• In addition, ORs were recently shown to be expressed in many nonolfactory tissues and cells, indicating that these receptors have physiological and pathophysiological roles beyond olfaction. (bmbreports.org)
  • Olfactory perception in C. elegans is simpler than in larger organisms, such as humans, which helps researchers like Mutlu and her colleagues to study how olfaction regulates bodily processes. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • yet how mechanistically olfaction regulates metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • This thesis is a study of receptor-mediated events occurring in olfaction. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • 1. Other investigators in olfaction have recently demonstrated an odorant modulated adenylate cyclase in the frog. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • Olfaction, the sense of smell, is a versatile and sensitive mechanism for detecting and discriminating thousands of volatile odorants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Olfactory receptors are supposed to act not only as molecular sensors for odorants but also as cell recognition molecules guiding the axons of olfactory neurons to their appropriate glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • On serial sections through the olfactory bulb of mOR37-transgenic mouse lines, double-labeling experiments demonstrated that distinct immunoreactive glomeruli corresponded to glomeruli that were targeted by neurons expressing a particular member of the mOR37 receptor subfamily. (jneurosci.org)
  • These data indicate that olfactory receptor (OR) proteins are indeed present in the axonal processes and nerve terminals of olfactory sensory neurons, thus supporting the notion that ORs may participate in the molecular processes underlying the fasciculation and targeting of olfactory axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • In mice vomeronasal sensory neurons, an odorant receptor coding sequence's exogenous transcription from a V1R promoter can stop endogenous V1R genes from being transcribed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Smell is the only sensory system with a back up, which throughout most of adult life forms new sensory neurons that express specific odor receptors. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The gene encoding a subunit of the CO2 receptor, AgGr22, was found to be significantly up-regulated in host-seeking females, consistent with a significant increase in sensitivity of CO2-responsive neurons (cpA) housed in capitate peg sensilla of the maxillary palp. (slu.se)
  • In addition, the odorant receptor AgOr28, which is expressed in cpC neurons, was significantly up-regulated. (slu.se)
  • In contrast, AgOr8, which is expressed in cpB neurons, was not affected by this change in physiological state, in agreement with results for the obligate co-receptor Orco. (slu.se)
  • We show that protracted exposure to kin or non-kin odorants changes the number of dopamine (DA)- or gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing neurons, with corresponding changes in attraction/aversion behavior. (escholarship.org)
  • There are many scents in the environment that can be detected by specific olfactory neurons through specific receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The researchers tested several odors in C. elegans and discovered that only certain scents dynamically regulate fat mobilization by interacting with specific olfactory neurons through specific receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • They also determined that the neurons act through a selective neural circuit and a neuroendocrine pathway to directly regulate fat metabolism. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Specificity of olfactory perception integrates diverse environmental odors and olfactory neurons expressing different receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Here, we report that specific but not all olfactory neurons actively regulate fat metabolism without affecting eating behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans, and identified specific odors that reduce fat mobilization via inhibiting these neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In female mosquitoes, AgOR1-expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) were almost exclusively segregated in segments 3 to 9, whereas AgOR2-expressing ORNs were distributed over flagellomeres 2 to 13. (ijbs.com)
  • Insects detect and discriminate volatile odorants by means of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) located in sensory structures called olfactory sensilla. (ijbs.com)
  • Non-volatile odorants, including many pheromones and other odorants that drive innate responses, are primarily detected by sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ. (monahanlab.com)
  • The whole-cell voltage clamp recordings of odorant-stimulated olfactory neurons indicate that endogenous Gi protein negatively regulates odorant-evoked intracellular signaling. (auburn.edu)
  • EOG recordings were made from dissected rat olfactory receptor neurons under control conditions (in the presence of extra cellular fluid -ECF) and experimental conditions (in the presence of PNC and Zn and Cu).The metal nano particles were integrated with the odorants of interest and were delivered onto the odor receptors. (auburn.edu)
