• Electron microscopy of hybrids formed between adenovirus mRNA and a frag-ment of the adenovirus genome coding for the coat hexon protein was performed to locate the transcriptional unit. (brainkart.com)
  • 1278\1278\BAD35103.1\Human adenovirus type 4\Human adenovirus type 4 gene for fiber protein, complete cds,isolate:1998-4439. (or.jp)
  • 1278\1278\BAD35104.1\Human adenovirus type 4\Human adenovirus type 4 gene for fiber protein, complete cds,isolate:TC-18040. (or.jp)
  • 1278\1278\BAD35105.1\Human adenovirus type 4\Human adenovirus type 4 gene for fiber protein, complete cds,isolate:TC-18465. (or.jp)
  • The CDC investigators tested respiratory specimens using generic pan-human adenovirus rPCR (pan-rPCR) assay to confirm detection and then typed the specimens using PCR and sequencing of hexon capsid protein gene hypervariable regions 1-6. (contagionlive.com)
  • Adenovirus protein- protein interactions: hexon and protein VI. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Hexon and penton structures form the capsid of AdV, and fiber protein mediates the binding of the virion to the cell surface and is a major determinant of viral tropism. (genemedi.com)
  • Hexon is the most abundant protein in the icosahedral capsid, and the hexon gene is commonly analyzed to characterize and determine adenovirus types ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To best fit the sequence data for the hexon gene, we used the DNA/Protein model test to identify the optimal evolutionary model, GTR+Γ+I (general time reversible + gamma + invariable). (cdc.gov)
  • The role of hexon protein as a molecular mold in patterning the protein IX organization in human adenoviruses. (spagades.com)
  • His Serotype research incorporates themes from Hexon protein and Hypervariable region. (research.com)
  • In this work, we have studied the feasibility of providing tissue-specific selectivity to replication-competent adenoviruses through the regulation of the late structural protein fiber (L5 gene). (oncotarget.com)
  • The coding region of the carboxy- terminal half of polyhedrin was removed and the remainder was ligated with the IGF II gene in phase to create a fusion protein gene consisting of the coding region of the amino-terminal half of polyhedrin and the IGF II gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This fusion protein gene was combined in a plasmid with the promoter and 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the polyhedrin gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The shell of a nonenveloped virus with even a very small genome must therefore contain a large number of identical protein subunits-at least 60, if the coat-protein gene is to use up less than 25% of the coding capacity in the enclosed nucleic acid. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The duplication of 24 bp in exon 10 of the gene that expresses QT results in a protein with enzyme deficiency. (ufg.br)
  • At least one of these genes, flavin-monooxygenase-2, is a well-conserved protein known to be involved in xenobiotic metabolism. (uw.edu)
  • trimerization of the major capsid protein hexon (4C6). (bioxorio.com)
  • As pVI is also required for activation of the adenovirus-coded protease, the same pVI derivatives were assessed for their ability to activate recombinant adenovirus-coded 23K protease. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • To prevent infected cell lysis, recombinant replication deficiency virus has been developed as a gene delivery tool to replace wild-type adenovirus (recombinant AdV in "application" part). (genemedi.com)
  • Recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd) has been used as a vaccine platform against many infectious diseases and has been shown to be an effective vaccine vector. (mdpi.com)
  • Gene therapy using a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) encoding secretory human endostatin (Ad-Endo) has been demonstrated to be a promising antiangiogenesis and antitumor strategy of in animal models and clinical trials. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protease of adenovirus serotype 2 requires cysteine residues for both activation and catalysis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Top panel: a simplified map of the adenovirus serotype 5 genome showing the early genes (E1-E4) and the region from which the major late transcript is produced. (genemedi.com)
  • The type from one of the cases, as shown by the nucleic acid sequence of the PCR amplified partial hexon gene, resembled serotype 2 and 11 of species FAdV-D and the other virus resembled FAdV-8b of HAdV-E but were not equivalent with the prototypes. (huveta.hu)
  • One study with samples from two provinces found fowl adenovirus serotype 8 to be the dominating serotype in Ontario by 2002. (huveta.hu)
  • The other study collected samples from 7 different provinces and found both serotype 8 and 11 causing almost the same number of cases, also showing that different regions may have FAdVs of different genetic composition. (huveta.hu)
  • Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) and FAdV-8b are causative agents of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • now, however, they are often classified by sequence and phylogenetic analyses of their respective genes ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of complete hexon gene nucleotide sequences from human and simian adenoviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The Virology study combines topics in areas such as Genetics, Gene, Phylogenetic tree and Immunology. (research.com)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of complete HAdV genomes and 3 major antigen genes (penton, hexon and fiber) showed that strain QH-1665/2018 was clustered into HAdV-1 [P1H1F1]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using phylogenetic analysis of partial fusion gene sequences, these viruses clustered with recent European PPMV-1 isolates (EU/re) within the genotype VIb/1. (bioone.org)
  • In order that the sequence not inactivate a coding region into which it inserted itself, the coding region arranged that it splice itself out of mRNA. (brainkart.com)
  • Figure 5.13 RNA-DNA hybrid between a single-stranded fragment of ade-novirus DNA and hexon mRNA extracted from cells. (brainkart.com)
  • Figure 5.14 Hybridization of adenovirus hexon mRNA to adenovirus DNAfrom a region well upstream from the hexon gene. (brainkart.com)
  • Gene and mRNA for precursor polypeptide VI from adenovirus type 2. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • They act by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs), promoting either mRNA cleavage or repression of gene expression at post-transcriptional level [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Fiber, hexon and penton are the major structural proteins of FAdVs forming the viral outer capsids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We performed alignment analysis of the complete nucleotide hexon sequences of the 10 novel strains and of reference human and simian adenoviruses by using the MUSCLE program within the MEGA5 software package ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Comparison of the hexon gene sequences of simian adenovirus types identified in this study with human and simian adenovirus sequences from GenBank revealed 9 previously reported hypervariable regions (HVRs): HVR1-HVR9 ( 5 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • His research integrates issues of Whole genome sequencing and Hypervariable region in his study of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis. (research.com)
  • Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are members of the Adenoviridae family, group of medium-sized viruses characterized by a nonenveloped icosahedral nucleocapsid and a double stranded DNA genome. (pjmonline.org)
  • The Adenoviridae family consists of five genera, of which the genus Mastadenovirus includes human viruses classified into 57 serotypes clustered into 7 subgroups (A-G). Human adenoviruses have different organ tropisms, causing a wide variety of clinical manifestations including respiratory tract infections, acute conjunctivitis, cystitis, gastroenteritis and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. (pjmonline.org)
  • The amplified viruses proved to be aviadenoviruses, but from two different fowl adenovirus species. (huveta.hu)
  • Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review article, we outline key characteristics of major gene therapy viruses-adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus-and summarize the mechanisms regulating important steps in the virus journey from binding at peripheral nerve terminals to nuclear delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • Gene therapy viruses are non-replicating, but still hijack host cell machinery to express transgenes of interest in the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • One simian adenovirus species, SAdV-A, has been recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Adenoviruses are doubled-stranded DNA viruses that spread by close personal contact, respiratory droplets, and fomites. (cdc.gov)
  • Direct evidence for the presence of these viruses in human genital tumours is the finding that a small proportion (about 10%) retain fragments of virus DNA from different regions of the virus genomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined with Restriction Enzyme Analysis for Detection and Differentiation of Fowl Adenoviruses. (vin.com)
  • Fowl adenoviruses belong to genus Aviadenovirus and now consist of twelve serotypes divided into five species (Fowl adenovirus A to E). Most of them cause similar clinical and pathological signs and is diagnosed in the same disease. (huveta.hu)
  • Antiviral immune responses present a major hurdle to the efficacious use of oncolytic adenoviruses as cancer treatments. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In this study, we tested the hypothesis that tumor-infiltrating T cells could be more effectively activated and redirected by oncolytic adenoviruses that were armed with bispecific T-cell-engager (BiTE) antibodies. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Oncolytic adenoviruses hold great promise for cancer treatment since they can replicate and destroy cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • The development of more potent oncolytic adenoviruses faces with a potential increase in associated-toxicities. (oncotarget.com)
  • To improve the safety of oncolytic adenoviruses a control of the viral tropism based on tissue-specific miRNA regulation has been exploited. (oncotarget.com)
