novel mitotic complex including the membrane-associated Annexin A1 (ANXA1) protein that interacts with and regulates cortical recruitment of the LGN spindle orientation complex in mitotic mammary epithelial cells. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • We next focus on another regulator, Shortstop (Shot), describing a role for Shot in cell divisions, with both tissue culture and in vivo Drosophila epithelial models showing spindle assembly, spindle misalignment, and chromosome migration defects in Shot knockdowns (KDs). (unm.edu)
  • To gauge the spindle perspectives, in kidney epithelia was attained by mating Sec10FL mice with Ksp1.3-Cre mice (9), which expresses SecinH3 Cre recombinase in epithelial cells produced from the ureteric bud. (mindunwindart.com)
  • It was 1st shown how the exocyst regulates epithelial morphogenesis when Lipschutz et al. (mindunwindart.com)
  • In embryonic cells, Nfix has been shown to regulate intermediate progenitor cell (IPC) generation by promoting the transcription of the protein inscuteable (INSC). (wikipedia.org)
  • Inscuteable and Bazooka, which regulate spindle orientation, localize apically. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mushroom Body Defect (Mud) is one such regulator, and here we describe how Mud is regulated via the Hippo signaling pathway kinase Warts (Wts), showing Wts phosphorylates Mud to enhance interaction with the polarity protein Partner of Inscuteable, promoting spindle orientation activity. (unm.edu)
  • Cell division orientation is thought to result from a competition between cell geometry and polarity domains controlling the position of the mitotic spindle during mitosis. (elifesciences.org)
  • Depending on the level of cell shape anisotropy or the strength of the polarity domain, one dominates the other and determines the orientation of the spindle. (elifesciences.org)
  • We found that the UCDs and their orientation at the ascidian third cleavage rely on the spindle tilting in an anisotropic cell shape, and cortical polarity domains exerting different effects on spindle astral microtubules. (elifesciences.org)
  • We therefore propose that the spindle position during UCD is set by the combined activities of cell geometry and polarity domains, where cell geometry modulates the effect of cortical polarity domain(s). (elifesciences.org)
  • Their findings provide a new perspective on the roles of cell polarity and shape in the control of spindle positioning, and are of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)
  • These deviations from the length-dependent spindle positioning mechanism are usually due to local alteration of microtubule-associated forces by polarity domains. (elifesciences.org)
  • Yet, whether and how cell geometry and polarity domains compete with each other not only to determine the orientation but also the centering of the mitotic spindle leading to equal or unequal cell divisions (UCDs) remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
  • Furthermore, GRAF1 depletion impaired lumen formation and spindle orientation in a 3D cell culture system, indicating that GRAF1 activity regulates polarity establishment. (scilifelab.se)
  • Apico-basal polarity appeared normal in Sec10-KD cysts, whereas mitotic spindle perspectives differed significantly from settings, suggesting a planar cell polarity defect. (mindunwindart.com)
  • Our research interests include understanding the interface between cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane transport and defining how they co-regulate one another to control essential cellular processes such as cell division, fate, and polarity. (syracuse.edu)
  • VAT, the Thermoplasma homolog of mammalian p97/VCP, is an N domain-regulated protein unfoldase. (mpg.de)
  • As part of the DISP (DOCK7-Induced Septin disPlacement) complex, Myosin-VI may regulate the association of septins with actin and thereby regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
  • These activities are mediated not only through traditional Shot roles in stabilization of spindle MTs through crosslinks to actin, but also through direct interaction of Shot to dynein activator subunit actin-related protein 1 (Arp1). (unm.edu)
  • PP2A Cdc55 prevents the untimely activation of the mitotic exit in different ways: by the adaptation to the spindle assembly checkpoint, regulating the cohesin cleavage and by inhibiting Cdc14 release from the nucleolus ( Figure 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Cdc55 counteracts the Cdk1 phosphorylation of the APC/C subunit Cdc16 [ 11 ] [ 10 ] , keeping the spindle checkpoint assembly (SAC) active until the cell is prepared for anaphase. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Live cell imaging experiments show defects in cell division timing under Shot KD conditions, implicating involvement of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). (unm.edu)
  • The spindle assembly checkpoint promotes chromosome bi-orientation: A novel Mad1 role in chromosome alignment. (docksci.com)
  • Another tumour-suppressor protein, Lethal discs large (Dlg), participates in this process by regulating the localization of Lgl. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 6. Sana S, Keshri R, Rajeevan A, Kapoor S, Kotak S. (2018) Plk1 regulates spindle orientation by phosphorylating NuMA in human cells. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
  • Hung H, Hehnly H¥ , Doxsey S ¥ . The mother centriole protein, cenexin, modulates symmetric lumen formation through spindle orientation. (syracuse.edu)
  • Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
  • During mitosis, cohesion between sisters is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the mitotic spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate. (silverchair.com)
  • Focal adhesions control cleavage furrow shape and spindle tilt during mitosis. (syracuse.edu)
  • 39:157-197)--actually form during late prophase, lack MTs, and are therefore not complete miniature bipolar spindles, as had been commonly assumed. (silverchair.com)
  • ASPM is required to recruit CITK at the spindle, and CITK overexpression rescues ASPM phenotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Egr3 knockout mice, lacking muscle spindles, but not Golgi tendon organs, displayed a less severe phenotype, suggesting that both receptor types may be required for this regulatory mechanism. (iucc.ac.il)
