AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
MicroRNAsGene Expression ProfilingRNARNA, Small InterferingOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisRibonuclease IIISequence Analysis, RNARNA, ViralRNA, MessengerReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionGene Expression RegulationGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction3' Untranslated RegionsRNA EditingRNA InterferenceMicroarray AnalysisRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalRNA SplicingTranscriptomeArgonaute ProteinsDEAD-box RNA HelicasesCell Line, TumorCluster AnalysisRNA, PlantRNA, RibosomalBase SequenceRNA, BacterialDown-RegulationRNA StabilityHigh-Throughput Nucleotide SequencingGene Regulatory NetworksRNA PrecursorsRNA, NeoplasmDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesComputational BiologyUp-RegulationRNA VirusesRNA, Double-StrandedRNA-Induced Silencing ComplexReproducibility of ResultsNucleic Acid ConformationMolecular Sequence DataCell LineRNA FoldingTumor Markers, BiologicalRNA Polymerase IICell ProliferationRNA, CatalyticGene SilencingGene ExpressionCell DifferentiationRNA HelicasesRNA, AntisenseCells, CulturedGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalRNA-Binding ProteinsRNA, FungalRNA, UntranslatedGene Knockdown TechniquesPolymerase Chain ReactionRNA, TransferSignal TransductionTranscription, GeneticNeoplasmsRNA, Small NuclearHEK293 CellsTissue FixationMutation
MRNAsEndogenous shortBiomarkersMRNADifferentially expressed genesMature miRNAMammalian cellsBiogenesisDicerPolymeraseTranscriptsSiRNAsCell ProliferationInhibitionGenomicChromosomeRegulationPrecursorExtracellularRegulatoryPhysiologicalTumorGenomeTranslationalGonadalProteinsStem-loopInteractsCellularDiseasesTissuesSmallMetabolismTargetProtein expressionDataSetsOmnibusShortBoneSequenceFunctionsInductionFunctionalRolesDifferentiationObservationAssociationsCritical
MRNAs6
  • 60% of human protein-coding genes, mostly by binding to the 3′- untranslated region (3′UTR) of the target mRNAs ( 5 ) and, therefore, miRNAs affect gene expression networks of a variety of biological processes including development, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. (cancerindex.org)
  • The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. (cancerindex.org)
  • The expressions of candidate miRNAs and mRNAs were determined by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) in MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Figure 2: Accumulation of miRNA target mRNAs and proteins in the shoot apex of drb1 and drb2 . (nature.com)
  • The first class of small RNAs identified were the micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mRNAs where they direct either mRNA cleavage or repress translation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Endogenous short1
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and play a critical role in gonadal differentiation as well as early development of animals. (peerj.com)
Biomarkers2
  • and (3) the level of tumor-derived extracellular miRNAs might vary with the age of the patient and the status of disease, so their value as non-invasive biomarkers are reduced. (frontiersin.org)
  • Circulating extracellular RNAs (ex-RNAs) are an emerging class of biomarkers with target-organ epigenetic effects. (researchgate.net)
MRNA11
  • Recently, miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory relationships have been confirmed during biological processes, including osteogenic differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study aimed to find out more candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Multiple miRNA-mRNA prediction databases were searched by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to obtain pairs of a miRNA-DEG regulatory network. (frontiersin.org)
  • The miRNA-mRNA interactions were verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and experiments using mimics miRNA or their inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
  • There were 7 overlapped miRNA-mRNA pairs identified during osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, including mmu-miR-204-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-211-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-24-3p-H2afx, mmu-miR-3470b-Chek2, mmu-miR-3470b-Dlgap5, mmu-miR-466b-3p-Chek1, and mmu-miR-466c-3p-Chek1. (frontiersin.org)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding endogenous RNAs containing 19 to 25 nucleotides that promote posttranscriptional control in regulating the expression of target gene by binding to the 3′-UTR sequences of its mRNA [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs predominantly interact with mRNA targets through imperfect binding to motifs in target mRNA 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs) ( Bartel, 2009 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The nature of imperfect binding specificity means that a single miRNA can regulate a large number of mRNA targets involved in complex cellular processes, thereby tightly controlling genetic networks during development and in response to stress ( Pocock, 2011 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene cross-links to a region in the pre-mRNA immediately upstream of the branchpoint sequence in pre-mRNA in the prespliceosomal complex A. It also may be involved in the assembly of the B, C and E spliceosomal complexes. (nih.gov)
