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MyocardiumNeural ConductionHeart Conduction SystemAtrioventricular NodeHeartMyocardial StunningHeart BlockMyocardial ContractionHeart VentriclesElectrocardiographyDogsAction PotentialsHeart AtriaArrhythmias, CardiacBone ConductionCardiac Pacing, ArtificialMyocardial IschemiaMyocytes, CardiacMedian NerveRefractory Period, ElectrophysiologicalMyocardial InfarctionElectrophysiologic Techniques, CardiacElectrophysiologyCoronary CirculationUlnar NerveVentricular FunctionPericardiumMyocardial Reperfusion InjuryTime FactorsSinoatrial NodePeripheral NervesModels, CardiovascularConnexin 43Atrioventricular BlockElectric StimulationTibial NerveAtrial FunctionCatheter AblationCardiomyopathiesAphasia, ConductionAtrial FlutterElectrodiagnosisAxonsSural NervePurkinje FibersWolff-Parkinson-White SyndromeBody Surface Potential MappingMyocardial ReperfusionPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesCardiotonic AgentsAnti-Arrhythmia AgentsVentricular Function, LeftNAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium ChannelAtrial FibrillationCardiomyopathy, DilatedSciatic NerveVentricular RemodelingMotor NeuronsEchocardiographyConnexinsDiabetic NeuropathiesSodium ChannelsDisease Models, AnimalHemodynamicsGap JunctionsHeart RateRanvier's NodesTachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal ReentryBundle-Branch BlockRabbitsPeroneal NerveTachycardiaCoronary VesselsCarpal Tunnel SyndromeCardiomegalyRats, Sprague-DawleyElectric ConductivityHeart FailurePerfusionTissue SurvivalElectromyographyNerve Fibers, MyelinatedTachycardia, SupraventricularVentricular Dysfunction, LeftCardiac Complexes, PrematureCoronary DiseaseRats, WistarNerve FibersPolyneuropathiesIsolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular MyocardiumVoltage-Sensitive Dye ImagingSwineMyocarditisTachycardia, VentricularHeart SeptumNeurons, AfferentCalciumFlecainideLidocaineEvoked Potentials, Somatosensory

VentricularAtrial myocardiumAtrioventricularHeart'sAltered conducSinoatrial nodeMyocardialContractionRight atriumDisordersSystem of the HeartCollectivelyArrhythmiaParasympatheticMechanismsPacemakerElectricalStimulationNeuronsDeletionCalciumTissuesDiseaseBloodHumanProgressiveActivityAction potentialMuscleWallHeartsPresentIncreaseActivationCellBrain

Ventricular2

• In conclusion, decreased or increased protein expression of several TRPM4 variants linked to cardiac conduction disorders or ventricular arrhythmias were found to be caused by altered TRPM4 half-life compared to the WT form. (frontiersin.org)
• During hypertension and heart failure, If activity is observed in the ventricular myocardium due to re-expression of HCN genes [18,21-23] , several studies proved that If current density and occurrence is significantly greater in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes and end-stage failing hearts and this is directly related to the arrhythmias [18,21,24-27] . (bjcvs.org)

Atrial myocardium3

• These groups of internodal tissue are best referred to as internodal atrial myocardium, not tracts, as they do not appear to be histologically discrete specialized tracts. (medscape.com)
• Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is often secondary to senescence of the SA node and surrounding atrial myocardium. (medscape.com)
• Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is characterized by dysfunction of the sinoatrial (SA) node that is often associated with senescence of the node and surrounding atrial myocardium. (medscape.com)

Atrioventricular3

• Facilitation of atrioventricular conduction has been observed in human electrophysiologic studies and in patients with atrial fibrillation. (drugs.com)
• The major components of the human heart conduction system include the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. (microbenotes.com)
• Bundle of His, also known as the atrioventricular (AV) bundle , is a collection of special myocytes that conducts the cardiac impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje Fiber for conduction across the ventricles. (microbenotes.com)