  • Check out the lab's latest paper in Cell, led by Tatsuya and David, which demonstrates that olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) - the cells in the nose responsible for detecting smells - use regulated gene expression to flexibly make predictions about which odors are present in the environment and to dynamically adapt their odor responses (paper here , also for those of you on twitter, see tweet thread here ). (harvard.edu)
  • Olfactory sensory neurons are covered with molecular networks that detect specific odorant molecules in the nose. (securefamily.in)
  • Olfactory neurons are kept healthy by supplying these cells with glucose and regulating salt balance. (securefamily.in)
  • Since the insulin and growth phenotypes are rescued by expression of sNPFR1, we propose that the conserved miR-9a/miR-9 regulates body growth by modulating insulin signalling through its conserved sNPFR1/NPY2R target in both Drosophila and mammals. (nature.com)
  • Stress and neuronal activity during a critical period regulate odorant receptor expression in Drosophila Melanogaster. (henlab.org)
  • Calmodulin affects sensitization of Drosophila melanogaster odorant receptors. (mpg.de)
  • Phosphorylation via PKC regulates the function of the Drosophila odorant coreceptor. (mpg.de)
  • Bruno 1 regulates cytoskeleton dynamics and a temporal splicing transition to promote myofibril assembly, growth and maturation in Drosophila flight muscle. (spletterlab.com)
  • The RNA-binding protein Arrest (Bruno) regulates alternative splicing to enable myofibril maturation in Drosophila flight muscle. (spletterlab.com)
  • We performed a forward genetic screen and identified novel neuropeptide receptors involved in controlling growth in Drosophila , and are now characterising the mechanisms by which they control growth in response to environmental signals. (edu.au)
  • We have recently applied the NanoString digital platform to study expression of mouse odorant receptor genes, which form with 1,200 members the largest gene family in the mouse genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene-wise statistical analyses of gene expression data, for which the significance relative to a fold change threshold is important, give reproducible and reliable results on NanoString data of mouse odorant receptor genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This concept implies that olfactory receptor proteins are located in sensory cilia and in the axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • By means of immunohistochemistry and double-labeling studies using transgenic mouse lines as well as Western blot analyses, it was demonstrated that the newly generated antibodies specifically recognized the receptor proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • To scrutinize the hypothesis that olfactory receptor proteins may also be present in the axonal processes and the nerve terminals, serial sections through the olfactory bulb were probed with the antibodies. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, antibodies were generated against unique epitopes of distinct OR types and used in immunohistochemical experiments to visualize the receptor proteins in whole-mount preparations and tissue sections of the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Odor-detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae involves large families of diverse proteins, including multiple odorant binding proteins (AgOBPs) and olfactory receptors (AgORs). (ijbs.com)
  • In this study, we have explored the expression of these olfactory proteins, as well as the ubiquitous odorant receptor heteromerization partner AgOR7, in the thirteen flagellomeres (segments) of female and male antenna. (ijbs.com)
  • Within a sensillum, ORNs are accompanied by several support cells, which secrete odorant binding proteins (OBPs) into the sensillum lymph [ 6 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • The largest family of cell surface receptors, including the receptors for many hormones and neurotransmitters, transmit signals to intracellular targets via the intermediary action of G proteins, which are regulated by GTP binding. (oupsupport.com)
  • In addition to G proteins involvement in the enhancement, modulation and inhibition of Odorant signals, there is evidence that metals like zinc enhances odorant induced response of Rat OE are exposed to crystalline metallic nanoparticles which are found in proteon nucleating centers (PNC) and metallic Zinc nanoparticles (artificial PNC). (auburn.edu)
  • This makes it possible to reassess the diversity status of distinct receptor proteins in different human individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the opening seconds, you see how receptor binding glycoproteins (light blue), which are proteins with a carbohydrate attached on the viral surface, dock with protein receptors (yellow) on a host cell. (nih.gov)
  • Olfactory sensors based on odor-binding proteins (OBPs) have been utilized to analyze pollutants in food and air samples, while their application for the detection of typical odor-causing compounds in drinking water is rarely reported, partly due to the lack of knowledge about the binding properties of odorants. (springeropen.com)