  • This protein contains two N-terminal RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), consistent with the observation that it binds directly to pre-mRNA. (nih.gov)
  • The mature miRNA is then loaded onto an Argonaute protein (Ago2 in humans) where it then interacts with and regulates the mRNA target. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentially expressed genes1
  • The OA subchondral bone dataset GSE51588 was downloaded from the GEO database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. (spandidos-publications.com)
Mature miRNA2
  • The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. (cancerindex.org)
  • Annotated database entry including the location and sequence of the mature miRNA sequence. (cancerindex.org)
Mammalian cells2
  • Here, we report that the microRNA miR-1 regulates the autophagy pathway through conserved targeting of the orthologous T re-2/ B ub2/ C DC16 (TBC) Rab GTPase-activating proteins TBC-7 and TBC1D15 in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells, respectively. (elifesciences.org)
  • Further, we found that the cytokine interferon-β (IFN-β) can induce miR-1 expression in mammalian cells, reducing TBC1D15 levels, and safeguarding against proteotoxic challenges. (elifesciences.org)
Biogenesis1
  • The biogenesis of miRNAs has been extensively reviewed elsewhere ( 25 - 27 ). (frontiersin.org)
Dicer4
  • After pre-miRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm, RNase III Dicer and TRBP (transactivation-response RNA-binding protein) cleave them into double-stranded miRNA duplexes of ~22 nt ( 30 , 31 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we show that the form of regulatory action directed by a plant miRNA is determined by DRB2, a DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1) partnering protein. (nature.com)
  • DRB2 has been remarkably conserved throughout plant evolution, raising the possibility that translational repression is the ancient form of miRNA-directed gene regulation in plants, and that Dicer partnering proteins, such as human TRBP, might play a similar role in other eukaryotic systems. (nature.com)
  • Following a complex process of miRNA transcription, processing, and nuclear export, miRNAs are further processed by the RNaseIII enzyme, Dicer, and its cofactor TRBP. (biomedcentral.com)
Polymerase2
  • RNA polymerase II mainly transcribes microRNA genes as primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that contain 5′cap and 3′poly(A) tails ( 28 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. (cancerindex.org)
Transcripts2
  • 98% of RNA transcripts in humans are non-coding ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The microarray analysis of drb2 also revealed a large set of gene transcripts that were significantly different from wild-type levels, but which are not thought to be the primary targets of miRNA-directed regulation ( Supplementary Fig. 3 ). (nature.com)
SiRNAs1
  • Widespread translational inhibition by plant miRNAs and siRNAs. (nature.com)
Cell Proliferation2
  • Recently, increasing evidences elucidated that miRNAs was involved in the cancer pathogenesis, including cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Animal miRNA are involved in neuronal cell fate, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, aging, apoptosis and organ morphogenesis, suggest that miRNAs are particularly critical in the development, health, and aging of animals ( Ameres & Zamore, 2013 ). (peerj.com)
Inhibition4
  • In animals, the degree of base pairing between a miRNA and its target messenger RNA seems to determine whether the regulation occurs through cleavage or translation inhibition 1 . (nature.com)
  • However, the components and mechanism(s) that determine whether a plant miRNA ultimately regulates its targets by guiding cleavage or translational inhibition are unknown 6 . (nature.com)
  • We found that DRB2 determines miRNA-guided translational inhibition and represses DRB1 expression, thereby allowing the active selection of miRNA regulatory action. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, our results reveal that the core silencing proteins ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) and SERRATE (SE) are highly regulated by miRNA-guided translational inhibition. (nature.com)
Genomic1
  • In conclusion, this work is the first report of sex-biased miRNAs expression in the budgerigar, and provides additional sequences to the avian miRNAome database which will foster further functional genomic research. (peerj.com)
Chromosome3
  • Using a combination of miRNA hairpin predictions and co-mapping with miRBase entries, we identified a highly conserved cluster of miRNA genes on the X chromosome in the tammar and a total of 94 other predicted miRNA producing genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation4
  • in this way, vesicle-free miRNA may regulate cell-to-cell communication including the regulation of gene expression and cellular signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • Figure 3: Regulation of miRNA targets in floral tissue of drb1 and drb2 . (nature.com)
