AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleCell Cycle ProteinsCell Cycle CheckpointsG1 PhaseS PhaseMitosisCyclinsCell DivisionMenstrual CycleG2 PhaseCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21ApoptosisCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Retinoblastoma ProteinCell ProliferationG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsG0 PhaseCDC2 Protein KinaseCell Line, TumorG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsTumor Suppressor Protein p53Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Protein-Serine-Threonine KinasesCyclin D1PhosphorylationDNA ReplicationCyclin EGenes, cdcDNA DamageCell LineCyclin AInterphaseDNA-Binding ProteinsCyclin BMolecular Sequence DataFlow CytometryCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4Nuclear ProteinsTumor Suppressor ProteinsSignal TransductionCDC2-CDC28 KinasesEstrous Cyclecdc25 PhosphatasesCell NucleusTranscription FactorsMutationCells, CulturedTumor Cells, CulturedE2F Transcription FactorsHeLa CellsTime FactorsCyclin B1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRNA, MessengerModels, BiologicalGene Expression RegulationTranscription, GeneticCyclin DDNACell DifferentiationCitric Acid CycleBase SequenceCell SurvivalBromodeoxyuridineE2F1 Transcription FactorAmino Acid SequenceSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsBlotting, WesternS Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsProtein KinasesDown-RegulationProtein BindingCyclin D3Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor ProteinsFibroblastsAntineoplastic AgentsFungal ProteinsTransfectionSchizosaccharomycesHistonesM Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsGene Expression ProfilingHydroxyureaRNA, Small InterferingCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16Caulobacter crescentusCyclin-Dependent Kinase 6Promoter Regions, GeneticCyclin D2Transcription Factor DP1MimosineEnzyme InhibitorsUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesCarrier ProteinsRNA InterferenceKinetics
ApoptosisProteinsProteinArrestDifferentiationTightly regulatedPhosphorylationCell'sRegulationInhibitionNucleusPathwayTransitionNegatively regulatedMitoticMammalian cellsVitroSecretionGenes involvedMitosisEffectorSquamous cell carcCellularBiologyMechanismsRegulatoryEmbryonicReplicationGrowthIntracellularEukaryotic cellBlocking cell cycle progressionViralTumor cellImmuneMacrophageKinase activityActivityOccurProgression through the cell cycleInhibitorsLymphomaMalignantGene expressionExtracellularCytoplasmEnzymeRenal cell carcPivotalInhibitorSequentialEndogenousActivationMechanismBiologicalHematopoietic stemSurvivalSignal transductionBiolRoleExpressionSynthesis Phase
Apoptosis29
Proteins15
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • Regulation can occur through modification of the p27 protein's structure, its interaction with other proteins, or its localization within the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • A common eukaryotic signal transduction pathway is the G protein-mediated pathway in which G proteins link cell surface receptors to the appropriate effector (response) systems. (umaine.edu)
  • The soil amoebae, Dictyostelium is employed and serves as a model system for examining the roles G proteins play in cell physiology. (umaine.edu)
  • Whole cell extracts (15 µg protein) from NIH3T3 cells transfected with non-targeting control siRNA (siCON) or siRNA targeting Ahr (siAhr) were resolved on a 4-12% Bis-Tris gel, transferred to PVDF and probed with 1.0 µg/mL (1:500 dilution) of Purified anti-AHR Antibody, clone W16012A, overnight at 4°C. Proteins were visualized by chemiluminescence detection using HRP goat anti-rat IgG antibody (Cat. (biolegend.com)
  • It is similar to members of the family of early S-phase proteins. (thermofisher.com)
  • The cell cycle is strictly regulated and controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways [ 1 ], comprised of hundreds of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If some important proteins are mutated or there are defects in the signaling mechanisms, normal cell growth regulation will break down, possibly leading to the occurrence of cancer in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, a number of extracellular proteins can bind to their receptors and activate signaling pathways that promote the proliferation of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The crosstalk is regulated by tumor suppressor proteins, including ARF, P21 and FBXW7, which are also frequently mutated in many cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, silibinin inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of YD10B and Ca9-22 cells by regulating the expression of proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. (jcancer.org)
  • T he presence and activity of various proteins are required in the cell cycle progression. (ukessays.com)
  • Protein phosphorylation is the most common post-translation modification of proteins and regulates many biological processes. (lu.se)
  • These vectors have a number of appealing features including the expression by using the machinery of the host cell instead of depending abilities to ef®ciently transduce cells in the central nervous system, on recombinant regulatory proteins. (lu.se)
Protein31
  • Plk1 protein and activity are low in G1, accumulate during S and G2/M phases, and are rapidly reduced in the late stages of mitosis [ 7 ]. (nature.com)
  • S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is an important cell cycle regulator, targeting the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27 for degradation, and is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. (umass.edu)