  • The proteins in the cell membrane function as pumps, receptors and transporters and regulate which substances find their way into and out of the cell. (lu.se)
  • The team found, for instance, that the 1,200 different types of odor receptors do more than just detect smells in the environment, but they also act as a sort of molecular glue, expressed late in maturation, that locks axons into proper targets in the brain. (scitechdaily.com)
  • subsequent specific chain bicarbonate( PPAR-alpha) regulates the odorant one-particle of spontaneous molecular enzyme in the transfer. (evakoch.com)
  • In this study, the binding affinity and mechanism of human odor-binding protein OBP2a to 14 typical odorants in water were first assessed using fluorescent competitive binding assays and molecular docking techniques. (springeropen.com)
  • Reference: "Odorant receptors regulate the final glomerular coalescence of olfactory sensory neuron axons" by Diego J. Rodriguez-Gil, Dianna L. Bartel, Austin W. Jaspers, Arie S. Mobley, Fumiaki Imamura and Charles A. Greer, 20 April 2015, PNAS . (scitechdaily.com)
  • Mammalian genomes encode hundreds of olfactory receptors, allowing us to sense many diverse odorants, but each olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of receptor, which is determined by the stochastic and monoallelic choice of a single olfactory receptor gene for expression. (monahanlab.com)
  • Activation of circuits regulating these innate behaviors begins in the periphery with sensory stimulation (primarily via the olfactory system in rodents), and is then processed in the brain by a set of delineated structures that primarily includes the amygdala and hypothalamus. (frontiersin.org)
  • These behaviors are regulated and influenced by sensory stimuli such as touch, sound, and, most importantly in rodents, smell. (frontiersin.org)
  • Gene-targeted deletion of the potassium channel Kv1.3 (Kv1.3(-/-)) results in "Super-smeller" mice with a sensory phenotype that includes an increased olfactory ability linked to changes in olfactory circuitry, increased abundance of olfactory cilia, and increased expression of odorant receptors and the G-protein, G(olf). (fsu.edu)
  • How does the olfactory system recognize so many different odorant compounds, and what makes some odorants special, with innate valence or meaning? (monahanlab.com)
  • A widely accepted working hypothesis is that allelic variants of OR genes may harbor different functional characteristics and hence, may generate different odorant sensitivity phenotypes in different members of the human population [ 16 - 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The rapidly isolated rat OE with intracellular microinjections Gas/olf antibodies inhibited current responses elicited by odorants. (auburn.edu)
  • Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels contribute to the regulation of intracellular calcium, which can promote cancer hallmarks in cases of dysregulation of gene transcription and calcium-dependent pro-proliferative or anti-apoptotic mechanisms. (dovepress.com)
  • Inhibition of miR-375 and miR-200b reveals that they target Pax6 and Bcl11b to regulate the dopaminergic and GABAergic phenotypes. (escholarship.org)
  • inhibition of these activities by odorants was not significantly different from that of brain homogenates. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • This review describes OR expression in various types of cancer and the association of these receptors with various types of signaling mechanisms. (bmbreports.org)
  • Like olfactory receptors, vomeronasal receptors are located in large gene clusters dispersed throughout the gene, but little is known how these genes are regulated and how receptor choice is coupled to mechanisms that induce innate responses. (monahanlab.com)
  • We are studying the signalling mechanisms of the insect odorant receptors, and their evolution and functions in the pest species the Australian sheep blowfly. (edu.au)
  • To approach this critical issue, antibodies were generated against two peptides, one derived from olfactory receptor mOR256-17, one derived from the "mOR37" subfamily. (jneurosci.org)
  • Odorant receptors (ORs), the largest subfamily of G proteincoupled receptors, detect odorants in the nose. (bmbreports.org)
  • Specifically, activation of olfactory receptor family 2 subfamily AT member 4 (OR2AT4). (aurametrix.com)
  • To investigate the genetic basis of olfactory modulation in mosquitoes, we assayed changes in CO2 detection from receptor gene expression through physiological function to behaviour, associated with the onset of host seeking in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. (slu.se)
  • Developmental regulation of interchromosomal enhancer interactions - ​The contacts among olfactory receptor enhancers are exquisitely specific and their formation is developmentally timed to coincide with the onset of strong olfactory receptor gene expression. (monahanlab.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate many physiological processes including body growth. (nature.com)
  • Insect behaviour is variable, linked to their biological needs, and regulated by physiological dynamics. (slu.se)
  • Moreover, some odorants are innately attractive or aversive, and can even induce stereotyped behaviors or physiological responses. (monahanlab.com)
  • Mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors (NPYRs) show significant homology with sNPFR1 (ref. 7 ) and treatment of rat insulinoma cells with the mammalian sNPF orthologue NPY enhances their expression of insulin 5 . (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, we discovered that FLP-1 neuropeptide released from this olfactory neural circuit signals through peripheral NPR-4/neuropeptide receptor, SGK-1/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and specific isoforms of DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor to regulate fat storage. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Allelic exclusion has been observed most often in genes for cell surface receptors and has been extensively studied in immune cells such as B lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell-surface receptors are often characterized by several haplotypic alleles in the population, sometimes with different functional properties. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A vomeronasal receptor, V1R, exhibits allelic exclusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • We are using single-cell and bulk methods to analyze the role of 3d genome and chromatin structure in controlling vomeronasal receptor choice. (monahanlab.com)
  • to establish the Gai involvement in the modulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and to demonstrate the participation of zinc in odorant stimulated enhancement of smell. (auburn.edu)
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • The smell receptors detect odorants and send information on to parts of the cerebral cortex. (lu.se)
  • Schymura D, Forstner M, Schultze A, Kröber T, Swevers L, Iatrou K, Krieger J. Antennal expression pattern of two olfactory receptors and an odorant binding protein implicated in host odor detection by the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae . (ijbs.com)
  • From our graduate student desk, Harvard student Kristen Rodrigues highlighted a publication from the Rockefeller University laboratory of Vanessa Ruta , which appeared in Nature, in which the authors used CryoEM to examine the basis of odorant detection by the olfactory receptor MhOR5 from the jumping bristletail Machilis hrabei, visualizing the structure in multiple gating states and in complex with the agonists eugenol and DEET. (sbgrid.org)
  • The valuable information to the binding of OBP2a to typical odorants in this study would provide a theoretical foundation for the development of OBP-based odor detection biosensors to achieve quick detection in drinking water, further helping the improvement of water treatment processes in the water industry. (springeropen.com)
  • Allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain and light chain genes in B cells forms the genetic basis for the presence of only a single type of antigen receptor on a given B lymphocyte, which is central in explaining the 'one B cell - one antibody' rule. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a V1R receptor gene is expressed, an odorant receptor gives negative feedback that prevents transcription of other V1R receptor genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice have 1300 olfactory receptor genes that are located on many different chromosomes. (monahanlab.com)
  • At the same time, enhancer elements located near the olfactory receptor genes also come together to from an enhancer hub. (monahanlab.com)
  • In order to reveal the mechanistic details of this process, we are characterizing mutant mice in which olfactory receptor expression is skewed in the favor of a few OR genes. (monahanlab.com)
  • Location of vomeronasasl receptor genes in the mouse genome. (monahanlab.com)
  • The receptors AgOR1 and AgOR2, as well as the binding protein AgOBP1, have been implicated in the recognition of human host odors. (ijbs.com)
  • Altogether, the results demonstrate that both sexes express the two olfactory receptor types as well as the binding protein AgOBP1 but there is a significant sexual dimorphism concerning the number and distribution of these cells. (ijbs.com)
  • The MAP kinase pathway is coupled to tyrosine kinase receptors by the small GTP-binding protein Ras, which initiates a protein kinase cascade leading to MAP kinase (ERK) activation. (oupsupport.com)
  • Most signaling molecules are secreted by one cell and bind to receptors expressed by a target cell. (oupsupport.com)
  • This group of molecules includes the growth factors that regulate animal cell growth and development. (oupsupport.com)
  • Other receptors act in association with nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, including members of the JAK family, which phosphorylate and activate STAT transcription factors, and members of the Src family, which function downstream of a variety of growth factor receptors as well as integrins and other cell adhesion molecules. (oupsupport.com)
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
  • This model suggests that a recombination which gives rise to a functional B cell surface receptor will cause a series of signals which suppress further recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Odorant receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are essential for detecting and distinguishing among odorants. (bmbreports.org)
  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. (mdpi.com)