  • The late transcribed genes are L1-L5, encoding viral capsid components (Fig. 7B). (genemedi.com)
  • Additionally, the hexon component of AdV capsid can bind to coagulation factor X (FX) to activate TLR4 on the surface of splenic macrophages and thereby stimulate NF-κB dependent activation of IL-1β, which may help recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the marginal zone of the spleen and clear virus from the spleen rapidly [49, 50]. (genemedi.com)
  • CDC is investigating a possible association between pediatric hepatitis and adenovirus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The types of specimens you should collect for human adenovirus detection depend on the patient's clinical presentation and type of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of adenovirus structural proteins in the regulation of adenovirus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • For most serotypes, adenovirus infection is mediated by the high-affinity binding of the fiber-knob region to a receptor of target cell, named as the coxsackie-Ad receptor (CAR), which mainly determines the viral tropism [44]. (genemedi.com)
  • Infection process of adenovirus. (genemedi.com)
  • Adenovirus type 7 pneumonia should be recognized as a major cause of secondary infection after measles. (blogspot.com)
  • CDC is investigating several etiological hypotheses, notably a possible association with any adenovirus infection, and specifically type 41 infection. (cdc.gov)
  • [4] While there have been case reports of hepatitis in immunocompromised children associated with adenovirus type 41 infection, adenovirus type 41 is not known to be a cause of hepatitis in otherwise healthy children. (cdc.gov)
  • Systemic administration is necessary for the treatment of metastatic disease, however the intravenous administration of adenovirus results in viral retention in the liver causing significant infection of hepatocytes leading to liver damage [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • This information would enhance the understanding of recombination of HAdV-C, and might assist with effective prevention and control of respiratory adenovirus infection in Qinghai Province. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These regions are highly conserved amongst mastadenovirus pVI proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Processing of adenovirus 2 induced proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The microvessel density and Ad replication in tumor tissue were evaluated by checking the expression of CD34 and hexon proteins, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Molecular Biology section is a comprehensive collection of protocols and reviews covering essential and advanced experimental design, methods, and analyses in all areas of molecular biology including the preparation and analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins, sequencing, genome editing, gene regulation and expression, chromatin assembly, and more. (spagades.com)
  • Thus, miRNA-control of late proteins constitutes a novel strategy to provide selectivity to adenoviruses. (oncotarget.com)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR assays for identification of species C human adenoviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Human adenovirus (HAdV) diversity in sewage was assessed by species-specific molecular methods. (pjmonline.org)
  • Adenoviruses from B species were not detected. (pjmonline.org)
  • The aim of this study was species-specific identification of human adenoviruses in sewage from Poland. (pjmonline.org)
  • Predominant adenovirus species in sewage were determined. (pjmonline.org)
  • Molecular typing of human adenovirus by PCR and sequence of a partial region of the hexon gene. (cdc.gov)
  • PCR using viral DNA and primers from conserved regions of the fowl adenoviral hexon gene 3 produced an approximately 900 base pair fragment and preliminary analysis of the amplified DNA sequence suggests a novel adenovirus. (vin.com)
  • Thus, although the parasitic sequence might have inserted into the middle of an essential gene, the gene was not inactivated. (brainkart.com)
  • After transcription, and before translation, the RNA copy of the gene containing the sequence was cut and spliced to recover the intact uninterrupted gene. (brainkart.com)
  • 884\684\AAN64737.1\Human adenovirus type 4\Human adenovirus type 4 early region 3, complete sequence. (or.jp)
  • 1205\321\AAN64738.1\Human adenovirus type 4\Human adenovirus type 4 early region 3, complete sequence. (or.jp)
  • 1791\633\AAN64739.1\Human adenovirus type 4\Human adenovirus type 4 early region 3, complete sequence. (or.jp)
  • 2297\525\AAN64740.1\Human adenovirus type 4\Human adenovirus type 4 early region 3, complete sequence. (or.jp)
  • In addition, we found evidence to indicate that conformation as well as sequence was important for good hexon binding in our assays. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Many laboratories can test for human adenoviruses, but the extent of testing capability can vary. (cdc.gov)