  • The relationship between lysate protein concentration from paclitaxel-treated and hydroxyurea-treated HeLa cells and the absorbance at 450 nm using the PathScan ® RP Phospho-Aurora A (Thr288) Sandwich ELISA Kit #41333 is shown in the upper figure. (cellsignal.com)
  • The rapid protocol (RP) PathScan ® RP Phospho-Aurora A (Thr288) Sandwich ELISA Kit is a solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects endogenous levels of Aurora A protein phosphorylated at Thr288 in a reduced assay time of 1.5 hours. (cellsignal.com)
  • This protein is found in cells and tissues throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, when p27 is held (sequestered) in the fluid that surrounds the nucleus (the cytoplasm) instead of being transported into the nucleus, the protein is unavailable to block cell cycle progression. (medlineplus.gov)
  • studies suggest that certain endocrine cells may be particularly dependent on the p27 protein to control cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • We use techniques in cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology to examine G protein-mediated signal transduction. (umaine.edu)
  • In Dictyostelium discoideum , a single G protein a-subunit, Ga2, controls entry into the developmental phase of the cell's life cycle. (umaine.edu)
  • NF-E2- related factor-2(Nrf-2), as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), is regulated by SFN. (nih.gov)
  • MCM2 (Mini chromosome maintenance protein 2) is involved in regulating DNA replication. (thermofisher.com)
  • MCM2 (also called CDCL1, mitotin and BM28), is a human nuclear protein that is crucial in the cell cycle, being involved in the onset of DNA replication and cell division. (thermofisher.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) -associated protein which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. (cancerindex.org)
  • This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)
  • This protein also forms a core subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NURD) complex that epigenetically regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. (cancerindex.org)
  • and cell differentiation ( SOX2 and TGFB3 ) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. (hindawi.com)
  • We now provide evidence that two growth-regulated, nucleus- and cytoplasm-localized protein kinases, 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), contribute to the serum-induced phosphorylation of c-Fos. (nih.gov)
  • CyclinE is a cell cycle regulatory protein which regulates the G1-S phase transition during cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A cell spends most of its time in interphase, during which it mostly performs its normal functions, such as protein synthesis. (coursehero.com)
  • However, the expression of proapoptotic Bax protein was markedly up-regulated, resulting in the enhancement of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-xl. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • 1) The regulation of these protein levels is vital for the understanding of the cell cycle control and its dysregulation. (ukessays.com)
  • 2) Therefore, the proper control of protein levels is crucial for the cell cycle. (ukessays.com)
  • Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
  • ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)
  • In whole cells, Dox treatment prevented p34cdc2 kinase dephosphorylation without altering its synthesis, and this effect was due to neither down-regulation of cdc25C nor inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, did not alter Cd-induced cytotoxicity indicating that J774A.1 cell death by Cd is independent of de novo protein synthesis including p53. (cdc.gov)
  • Among these, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I (GnRHR I), which is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family, is expressed on the surface of both healthy and malignant cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 associates with CYCLIN D and phosphorylates RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN during G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. (bvsalud.org)
  • p27 is a protein that binds to and prevents the activation of different G1 and S phase cyclin-CDK complexes. (lu.se)
  • In animals receiving excitotoxic lesions of the striatum we detected an eightfold increase of green ¯uorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells. (lu.se)
Arrest13
  • Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • Drugs that block DNA replication can arrest the spread of cancer cells and eliminate viral pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • The inhibition of cell growth was also demonstrated by cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Wogonin also up\regulates the manifestation of p21, p27 and p53 to induce tumour cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase 15. (findadig.com)
  • 1) For example, the down-regulation of miR15s and miR - 16 - 1 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, prostate cancer and pituitary tumours, leading to the inhibition of tumour growth and induce cell cycle arrest at the G 1 - phase by target cell cycle regulators ( cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cyclin D3 and CDK6). (ukessays.com)
  • Several hallmarks of cellular senescence, such as cell cycle arrest, expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, DNA damages, and senescence-associated secretory profile were evaluated. (aging-us.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