Heart's3

• From the heart's anatomy, encompassing its four chambers and specialized conduction system, to the cardiac cycle's intricacies, comprising systole and diastole, the rhythmic beat of the heart is governed by a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (itmedicalteam.pl)
• The heart's contraction and relaxation are regulated by the cardiac electric impulse (cardiac action potential) and its transmission. (microbenotes.com)
• Overview of Heart Valve Disorders Heart valves regulate the flow of blood through the heart's four chambers-two small, round upper chambers (atria) and two larger, cone-shaped lower chambers (ventricles). (msdmanuals.com)

Altered conduc1

• Despite recent findings regarding the functional implications of TRPM4 in cardiac diseases, the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to altered conduction are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)

Sinoatrial node2

• The normal electrical conduction in the heart allows the impulse that is generated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) of the heart to be propagated to, and stimulate, the cardiac muscle (myocardium). (understandinganimalresearch.org.uk)
• In the healthy adult heart, HCN channels are predominantly expressed in the conduction system, especially in the sinoatrial node, HCN4 has been determined as the principal HCN isoform in sinoatrial node cells. (bjcvs.org)

Myocardial3

• Nisoldipine (Baymycard, Sular, Syscor) Nitrendipine (Cardif, Nitrepin, Baylotensin) Pranidipine (Acalas) Phenylalkylamine calcium channel blockers are relatively selective for myocardium, reduce myocardial oxygen demand and reverse coronary vasospasm, and are often used to treat angina. (wikipedia.org)
• The myocardial conducting cells (1 percent of the cells) form the conduction system of the heart. (lumenlearning.com)
• Myocardial conduction cells initiate and propagate the action potential (the electrical impulse) that travels throughout the heart and triggers the contractions that propel the blood. (lumenlearning.com)

Contraction2

• It is the ordered, rhythmic stimulation of the myocardium during the cardiac cycle that allows efficient contraction of the heart, thereby allowing blood to be pumped throughout the body. (understandinganimalresearch.org.uk)
• AV node can spontaneously produce an electric impulse at the rate of 40 to 60 times per minute and transmit it down to compensate for the loss of impulse during the atrial conduction and contraction and to run the cardiac cycle if there is a disturbance in the SA node. (microbenotes.com)

Right atrium1

• HN - 2008 BX - Granulosa Cells, Cumulus MH - Coronary Sinus UI - D054326 MN - A07.231.908.194.500 MS - A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. (bvsalud.org)

Disorders2

• The epidemiology of SND is difficult to study, but patients with symptomatic SND are generally older (in the seventh or eighth decade of life) with frequent comorbid diseases.SND occurs as a result of disorders in automaticity, conduction, or both. (medscape.com)
• Most metabolic disorders are inherited from one or both parents who carry a defective gene that regulates a particular protein in a class of the body's cells. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

System of the Heart3

• Sinus node dysfunction (SND) involves abnormalities in SN impulse formation and propagation, which are often accompanied by similar abnormalities in the atrium and in the conduction system of the heart. (medscape.com)
• Also called the cardiac conduction system or the intrinsic conduction system of the heart or electrical conduction system of the heart , is a group of specialized cells and tissues that spontaneously generate and transmit the electrical impulse across the heart for regulation of the pumping action of the heart. (microbenotes.com)
• The network of these modified (specialized) myocytes collectively forms the conduction system of the heart. (microbenotes.com)

Collectively1

• Journal of Cardiomyogenesis Case Reports are the cellular components that collectively form the myocardium, which is the muscular tissue of the heart. (cardiologycasereportsjournal.org)

Arrhythmia1

• Developing 3D computational models of the heart to investigate the effect of hypertrophic-related heterogeneities in the electrical properties of the myocardium on its susceptibility to arrhythmia. (ox.ac.uk)

Parasympathetic1

• The activity of the SA node is regulated by the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system, but the impulse is produced by the pacemaker cells. (microbenotes.com)

Mechanisms1

• The conduction system is derived from common progenitor cells with contractile cardiomyoctyes of the heart and we investigate the cellular and genetic mechanisms required for the establishment of these specialized myocytes during normal development and under pathological conditions. (univ-amu.fr)