  • These short RNAs participate in a diverse array of cellular processes including gene regulation, chromatin dynamics and genome defense. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are all non-coding RNAs that play vital role in post-transcriptional regulation of various animals and plants ( Bartel, 2009 ). (peerj.com)
Precursor1
  • Drosha, RNase III, and DGCR8, the RNA-binding protein, further process pri-miRNAs into stem-loop structured precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) of ~70 nt ( 29 ). (frontiersin.org)
Extracellular10
  • Extracellular circulating miRNAs are also observed outside the cell, but their origin is poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • miRNAs are transcribed within cells, but are also found outside cells, called extracellular miRNAs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs were observed in cell culture system ( 6 ), in blood plasma and serum ( 7 - 10 ), and in other biological fluids ( 11 ) including cerebrospinal fluid ( 12 ), saliva ( 13 ), breast milk, urine, and tears ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The existence of extracellular miRNAs suggests that they participate in cell-to-cell communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs are highly stable in freeze-thaw cycles, extreme pH, and can withstand storage for up to 4 days at room temperature ( 9 , 10 , 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies are considered as carriers of extracellular miRNAs ( 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • More than 90% of extracellular miRNAs are vesicle-free, but form a complex with proteins such as Agonaute2 (AGO2) ( 22 , 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Although extracellular miRNAs are believed to contribute to cell-to-cell communication, the mechanisms by which miRNAs are released are still not understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs have been considered as byproducts or artifacts caused by cell lysis and cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular small non-coding RNAs (exRNAs) have been associated with cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and we hypothesized that they are associated with post-MI LVRm phenotypes. (researchgate.net)
Regulatory3
  • In contrast, the selection of regulatory mechanisms is independent of the degree of mismatch between a plant miRNA and its target transcript 5 . (nature.com)
  • In addition, due to their rapid and reversible regulatory capacity, miRNAs are prime candidate facilitators of responses to proteotoxic stress. (elifesciences.org)
  • Small RNAs have proven to be essential regulatory molecules encoded within eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Physiological1
  • The objective of this review is to discuss how miRNAs are released by active exocytosis and to examine the physiological functions of vesicle-free miRNAs in neuroendocrine cells. (frontiersin.org)
Tumor1
  • Numbers shown below represent number of publications held in OncomiRDB database for Oncogenic and Tumor-Suppressive MicroRNAs. (cancerindex.org)
Genome4
  • As part of the genome sequencing initiative for the tammar, we have explored the evolution of each of the major classes of mammalian small RNAs in an Australian marsupial for the first time, including the first genome-scale analysis of the newest class of small RNAs, centromere repeat associated short interacting RNAs (crasiRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined each of these small RNA classes with respect to the newly assembled tammar wallaby genome for gene and repeat features, salient features that define their canonical sequences, and the constitution of both highly conserved and species-specific members. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mapping all miRNAs to the tammar genome and comparing target genes among tammar, mouse and human, we identified 163 conserved target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study encompasses the first analyses of the major classes of small RNAs for the newly completed tammar genome, validates preliminary annotations using deep sequencing and computational approaches, and provides a foundation for future work on tammar-specific as well as conserved, but previously unknown small RNA progenitors and targets identified herein. (biomedcentral.com)
Translational1
  • It seemed possible that these genes are regulated by transcription factors that are themselves regulated by miRNAs, and at a translational level by a process involving DRB2. (nature.com)
Gonadal2
  • A survey of the tammar gonadal piRNAs shows that these small RNAs are enriched in retroelements and carry members from both marsupial and tammar-specific repeat classes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, very little is known about the role gonadal miRNAs play in the early development of birds. (peerj.com)
Proteins1
  • Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the expression of related proteins in OA and non‑OA tissue samples. (spandidos-publications.com)
Stem-loop1
Interacts1
  • In addition to RNA-binding activity, this protein interacts directly and highly specifically with subunit 2 of the splicing factor 3B. (nih.gov)
Cellular1
Diseases2
  • Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and TargetScan were used to identify the hub‑gene‑related diseases and the microRNAs that regulated the central hub genes. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Accumulating evidences have elucidated connection between the expression of GTPases members and several diseases, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Tissues3
  • The expression of miR-455 was lower in HCC tissues and cell lines than in nontumor tissues and normal cell line, and downregulation of miR-455 was connected with worse outcome of HCC patients. (hindawi.com)
  • RAB18 was upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, and the expression of RAB18 was regulated by miR-455. (hindawi.com)
  • All the fresh tissues were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until RNA extraction. (hindawi.com)
Small4
  • Using next generation sequencing, we have characterized the major classes of small RNAs, micro (mi) RNAs, piwi interacting (pi) RNAs, and the centromere repeat associated short interacting (crasi) RNAs in the tammar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each class of small RNAs is synthesized by a distinct mechanism and each has discrete biological functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another class of important small RNAs is the piRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the current study, we sequenced two small non-coding RNA libraries made from the gonads of adult male and female budgerigars using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. (peerj.com)
Metabolism1
  • It is generally hypothesized to be related to aging, trauma, inflammation, obesity, metabolism and genetics, and may also be related to genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities and gene fusion ( 5 , 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Target2
  • Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated Arhgap11a as the target of miR-211-5p. (frontiersin.org)
  • Figure 1: Expression patterns of DRB1 and DRB2 in wild-type plants, and miRNA target expression in drb1 and drb2 . (nature.com)
Protein expression2
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • It regulates Sp7 protein expression and induces expression of major bone matrix protein genes, such as Col1a1, Spp1, Ibsp, Bglap2, and Fn1 ( 7 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
DataSets1
Omnibus1
  • An MC3T3-E1-based microarray dataset (accessioned as GSE46400) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus included MC3T3-E1 cells with or without 14-day osteoblast differentiation osteoblast induction. (frontiersin.org)
Short1
Bone1
Sequence1
  • Ameres, S. L. & Zamore, P. D. Diversifying microRNA sequence and function. (nature.com)
Functions3
  • This review focuses on the mechanisms by which vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells and will discuss potential functions of vesicle-free miRNAs and how vesicle-free miRNAs regulate cell-to-cell communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • tRNA and rRNA are dominant ncRNAs, miRNAs have critical functions in gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Functional enrichment analysis was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and then Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to formulate the molecular functions and pathways based on the results of GO and KEGG analyses. (spandidos-publications.com)
Induction1
  • The RT-qPCR also determined declined expressions of miR-204-5p and miR-24-3p concomitant with elevated expressions of miR-211-5p, miR-3470b, miR-466b-3p, and miR-466c-3p in the MC3T3-E1 cells, with osteoblast induction compared with undifferentiated MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)
Functional1
  • Of these, three miRNAs were differentially expressed miRNAs and 18 miRNAs involved in sexual differentiation as determined by functional analysis with GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis. (peerj.com)
Roles1
  • Most reports found that multiple miRNAs that include miR-548a, miR-1246, miR-632, and miR-5692a played pivotal roles in HCC [ 7 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Differentiation3
  • The Arhgap11a, H2afx, Chek2, Dlgap5, and Chek1 were hub genes downregulated in MC3T3-E1 cells after osteogenic differentiation, verified by RT-qPCR results. (frontiersin.org)
  • Osterix (OSX) is a transcription factor in the SP family, which is essential for osteoblast differentiation, and its expression is closely related to Runx2 ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Although sexual dimorphism is most visual in birds (example peacock and peahen, hummingbirds, songbirds, paradise fly-catcher), the miRNAs involved in gender differentiation among Psittaciformes are not known. (peerj.com)
Observation1
  • this observation demonstrates that vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells, in a manner similar to hormone secretion. (frontiersin.org)
Associations1
  • Search miRCancer for miR-107 associations with cancer and associated genes. (cancerindex.org)
Critical1
  • Long noncoding-RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical regulators of cardiac development as well as pathological hypertrophy and heart failure (HF). (researchgate.net)