  • Cell cycle-dependent cytotoxicity, G2/M phase arrest, and disruption of p34cdc2/cyclin B1 activity induced by doxorubicin in synchronized P388 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Treatment of synchronized cells in early S phase with 1 microM Dox (2 x ID50) for 1 hr induced a marked cell arrest at G2/M phase at 6-12 hr after drug incubation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Our results suggest that anthracycline-induced cytotoxicity is cell cycle dependent and is mediated, at least in part, by disturbance of the regulation of p34cdc2/cyclin B1 complex, thus leading to G2/M phase arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cd at 20 microM markedly increased cells in G2/M and hypodiploid sub-G1 phases of the cell cycle suggesting cycle arrest and cell death. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhibition of ERK suppressed DNA synthesis and had an additive effect with Cd-inhibited proliferation suggesting that Cd-induced ERK activity is not responsible for the G2/M arrest and subsequent inhibition of cell proliferation. (cdc.gov)
  • Three sequential phosphorylation events on specific residues of p27, regulate the activity of these complexes and ultimately control cell cycle proliferation or arrest. (lu.se)
Differentiation7
  • Its effect and effectiveness appear to be highly connected with the differentiation status of the cancerous cells, as Ang II appears to play a crucial role in the early and late stages of malignant transformation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Loss of both CDK4 and CDK2 increases neural stem cell differentiation. (rndsystems.com)
  • Studies suggest that p27 is also involved in controlling cell differentiation, which is the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ganglion cells, cone photoreceptors, horizontal cells and amacrine cells were produced and initiated differentiation. (biologists.com)
  • It is involved in p53 pathways and is implicated in cell death/survival signaling, the cell cycle, and differentiation, thereby playing a regulatory role in carcinogenesis [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Let-7 Let-7 has an essential role in cell cycle and the differentiation of cell cycle terminals. (ukessays.com)
  • This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)
Tightly regulated4
  • Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. (intechopen.com)
  • Because p27 plays such a key role in controlling cell division, its activity is tightly regulated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Phosphorylation7
Cell's4
  • It helps regulate the cell cycle, which is the cell's way of replicating itself in an organized, step-by-step fashion. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the components of a cell's response system and how are these components regulated? (umaine.edu)
  • During the S phase, the replication of the cell's genetic material, DNA, occurs. (coursehero.com)
  • CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
Regulation6
Inhibition1
  • SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
Nucleus5
  • Within cells, p27 is located primarily in the nucleus, where it plays a critical role in controlling cell growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • All of these mutations reduce the amount of functional p27 that is available in the nucleus to regulate the cell cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • In untreated control P388 cells, p34cdc2 kinase localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasms, particularly in the centrosomes, and p34cdc2 kinase activity is dependent on cell cycle progression, with the enzyme activity increasing steadily from G1/S to G2/M and markedly declining thereafter. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cardiac muscle cells are branching striated, uninucleate (single nucleus) cells that contain myofibrils. (medscape.com)
Pathway10
  • Since upregulation of S-phase genes drive further suppression of Whi5, this pathway creates a positive feedback loop that fully commits cells to S-phase gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, Plk1 also prevented partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (pEMT) of tubular epithelial cells via autophagy pathway. (nature.com)
  • Intriguingly, strong evidence has showed the dark side of Nrf-2: stable upregulation of Nrf-2-mediated survival pathway would protect cancer cells from a subset of chemotherapeutic agents tested. (nih.gov)
  • RAD001 (everolimus), a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway inhibitor in phase II clinical trials in oncology, exerts potent antiproliferative/antitumor activities. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The role of the mTOR pathway in estrogen response was evaluated in aromatase-expressing MCF7/Aro breast cancer cells by immunoblotting. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Treatment of MCF7/Aro cells with estradiol or androstenedione caused modulation of the mTOR pathway, a phenomenon reversed by letrozole or RAD001. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway interacting with Arf/Mdm2/p53 cell cycle pathway to regulate cell growth and proliferation. (wikipathways.org)
  • Wogonin down\regulates the PI3K\Akt pathway, therefore suppressing LPS\ or H2O2\induced angiogenesis 10. (findadig.com)
  • The flavonoid (30 M) could attenuate endotoxin\induced prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production the Src\Erk1/2\NF\B pathway in BV\2 microglial cells 18. (findadig.com)
