Regulate chloroplast. Medical search. Frequent questions

Various genes regulating cellular and subcellular metal distribution have been identified and characterized. (frontiersin.org)
Many genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development were differentially expressed in the OsDXR knock-out lines compared to the wild type. (chinaagrisci.com)
Finally, disruption of the plastidial 2-C-methyl-derythritol-4-phosphate pathway resulted in defects in chloroplast development and the RNA editing of chloroplast genes. (chinaagrisci.com)
Participation of nuclear genes in chloroplast gene expression. (chinaagrisci.com)
The dominant discovery in these experiments indicates that there is a heterologous expression of certain genes in plants that can regulate cell death. (essaywriter.org)
AtSAL1 phosphatase activity is suppressed by dimerization, intramolecular disulfide formation, and glutathionylation, allowing accumulation of its substrate, PAP, a chloroplast stress retrograde signal that regulates expression of plastid redox associated nuclear genes (PRANGs). (nih.gov)
The regulatory genes primarily the transcription factors that exert their activity by binding to certain cis DNA elements and consequently either up regulated or down regulate to target expression. (scielo.br)
In the case of the orange carrot, the genes that regulate orange carotenoids - the precursor of vitamin A that have been shown to provide health benefits - need to be turned off. (ncsu.edu)
Histidine kinase 2 is a sensor of sodium ion concentration and redox potential, regulating transcription of genes for light-harvesting and reaction center proteins of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of algae and plants. (biorxiv.org)
This study indicates that chloroplast genes are often grouped into multigene transcriptional units which can be cotranscribed, and that light-stimulated plastid development involves changes in the relative abundance of the overlapping RNAs of different length that result from transcription of these genes or gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. (ncsu.edu)
Nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNAs for several phytochrome-regulated genes were examined in Pisum seedlings in order to investigate possible light effects on mRNA partitioning between the nucleus and cytoplasm. (ncsu.edu)
Transcripts from each of five light-regulated genes exhibited different responses to a variety of light treatments, but for each transcript we observed a characteristic linear relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic levels over a wide range of total transcript abundance. (ncsu.edu)
There are 15 genes in the chloroplast that would require a maturase for RNA splicing. (vt.edu)
The formation and growth of adventitious root is the key to cutting propagation, which is regulated by genes. (biomedcentral.com)
variegata by down regulating the transcription of 28 chloroplast genes and disturbing chloroplast biogenesis and thylakoid membrane development. (bvsalud.org)
RNA-Seq revealed that 28 chloroplast genes (cpDEGs) were all down-regulated in YSs, of which, four involved in chloroplast protein translation and 21 of photosynthesis system (PS)I, PSII, cytochrome b6/f complex and ATP synthase are crucial for chloroplast biogenesis/development. (bvsalud.org)

Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are essential micronutrient mineral elements for living organisms, as they regulate essential cellular processes, such as chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis (Fe, Cu, and Mn), respiration (Fe and Cu), and transcription (Zn). (frontiersin.org)
If you downplay the number of chloroplasts, you reduce the levels of photosynthesis, and you get a plant with less sugar in its tissues. (discovermagazine.com)
Chloroplast phosphate transporter CrPHT4-7 regulates phosphate homeostasis and photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas. (mpg.de)
We aim to understand how chloroplasts and mitochondria play dual functions in the plant cell as 1) metabolic hubs for photosynthesis and respiration respectively, and 2) environmental stress sensors for the cell by releasing a variety of distress signals upon perception of unfavourable conditions. (edu.au)
Plants, algae and a few other organisms rely on a process known as photosynthesis to fuel themselves, as they can harness cellular structures called chloroplasts to convert light into usable energy. (elifesciences.org)
Animals typically lack chloroplasts, making them unable to use photosynthesis to power themselves. (elifesciences.org)
Those cells are extremely proficient at absorbing carbon dioxide from their environment and directing it to their chloroplasts for photosynthesis, but the details of why they are so good at it haven't been very clear. (quantamagazine.org)
g mes exhibits a dominant role in photosynthesis limitation in Q. ilex and is regulated by factors other than morphology. (afs-journal.org)