  • 2019. Glutathione-S-transferase regulates mitochondrial populations in axons through increased glutathione oxidation . (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and related G protein-coupled receptors. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Overall, the beta adrenergic receptor kinase 2 has 85% amino acid similarity with beta adrenergic receptor kinase 1, with the protein kinase catalytic domain having 95% similarity. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • In contrast, antibodies raised against Gaisubunits caused a strong enhancement of the odorant-induced currents. (auburn.edu)
  • This singular receptor controls olfactory neuron identity by determining the set of odorants that each olfactory neuron can recognize and by determining the set of downstream connection it will make in the olfactory bulb. (monahanlab.com)
  • Tissue preparations from brain showed no odorant activation. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • CCL5 is a unique chemokine with distinct stage and cell-type specificities for regulating inflammation, but how these specificities are achieved and how CCL5 modulates immune responses is not well understood. (nature.com)
  • This may suggest gender-specific differences in the ability to detect distinct odorants, specifically human host-derived volatiles. (ijbs.com)
  • Members of the TGF- β receptor family are serine/threonine kinases that directly phosphorylate and activate Smad transcription factors. (oupsupport.com)
  • These enhancers contact the single active olfactory receptor gene and drive its transcription. (monahanlab.com)
  • We then isolate AOB microRNAs (miRs) differentially regulated across these conditions. (escholarship.org)
  • It regulates the nasal airflow by controlling the blood volume in the erectile tissue on the inferior turbinate and anterior septum. (nih.gov)
  • Nasal stem cells continuously release new olfactory receptor cells to detect smells. (securefamily.in)
  • The concentrations of odorants used were in the range expected to be physiologically relevant. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The cultured OE of different ages were exposed to charcoal-filtered air, individual odorants, and an odorant mixture of (+)carvone, (-)carvone, eugenol, and ethyl butyrate at vi varying concentrations or with varying inter pulse periods to explore the system's ability to respond to and adapt to odorant presentation. (auburn.edu)
  • Singular olfactory receptor expression depends on remarkable changes in nuclear structure. (monahanlab.com)
  • One of the findings was the role of Sandalore® in up-regulating the expression of dermcidin (DCD) within the hair follicles. (aurametrix.com)
  • whereas human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers can be targeted by specific drugs, the triple-negative breast cancer phenotype is defined by chromosomal instability and low expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2, rendering treatment rather difficult. (dovepress.com)
  • Olfactory receptor choice is accompanied by a remarkable reorganization of the genome within the nucleus, involving not only the formation of olfactory receptor gene chromatin hubs, but also the pervasive repositioning of heterochromatin away from the nuclear periphery to the nuclear interior. (monahanlab.com)
  • It has long been thought that OSNs (each of which expresses only one of the ~1000 possible odorant receptors (ORs) encoded in the genome) faithfully send information to the brain about OR-odor interactions. (harvard.edu)
  • Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are membranous ion channels that conduct calcium and sodium ions, have been shown to influence cancer cell growth. (dovepress.com)
  • Changing the relative number of dopaminergic and GABAergic AOB interneurons or locally introducing DA or GABA receptor antagonists alters kinship preference. (escholarship.org)
  • In spermatozoa, several key functions are regulated by cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration such as sperm capacitation, chemotaxis, hyperactive motility, and acrosome reaction. (123dok.net)
  • Potential enzymes involved in olfactory transduction were investigated using standard biochemical techniques, and an investigation of the fatty acid receptor/s was attempted using psychophysical methods. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Ubiquitin transfer, which is regulated by E2 enzymes, plays an important role in most processes in eukaryotic cells. (sbgrid.org)
  • A second research direction is the function of P2X receptors in model invertebrates. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • These data suggest the existence of a family of receptor kinases which may serve broadly to regulate receptor function. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • While the basic neuroanatomy of these connections is well-established, much remains unknown about how information is processed within innate circuits and how genetic hierarchies regulate development and function of these circuits. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our findings bring a new perspective on how lipid metabolism is regulated and may help understand why some people may be more resistant to metabolic problems while others are more vulnerable," said Wang. (neurosciencenews.com)