  • Western blotting revealed that silibinin downregulated SOD1 and SOD2 and triggered the JNK/c-Jun pathway in oral cancer cells. (jcancer.org)
Transition8
  • p27 regulates G1 /S transition by abrogating the activity of cyclin/CDK complexes. (umass.edu)
  • In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • It promotes the transition from G1 to S phase by phosphorylating and inactivating RB1. (rndsystems.com)
  • Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • We then studied the effect of Dox on the p34cdc2/cyclin B1 complex because it plays a key role in regulating G2/M phase transition. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It helps regulate the transition to S PHASE and its kinase activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P18. (bvsalud.org)
  • Taken together, our study provides a detailed functional and molecular characterization of HSCs at different phases of regeneration and identifies a gene set associated with the transition from proliferation to quiescence. (lu.se)
Negatively regulated1
  • The CDK4/Cyclin D complex is also negatively regulated by p21/CIP1/CDKN1A and p27/Kip1. (rndsystems.com)
Mitotic1
Mammalian cells3
  • A remarkably similar regulatory scheme exists in mammalian cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
  • Failure of mammalian cells to regulate their proliferation cycle leads to cancer. (nih.gov)
Vitro5
  • In vitro studies and gene expression profiles showed that the transcriptional changes by the activated Ahr are ligand specific and are highly cell specific. (biolegend.com)
  • An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
  • Human fibroblast monocultures were found to be insufficient to fully replicate in vivo fibrosis outcomes suggesting in vitro predictive potential depends upon more advanced cell culture in vitro models. (cdc.gov)
  • 2003). The therapeutic effects of different genes delivered by ment of the hGFAP promoter used here has been extensively studied and lentiviral vectors have been documented in a number of animal found to be up-regulated after several different stimuli both in vitro and models, both in rodents and primates, and examples include delivery in vivo in transgenic mice (Brenner et al. (lu.se)
Secretion4
  • The secretion of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH), and is subject to negative feedback via the pituitary and hypothalamus. (cdc.gov)
  • Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)
  • Chlorpropamide may increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • Tolbutamide increases insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
Genes involved1
  • Ahr regulates genes involved in a wide variety of biochemical pathways, including energy metabolism, lipid and cholesterol synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism and various transporters. (biolegend.com)
Mitosis4
  • A fifth phase has been identified, G0, in which the cell is resting just after mitosis but still carrying out normal functions. (coursehero.com)
  • The M phase consists of mitosis, in which the cell divides, producing two new, identical cells. (coursehero.com)
  • Interphase is collectively the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases of mitosis, in which a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and grows again. (coursehero.com)
  • Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)
Effector3
  • Our study shown that high\dose wogonin treatments would enhance immune activity by revitalizing the effector T cells and by down\regulating regulatory T cells. (findadig.com)
  • Moreover, the effects of high\dose wogonin within the function of the effector T and regulatory T cell were examined. (findadig.com)
  • T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
Squamous cell carc3
  • There are three main subtypes of NSCLC which are adenocarcinoma (~40% of cases), squamous cell carcinoma (~25-30% of cases), and large-cell carcinoma (~10-15% of cases). (hindawi.com)
  • [ 1 ] Early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated relatively well with single-modality therapy (either surgery or radiation alone). (medscape.com)
  • Go to Imaging of Nasopharyngeal and Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
Cellular3
  • DNA replication is the primary event that regulates cellular and viral proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • The Ahr is well known to be involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the cell cycle, epithelial barrier function, cell migration, and immune function. (biolegend.com)
  • This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
Biology4
  • We publish articles in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines (including biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, drug utilization including adverse drug events, medical and other life sciences, and related engineering fields). (ajol.info)
  • My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
  • As our understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCC continues to develop, we can target the specific components of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • The course is an optional second-cycle course for a degree of Bachelor or Master of Science in Biology. (lu.se)
Mechanisms6