Plastid terminal oxidase is required for chloroplast biogenesis in barley. (usda.gov)
The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
It is not dissimilar to the gradient of proliferation and differentiation along developing roots [ 2 ] but, in contrast, it provides a unique opportunity to study chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroplast biogenesis involves a multiplicity of processes. (biomedcentral.com)
The vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1) is an essential component for thylakoid biogenesis in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. (cipsm.de)

Nitrate acts at the Arabidopsis thaliana shoot apical meristem to regulate flowering time. (mpg.de)
Arabidopsis thaliana SAL1 (AtSAL1) senses changes in photosynthetic redox poise, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide concentrations in chloroplasts via redox regulatory mechanisms. (nih.gov)
Función de OCP3 en la resistencia de Arabidopsis frente a hongos necrotrofos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. (upv.es)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other cellular compartments by their endosymbiotic origin, their semiautonomous genetic systems, their role in energy transduction, and their complex biology. (grc.org)
The 2022 Gordon Research Conference on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will bring together established scientists and young researchers to present and discuss emerging aspects of organelle biology. (grc.org)
Each session of the GRC on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will be introduced by an expert Discussion Leader who will provide a general overview to integrate the research communities and stimulate conceptual discussions. (grc.org)
This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Mitochondria and Chloroplasts" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
Members of the Alb3/Oxa1/YidC protein family function as insertases in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and bacteria. (cipsm.de)

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
In vascular plants, photosynthetic electron transport (PET) chain produces reductive power that is utilised by diverse acceptors involved in both chloroplast and cellular metabolism 1 . (nature.com)
The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. (biomedcentral.com)
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the build-up of photosynthetic capacity requires detailed knowledge of how these cells, and chloroplasts within, are produced and develop. (biomedcentral.com)
2016). AA also takes part in the regeneration of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in photosynthetic membranes and participates in chloroplast metabolism as a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase, an enzyme involved in xanthophyll cycle-mediated photoprotection (Smirnoff and Wheeler, 2000). (deepdyve.com)
We found that the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts it steals from the alga Acetabularia acetabulum . (elifesciences.org)
Once stolen, the chloroplasts, now termed kleptoplasts, remain functional inside the slug's cells for several weeks, essentially creating a photosynthetic slug. (elifesciences.org)

Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
This differential localization is consistently observed using confocal microscopy of GFP-tagged proteins, chloroplast fractionation, and western blotting, and immunodetection by electron microscopy. (unboundmedicine.com)
Chloroplast-located proteins which are encoded by the nuclear genome have to be imported from the cytosol into the organelle in a post-translational manner. (cipsm.de)
Among these nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins are the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (LHCPs). (cipsm.de)
Membrane proteins in translational control: characterisation of membrane-bound protein complexes associated with eIF2B, which regulates protein synthesis, and is important in neurological disease. (shu.ac.uk)
However, we found that OCP3 imported and accumulates in the chloroplasts, and colocalized with pentatricopeptide repeat proteins involves in RNA editing. (upv.es)

Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by Ozeki et al. (wikipedia.org)
Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of dinophyte algae are a notable exception-their genome is broken up into about forty small plasmids, each 2,000-10,000 base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. (wikipedia.org)
More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. (wikipedia.org)
An RNA thermometer in the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas facilitates temperature-controlled gene expression. (mpg.de)
A transcription map of the pea chloroplast genome. (ncsu.edu)
A set of 53 cloned pea chloroplast DNA fragments representing approximately 90% of the chloroplast genome was used to probe Northern blots of total pea RNA, resulting in a nearly complete chloroplast transcription map. (ncsu.edu)
We have found that at least 85 kb of the 120 by pea chloroplast genome is represented as detectable transcripts. (ncsu.edu)

The specialized function of each plastid is informed by its distinct and dynamically regulated proteome. (uwaterloo.ca)

Further characterization of Trp-14 using chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas indicated that substitution of D1 Trp-14 to Phe, mimicking Trp oxidation enhanced FtsH-mediated D1 degradation under high light, although the substitution did not affect protein stability and PSII activity. (elifesciences.org)

Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. (wikipedia.org)
Histidine kinase 2 (Hik2) is a sensor histidine kinase found in all known cyanobacteria and as chloroplast sensor kinase in eukaryotic algae and plants. (biorxiv.org)
Cyanelles, the peptidoglycan-armored plastids of glaucocystophytes, occupy a unique bridge position in between free-living cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. (biomedcentral.com)
In some respects they side with cyanobacteria whereas other features are clearly shared with chloroplasts. (biomedcentral.com)
The Sec translocase, an example for "conservative sorting" in the course of evolution, is found in the plasma membrane of all prokaryotes, in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and in both these membrane types of cyanobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyanobacteria, the ancestors of chloroplasts are prokaryotes with an endomembrane system in addition to the envelope membrane(s). (biomedcentral.com)

This redox regulation of SAL1 for activation of chloroplast signaling is conserved in the plant kingdom, and the plant protein has evolved enhanced redox sensitivity compared with its yeast ortholog. (nih.gov)

Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Jasmonic acid, the final product of the allene oxide synthase/allene oxide cyclase branch of the pathway, regulates wound-induced gene expression. (unboundmedicine.com)

ndhB encodes one subunit of the multiprotein chloroplast complex NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH). (upv.es)
Both RNA polymerase PEP and NEP coexist in seed-plant chloroplasts and the ßâ ³ subunit of PEP is encoded by rpoC2. (bvsalud.org)

The dominant pathway in chloroplasts is, however, the one that produces NADPH, by the activity of ferredoxin NADP + oxidoreductase (FNR). (nature.com)
It is shown that all enzymes of the lipoxygenase pathway differentially localize within chloroplasts, and are largely found associated to thylakoid membranes. (unboundmedicine.com)

OEP40, a regulated glucose-permeable β-barrel solute channel in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. (mpg.de)
Toc, translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts. (rupress.org)
A feature unique to those three groups of phytoplankton, however, is that they have an extra membrane around their chloroplasts. (quantamagazine.org)
But he kept noticing the unique additional membrane around their chloroplasts. (quantamagazine.org)

Different subcellular compartments are suggested to be linked through complex retrograde signaling networks to regulate cellular metal homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)

Plant chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development are two complex processes that are regulated by exogenous and endogenous factors. (chinaagrisci.com)
In this study, we identified OsDXR , a gene encoding a reductoisomerase that positively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice. (chinaagrisci.com)
As a result, it doesn't produce chloroplasts properly, it doesn't increase levels of chlorophyll, and it doesn't make the tomatoes any greener. (discovermagazine.com)

Chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic event where a Gram-negative cyanobacterium was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. (uwaterloo.ca)

The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). (wikipedia.org)
The results illustrate a complex set of interactions regulating expression of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. (ncsu.edu)

Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. (wikipedia.org)
In primitive red algae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of a chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. (wikipedia.org)
500 individuals) and their prey algae, we show that the plastoquinone pool of slug chloroplasts remains oxidized, which can suppress reactive oxygen species formation. (elifesciences.org)
The sea slug Elysia timida , however, can steal whole chloroplasts from the cells of the algae it consumes: the stolen structures then become part of the cells in the gut of the slug, allowing the animal to gain energy from sunlight. (elifesciences.org)

The envelope translocase can be envisaged as a prokaryotic feature missing in higher plant chloroplasts but retained in cyanelles, likely for protein transport to the periplasm. (biomedcentral.com)

Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced. (wikipedia.org)
Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC). (wikipedia.org)
Inversions in legume chloroplast DNAs. (ncsu.edu)

Here we identify the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) phosphatase SAL1 as a previously unidentified and conserved oxidative stress sensor in plant chloroplasts. (nih.gov)

It can transport iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd), and regulates metal accumulation under Fe starvation. (tcdb.org)
Different mRNAs are characterized by different nuclear-cytoplasmic `partitioning coefficients', indicating that post-transcriptional events play a significant role in regulating the accumulation of these mRNAs during light induction. (ncsu.edu)