Pacemaker2

• In this review, we will discuss recent discoveries that contextualize the coupled-clock system, first described in isolated SAN cells, into the complex world of SAN tissue: heterogeneous local Ca2+ releases, generated within SAN pacemaker cells and regulated by the other cell types within the SAN cytoarchitecture, variably co-localize and synchronize to give rise to relatively rhythmic impulses that emanate from the SAN to excite the heart. (bvsalud.org)
• The impulse conducted by the pacemaker cells is transmitted to the perinodal cells from which it is transmitted over other structures of the conduction system. (microbenotes.com)

Electrical3

• Another electrical property is conductivity, which is characterized by a conduction and activation process, where the action potential, by the all-or-nothing law, travels throughout the heart. (bvsalud.org)
• Secondly, we study the development of the cardiac conduction system that forms the electrical wiring of the heart and coordinates the heartbeat. (univ-amu.fr)
• Evidence exhibits that HCN channels play critical roles in the generation and conduction of the electrical impulse and the physiopathological process of some cardiac diseases. (bjcvs.org)

Stimulation1

• The myocardium contracts after stimulation. (understandinganimalresearch.org.uk)

Neurons1

• This conduction system of the human heart is intrinsic i.e. the myocytes produce the impulse themselves without the involvement of neurons. (microbenotes.com)

Deletion1

• Late adolescence mortality in mice with brain-specific deletion of the volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8A. (wustl.edu)

Calcium4

• AIM OF THE STUDY: This study focuses on the mechanism of TYHX in improving the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis in SANCs via regulating ß-tubulin. (bvsalud.org)
• These results suggest that TYHX could maintain calcium homeostasis via regulating ß-tubulin, thus protecting against H/R-induced SANCs injury, which may be a new target for SSS treatment. (bvsalud.org)
• Can the calcium-regulating hormones counteract the detrimental impact of pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns in the development of heart failure? (highwire.org)
• The current review will explore a hypothesis of the involvement of the calcium-regulating hormones such as parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein in counteracting the detrimental impact of the excess of DAMPs and therefore improving the functional cardiac characteristics especially in the acute phase of the disease. (highwire.org)

Tissues1

• 2) Which one of the following plays the most significant role in regulating the distribution of blood into tissues? (testbanksexam.com)

Disease1

• Under normal conditions, HCN channels are poorly expressed outside the cardiac pacemaking and conduction system [11,18-20] , but it changes during cardiac disease. (bjcvs.org)

Blood1

• E) Small sphincter muscles regulate the flow of blood from arteries into arterioles. (testbanksexam.com)

Human1

• We also profile the cells of the human cardiac conduction system1. (bvsalud.org)

Progressive1

• Firstly, we investigate the growth of the embryonic heart by progressive addition of myocardium from progenitor cells known as the second heart field (SHF). (univ-amu.fr)

Activity1

• SN activity is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. (medscape.com)

Action potential1

• however, only a few of them are specialized for the conduction of the cardiac action potential. (microbenotes.com)

Muscle2

• The walls of the heart are largely made from myocardium, which is a special kind of muscle tissue. (daviddarling.info)
• The myocardium consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whirled into ringlike arrangements and it is the layer that actually contracts. (nurseslabs.com)

Wall1

• The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium . (daviddarling.info)

Hearts2

• But the idea of artificially initiating or regulating hearts with electricity was slower to emerge. (understandinganimalresearch.org.uk)
• In heart block there is damage to the hearts conduction system. (understandinganimalresearch.org.uk)

Present1

• Differences in thickness of the heart chamber walls are due to variations in the amount of myocardium present, which reflects the amount of force each chamber is required to generate. (daviddarling.info)

Increase2

• Which assists to increase the conduction velocity of nerve impulses? (fsu.edu)
• MI increases gap junction resistance that leads to slow conduction, APD and refractory period dispersion, and an increase in SBVR. (unideb.hu)

Activation2

• However, it is shown that tissue injury can result in the activation of the immune, regenerative processes in the myocardium. (highwire.org)
• Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are reverse voltage-dependent, and their activation depends on the hyperpolarization of the membrane and may be directly or indirectly regulated by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or other signal-transduction cascades. (bjcvs.org)

Cell1

• Since cell-to-cell coupling is represented in SBVR, this parameter can be used to monitor the degree of coupling of myocardium. (unideb.hu)

Brain1

• Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. (lecturio.com)