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, Ganoderma lucidum exerts its effect on cancer cells by multiple mechanisms and may have potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of cancer. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • While the contribution of these mechanisms to cell and tissue identity is widely accepted, their role in physiological and pathological contexts within tissues is just beginning to be appreciated. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
  • Although mouse HSCs have been well studied under homeostatic conditions, the mechanisms regulating HSC activation under stress remain unclear. (lu.se)
  • [ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
Regulatory1
  • However, regulatory T cell induction was inhibited. (findadig.com)
Embryonic1
  • Unlike preexisting embryonic stem cell-based knockout mice, our mouse models are free from selectable markers or other external gene insertions, permitting more precise study of cell cycle-related diseases without confounding influences of foreign DNA. (koreamed.org)
Replication11
  • Throughout M phase and G1 phase, cells assemble inactive pre-replication complexes (pre-RC) on replication origins distributed throughout the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • During S-phase, the cell converts pre-RCs into active replication forks to initiate DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • All eukaryotes possess many more replication origins than strictly needed during one cycle of DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Redundant origins may increase the flexibility of DNA replication, allowing cells to control the rate of DNA synthesis and respond to replication stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
  • In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • Interphase is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication , while M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of the cell prepare for the cell to divide into two new cells. (coursehero.com)
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, TK1 is converting thymidine to thymidine monophosphate, and is related to DNA replication and cell proliferation, which makes it possible to use as a proliferation marker in malignant tumors. (slu.se)
Growth15
  • Entry into S-phase is controlled by the G1 restriction point (R), which commits cells to the remainder of the cell-cycle if there is adequate nutrients and growth signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • In yeast, for instance, cell growth induces accumulation of Cln3 cyclin, which complexes with the cyclin dependent kinase CDK2. (wikipedia.org)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cell cycle is a series of carefully regulated events, including periods of growth, rest, and cell division. (coursehero.com)
  • The G in the G1 and G2 phases stands for 'gap' or 'growth. (coursehero.com)
  • Design and Methods Growth in culture, colony formation and oncogenicity in vivo were assessed in mouse primary B cells exogenously expressing various combinations of Bcl2 , Myc and Ccnd1 . (haematologica.org)
  • Results Primary B cells exogenously expressing Bcl2 , Myc and Ccnd1 showed factor-independent growth ability, enhanced colony-forming capability and aggressive oncogenicity, unlike the cases observed with the expression of any combination of only two of the genes. (haematologica.org)
  • We found that wogonin given at 50 and 100 mg/kg inhibited tumour growth and advertised the recruitment of DC, T, and NK cells in the tumour cells in the xenograft tumour model of mice 26. (findadig.com)
  • To investigate the effects of silibinin on the growth of oral cancer cells, cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony formation tests were conducted on YD10B and Ca9-22 oral cancer cells. (jcancer.org)
  • The HER (erbB) family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases is one of the cytostatic targets in tumor cell growth and survival. (medscape.com)
  • It has been found that some of the SVF cell types possess regenerative and anti-inflammatory potentials in damaged tissues due to their ability to secrete growth factors and anti-inflammatory molecules. (jcadonline.com)
  • Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)
  • Hair growth is regulated by male hormones (androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone), which are present in both men and women but in different amounts. (msdmanuals.com)
Intracellular1
  • Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue composed of cells supported by an intracellular matrix as well as by vascular, lymphatic, and neural networks. (jcadonline.com)
Eukaryotic cell2
  • Due to its key role in the eukaryotic cell cycles, Plk1 has been one of the most validated drug targets for cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • As a biologically important example we have studied the complex formed by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which play an essential role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (lu.se)
Blocking cell cycle progression2
Viral4
  • Genetic alterations of BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2), MYC [v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian)] and CCND1 (cyclin D1) are the most frequently found alterations in human B-cell lymphomas. (haematologica.org)
  • The expression analysis of limited viral and host transcripts have revealed differences in gene expression pattern during cytolytic and latent phases of MDV infection. (usda.gov)
  • These chicken genome arrays have considerable promise as a valuable tool in understanding the molecular mechanism regulating MDV cytolytic and latent infection, and providing insights into the chicken gene expression pattern and associated biological pathways in response to different phases of viral pathogenesis. (usda.gov)