  • From these observations we conclude that the apparent individual chromosomal spindles--seen in the light microscope to form around each Xenos tetrad during "intranuclear prometaphase" (Hughes-Schrader, S., 1924, J. Morphol. (silverchair.com)
  • or embryos ( Minc and Piel, 2012 ) and is the result of spindle alignment with the longest axis of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we use genetic mouse models to demonstrate the involvement of proprioception in regulating spine alignment. (iucc.ac.il)
  • Genes of the E(spl)-C and AS-C regulate neurogenesis and related differentiation pathways. (sdbonline.org)
  • It seems that the expansion of numbers of genes evolving by duplication to handle the ever increasing complexities of neurogenesis, has been matched by a similar expansion of genes, also by duplication, to suppress or regulate neurogenesis. (sdbonline.org)
  • In biological English, the term regulate is narrowed to refer only to the suppression of neurogenesis. (sdbonline.org)
  • Previous studies implicated induction of the jun-N-kinase (JNK) apoptotic pathway under spindle regulator KD, but Shot KD apoptosis likely does not utilize JNK. (unm.edu)
  • Other examples of Drosophila gene complexes include the Antennapedia complex (ANTP-C), the bithorax complex (BX-C) and the achaete-scute complex (AS-C). The hallmark of all these gene complexes, including the E(spl)-C is that within any complex the genes are evolutionarily related and jointly regulated. (sdbonline.org)
  • Size matters for the tripeptidylpeptidase II complex from Drosophila - The 6-MDa spindle form stabilizes the activated state. (mpg.de)
  • Our observation that MTs appeared in association with and parallel to tubular membrane components of the Xenos meiotic apparatus after these membranes became oriented with respect to the tetrads, is consistent with the notion that membranes associated with the spindle determine the orientation of spindle MTs and also play a part in regulating their formation. (silverchair.com)
  • Centromeres are involved with the dynamic interactions between chromosomes and other parts of the nuclear environment, such as the nuclear matrix and inner nuclear membrane, and they also engage with the spindle when the order within the nucleus changes during its division. (aber.ac.uk)
  • Nfix interacts with myostatin and regulates temporal progression of muscle regeneration through modulation of myostatin expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • We hypothesize Shot interaction with Arp1 functions to crosslink it to spindle MTs, facilitating MT motor protein Dynein activity, promoting its activities in cell division. (unm.edu)
  • Recent studies using improved Ub detection methods have confirmed that tubulin is ubiquitinated 9-11 , a modification which regulates α/β-tubulin turnover as well as MT dynamics and function. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Intranuclear membranes and the formation of the first meiotic spindle in Xenos peckii (Acroschismus wheeleri) oocytes. (silverchair.com)
  • The ultrastructure of spindle formation during the first meiotic division in oocytes of the Strepsipteran insect Xenos peckii Kirby (Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce) was examined in serial thick (0.25-micron) and thin sections. (silverchair.com)
  • In this report, we show that ASPM may control spindle positioning by interacting with citron kinase (CITK), a protein whose loss is also responsible for severe microcephaly in mammals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In adult development, the timing of neural differentiation is regulated by Nfix to promote ongoing growth of the hippocampus and proper memory function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Given the proteasome's role in regulated degradation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins and its dysfunction in cancer, researchers posited that inhibition of the proteasome may be effective for treating cancer cachexia (wasting syndrome) 4 . (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Identifying mechanisms that regulate BiPN is essential as it occurs in 30% of patients and is a dose-limiting side effect of BTZ treatment. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Wnt signaling has been demonstrated to regulate diverse cell processes throughout the development of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. (nih.gov)
  • RICTOR / MTORC2 regulates the barrier of chronology and spermatogenesis in mice]. (separase.com)
  • This review summarizes recent research on VCP that has uncovered surprising new ways that this ATPase is regulated, new aspects of recognition of substrates and novel pathways and substrates that utilize its activity. (portlandpress.com)
  • This is an oversimplification as there are several unique Ub specific chains, as well as mono-ubiquitination, that can regulate multiple facets of a protein's function 1-3 . (cytoskeleton.com)
  • We found that disruption of ANXA1 function results in mitotic spindle misorientation and impaired cell-cell adhesion and genome instability, affecting the outcomes of cell division. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • One of the flavors of synergistic dominance is when one group of fibers becomes up-regulated, those dominant fibers then down-regulate the function of that muscle over its spectrum of movement. (dna-assessment.com)
  • Later on, during late anaphase PP2A regulate the mitotic exit network (MEN in budding yeast or SIN in fission yeast). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This mechanism has been involved in microcephaly resulting from mutation of ASPM, the most frequently affected gene in autosomal recessive human primary microcephaly (MCPH), but it is presently unknown how ASPM regulates spindle orientation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We show that the absence of CITK leads to abnormal spindle orientation in mammals and insects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Correct orientation of cell division is considered an important factor for the achievement of normal brain size, as mutations in genes that affect this process are among the leading causes of microcephaly. (ox.ac.uk)
  • INSC regulates spindle orientation to facilitate the division of radial glia cells into IPC's. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, few studies have examined how mono- or chain specific-ubiquitination physiologically regulates tubulin monomers, a/b heterodimers, and MTs. (cytoskeleton.com)