2012. Uniform ripening Encodes a Golden 2-like Transcription Factor Regulating Tomato Fruit Chloroplast Development. (discovermagazine.com)
These transcription factors are known as masters regulators because its single transcript regulate more than one gene, in this context the regulon word is fascinating more in compass of transcription factors. (scielo.br)
Transcription of the wheat chloroplast gene that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide. (ncsu.edu)
It is concluded that cytosine methylation in rDNA is regulated and that the methylation pattern correlates with the transcription potential of an rRNA gene. (ncsu.edu)

Here, we review progress in the understanding of different subcellular metal transport components in plants and discuss the prospects of regulating cellular metabolism and strategies to develop biofortified crop plants. (frontiersin.org)

Moreover, we note that the editing of the mRNA for other subunits encoded in the chloroplast NDH complex are also subject to regulation which is significantly altered in the presence of a pathogenic stimuli. (upv.es)
The regulation of dual role of this hormone, activator and repressor some other defenses, indicates the existence of a post-regulating hormone synthesis. (upv.es)

The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. (wikipedia.org)

The storage and distribution of these minerals in various cellular organelles is strictly regulated to ensure optimal metabolic rates. (frontiersin.org)

Specifically, OCP3 participates regulating ndhB transcript editing. (upv.es)

Characterization of a chloroplast sequence-specific DNA binding factor. (ncsu.edu)

These guard cells can open and close the stomata to regulate the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the leaf and the surrounding environment. (proprofs.com)
Stomata regulate gas exchange between plants and atmosphere by integrating opening and closing signals. (nature.com)

This raises questions: How is translation of these uORF-containing mRNAs regulated if not by phosphorylation of eIF2α? (biorxiv.org)

Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not. (coursehero.com)

OsDXR was highly expressed in rice leaves, and subcellular localization indicated that OsDXR is a chloroplast protein. (chinaagrisci.com)

Around half of these are involved in the production of chloroplasts, the small structures in plant cells that allow them to harvest energy from the sun and produce their own food. (discovermagazine.com)
Viroid trafficking in plant cells: determining the mechanisms of RNA import into the chloroplast, which is a crucial step in the lifecycle of viroids. (shu.ac.uk)
Our findings indicate that matK RNA and protein is expressed in a variety of plant species, and expression of MatK protein is regulated by development. (vt.edu)

The RNA editing factor DUA1 is crucial to chloroplast development at low temperature in rice. (chinaagrisci.com)

he sought to understand how diatoms regulate their internal acidity to help with nutrient storage and to build their tough silica cell wall. (quantamagazine.org)

However, the relationship between the two is barely understood, which limits the value of transcriptome data to understand the process of chloroplast development. (biomedcentral.com)
Taking advantage of the developmental gradient in the bread wheat leaf, we provide a simultaneous quantitative analysis for the development of mesophyll cells and of chloroplasts as a cellular compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
For such an approach to be undertaken, a fundamental understanding of chloroplast development is an absolute prerequisite. (biomedcentral.com)
These reports led to the hypothesis that Toc159 functions as a selective import receptor for preproteins that are required for chloroplast development. (rupress.org)

Over 95% of the chloroplast DNA in corn chloroplasts has been observed to be in branched linear form rather than individual circles. (wikipedia.org)

Finally, our results suggest that chloroplasts inside E. timida rely on oxygen-dependent electron sinks during rapid changes in light intensity. (elifesciences.org)

Early chloroplasts were probably independent bacteria that were captured and 'domesticated' by other cells for their ability to extract energy from the sun. (elifesciences.org)

2021) The histone variant H2A.W and linker histone H1 co-regulate heterochromatin accessibility and DNA methylation. (oeaw.ac.at)

The existence of chloroplast DNA was identified biochemically in 1959, and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962. (wikipedia.org)

Proton pumps are highly versatile molecules that can be specialized for diverse tasks in organisms, from digestion to regulating blood acidity to helping neurons send signals, explained the microbiologist Martin Tresguerres , the senior co-author of the new study and Yee's former adviser at UCSD. (quantamagazine.org)

The results suggest that H2 plays an important role in regulating the level of H2-oxidizing activity in this soluble hydrogenase. (ncsu.edu)

Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown. (elifesciences.org)

Here tools are used from the fields of biology, optics, and imaging to investigate the distributions of calcium oxalate, silica minerals, and chloroplasts in okra leaves, in relation to their functions. (lu.se)

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