  • There are a number of hypothesized that regulating the transgene with a GFAP promoter in a different vectors that transduce cells in the brain in a slightly different viral vector would give rise to a high transgenic expression in the manner (for a review see, e.g. (lu.se)
Tumor cell2
  • Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
  • Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
Immune5
  • Wogonin also down\regulates OVA\induced Th2 immune responses, particularly IgE and IL\5 prediction 24. (findadig.com)
  • This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Single cell analysis of circulating immune cells and enumeration of EBV-specific T-lymphocytes will be performed using high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry with peptide-Major Histocompatibilty Complex (pMHC) I/II tetramer assay, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • The blood contains oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and immune and other functional cells that help provide for homeostasis and basic functions of human cells and organs. (medscape.com)
  • During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
Macrophage1
  • Using Wogonin at 20C50 M also displays anti\inflammatory activity by regulating the macrophage function 16, 17. (findadig.com)
Kinase activity3
  • This process depends on the kinase activity of Cdc7 and various S-phase CDKs, both of which are upregulated upon S-phase entry. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDK4 may be useful as a prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and its kinase activity has been reported to promote the progression of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (rndsystems.com)
  • In a cell-free system, Dox did not inhibit p34cdc2 kinase activity, indicating that is has no direct effect on the enzyme function. (aspetjournals.org)
Activity5
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • Wogonin also inhibits tumour\mediated induction of Treg cells by inhibiting TGF\1 activity 25. (findadig.com)
  • Thymidine kinase 1 activity is present in the early S-phase of cell division in normal cells. (slu.se)
  • However, in abnormal cells the activity of TK1 is often much higher. (slu.se)
  • This coordinated activity is regulated by the central and peripheral nervous systems. (medscape.com)
Occur1
  • The cardiac cycle refers to events that occur during one heart beat and is split into ventricular systole (contraction/ejection phase) and diastole (relaxation/filling phase). (medscape.com)
Progression through the cell cycle1
  • We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
Inhibitors3
  • In this study, we explored the role of Plk1 in the classical kidney fibrosis model, UUO, and cultured fibroblast and renal tubular epithelial cells by using specific Plk1 inhibitors, genetic silencing, and heterozygous global knockout mice. (nature.com)
  • Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors controlling the G1 phase of the cell cycle are prevalent in various cancers. (koreamed.org)
  • Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
Lymphoma5
  • About 4% of cases of diffuse large B-cell cell lymphoma possess BCL2/MYC double translocations, suggesting a synergistic effect of BCL2 and MYC in lymphoma development. (haematologica.org)
  • 8 - 12 Cases of CCND1/MYC double translocation are relatively frequent in mantle cell lymphoma. (haematologica.org)
  • Importantly, human B-cell lymphoma cases with concurrent multiple translocations including BCL2 , MYC and CCND1 have been reported. (haematologica.org)
  • Malignant lymphoma can arise in any organ containing lymphoid tissue and is characterized by malignant proliferation of lymphoid cells. (slu.se)
  • Neither could a high CRP level, hypercalcemia, anemia, a high clinical stage, a T-cell lymphoma, B symptoms nor a high grade tumor be correlated to a shorter survival time. (slu.se)
Malignant2
Gene expression1
Extracellular1
  • How do cells respond to extracellular stimuli? (umaine.edu)
Cytoplasm2
Enzyme2
  • Calcineurin, a phosphatase enzyme, negatively regulates CDK4 by dephosphorylating Thr172. (rndsystems.com)
  • Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). (biolegend.com)
Renal cell carc2
  • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence has increased over the past two decades. (hindawi.com)
  • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of human malignancies, and its incidence appears to be increasing globally [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Pivotal1
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is pivotal in regulating human reproduction and fertility through its specific receptors. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibitor2
  • Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
  • It functions as an inhibitor of phase I enzymes and also as an inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes through different ways. (nih.gov)
Sequential1
  • Activation of the pre-RC is a closely regulated and highly sequential process. (wikipedia.org)
Endogenous3
  • Using toxin-induced lesions we investigated to what extent transgene expression could be regulated in accordance with the activation of the endogenous GFAP gene. (lu.se)
  • The vast majority of these cells did not divide, suggesting that the transgene was indeed regulated in a similar fashion as the endogenous GFAP gene. (lu.se)
  • An aspect of gene delivery to the brain that is currently being regulate the endogenous GFAP expression in a lesioned brain. (lu.se)
Activation3
  • Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)
  • Instead, the increase in ERK activation in cells treated with Cd may reflect a stress response. (cdc.gov)
  • Pretreatment with PD98059 increased Cd-induced cytotoxicity suggesting that ERK activation may be a survival response in the present cell system. (cdc.gov)
Mechanism3
  • These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • However, the mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cancer cells remain to be elucidated. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • 22 The underlying mechanism is believed to be a higher concentration of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to androgen-sensitive hair follicles, causing thinning of the dermal papillae and shortening of the anagen phase. (jcadonline.com)
Biological2
  • Biological assays were performed on well-[Ishikawa (ISH)] moderately (MFE-296) and poorly (MFE-280) differentiated human adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines, representing the G1, G2 and G3 stage of EC. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • although it is derived from cells of the renal tubular epithelium, it has several histological subtypes which differ in their clinical outcome and biological features. (hindawi.com)
Hematopoietic stem1
  • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) enable hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) through their ability to replenish the entire blood system. (lu.se)
Survival1
  • By contrast, Sfrs1 was not required for the survival of the neurons generated later, including later-born amacrine cells, rod photoreceptors,bipolar cells and Mùˆller glia. (biologists.com)
Signal transduction1
Biol3
Role7
  • In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Plk1 plays a pathogenic role in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by regulating autophagy/lysosome axis. (nature.com)
  • Use of the triple-negative TMX2-28 breast cancer cell line to address the role of SKP2 in cell cycle progression confirmed that SKP2 contributes to a more rapid cell cycle progression and may regulates pSer10p27 levels. (umass.edu)
  • Recently, a number of studies have shown that Ang II plays an important role in proliferation, invasiveness and migration of tumour cells, alteration of expression of cancer-related genes, as well as in physiological tissue remodelling. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
  • 10) Therefore, it is important to evaluate its role in the cell cycle and its dysregulation. (ukessays.com)
  • The metabolism of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and related compounds is required for urinary and biliary excretion, and the rate of metabolism is thought to play a major role in regulating the rate of elimination (and detoxification) of these compounds (Van den Berg et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Th17 cell may have a role in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (cdc.gov)
Expression14
  • Active cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex induces release of E2F transcription factor, which in turn initiates expression of S-phase genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also showed that dose-dependent induction of proliferation was connected with changes in the expression of MKI67, CCND1 and CCNE1 genes in well- and poorly differentiated cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • After Ang II treatment, poorly differentiated endometrial cancer cell line acquired a mesenchymal phenotype, which was characterized by induced expression of EMT-related genes (VIM, CD44, SNAI1, ZEB1 and ZEB2). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Moreover, we examined alterations in the expression of genes related to cancer cell behaviour after Ang II treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
  • Regulates the circadian clock by inhibiting the basal and circadian expression of the core circadian component PER1. (biolegend.com)
  • 7 Importantly, it is believed that other hitherto unknown genes also play important roles in lymphomagenesis in addition to the synergistic effects of the aforementioned two oncogenes since human B-cell lymphomas often show a variety of genes subject to alterations and/or deregulated expression. (haematologica.org)
  • We have previously demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum down-regulated the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR), which resulted in suppression of cell migration of highly invasive human breast and prostate cancer cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Comparison between the infected and control chickens revealed that the expression levels of 417 chicken genes were increased (2-10 fold), while the expression levels of more than 625 genes were down regulated (2-7 fold). (usda.gov)
  • May be a transcription factor involved in regulating the expression of genes active in the S phase during cell cycle progression in T cells. (lu.se)
  • The ability to regulate transgene expression will be crucial for development of gene therapy to the brain. (lu.se)
  • 2000). We of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in models of have recently reported that this vector directs transgene expression to Parkinson's disease (Georgievska et al. (lu.se)
  • We, developed is the ability to regulate transgene expression. (lu.se)
  • Materials and methods approach to regulate transgenic expression. (lu.se)
Synthesis Phase1