  • To improve human adenovirus detection, you should collect specimens within a week of symptom onset. (cdc.gov)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR assay panel for detection and type-specific identification of the epidemic respiratory human adenoviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic variation among 166 isolates of human adenovirus 7 (Ad7) obtained from 1966 to 2000 from the United States and Eastern Ontario, Canada, was determined by genome restriction analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Human adenovirus has been described as a " viral pathogen with increasing importance ,' and outbreaks, though still relatively rare, typically occur in "congregate settings. (contagionlive.com)
  • According to surveillance reports submitted to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Adenovirus Type Reporting System, nearly 2400 cases of human adenovirus were reported in the 50 states between 2006 and 2016, the most recent period for which data are available. (contagionlive.com)
  • However, increased awareness of human adenoviruses and availability of molecular testing methods has allowed for increased detection and identification of human adenoviruses. (contagionlive.com)
  • This has helped improve our understanding of respiratory illness associated with human adenoviruses in the United States. (contagionlive.com)
  • Notably, the 12 cases reported between December 2016 and February 2017 in New Jersey involved the human adenovirus genome type 7d. (contagionlive.com)
  • Unfortunately, 3 of the 4 fatalities linked with this human adenovirus case cluster occurred in this population. (contagionlive.com)
  • The authors emphasized that all 4 of the fatalities in this case cluster occurred in patients over 50 years of age with preexisting co-morbidities (eg, congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, alcohol use disorder, and type 2 diabetes), although human adenovirus-7d has been associated with severe illness and higher fatality rates compared to other types, particularly in children. (contagionlive.com)
  • The result of the present study demonstrate that human adenoviruses are consistently present in sewage in Poland, demonstrating the importance of an adequate treatment before the disposal in the environment. (pjmonline.org)
  • The main source of adenoviruses in the environment is human faecal matter. (pjmonline.org)
  • Adenovirus (AdV) is a member of the family Adenoviridae, whose name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953 [42]. (genemedi.com)
  • Human adenovirus (AdV), human herpes virus, Klebsiella spp. (blogspot.com)
  • Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are prevalent in patients with respiratory infections, in which recombination has important implications for viral detection and pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are classified into seven groups (HAdV-A to HAdV-G), including 52 serotypes and 90 genotypes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Considering the effect of mutations in NA gene on the resistance to NAIs, it is important to monitor the possible emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant variants in the human population due to amino acid changes at NA gene as well as to develop novel NAIs. (ophrp.org)
  • Additional information on adenovirus testing at CDC is available at Submitting Specimens to CDC . (cdc.gov)
  • Before collecting any specimens, discuss with a laboratory and a clinician familiar with adenovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • We previously reported the detection of several new simian adenovirus strains in fecal specimens from captive monkeys in China ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 299 PUIs for whom adenovirus testing was conducted on any specimen type (blood, respiratory specimens, stool), 45% were found to be positive for adenovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • The gene for the adenovirus 2 hexon polypeptide. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • a schematic cross section through an adenovirus particle, showing the locations of minor polypeptide components (right). (what-when-how.com)
  • Intervening sequences place genetic spacers between coding regions in a gene. (brainkart.com)
  • Genetic analysis of adenovirus type 2. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Virus-mediated gene therapy has the potential to deliver exogenous genetic material into specific cell types to promote survival and counteract disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • 4. Yuhan Zhang, Ruxin Liu, Kaiyue Tian, Zeng Wang, XiaYang, Dongsheng Gao, Youming Zhang, Jun Fu*, Hailong Wang*, Jun Zhao* (2018)"Fiber2 and hexon genes are closely associated with the virulence of the emerging and highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus 4" Em erging Microbes & Infections . (sdu.edu.cn)
  • The Qinghai adenovirus strain(QH-1665/2018) was isolated from an outpatient, whom was one month old and diagnosed with an influenza-like illness at Women's and Children's Hospital of Qinghai Province on November 26, 2018. (biomedcentral.com)
  • QH-1665/2018 caused adenovirus-like CPE of HEp-2 cells, and the cultures underwent three passages to obtain high-titer stocks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and p23protease (p23) gene, partial cds. (or.jp)
  • andp23 protease (p23) gene, partial cds. (or.jp)
  • CAR receptor-fiber-knob adenovirus interaction and internalization process [46]. (genemedi.com)
  • On the other hand, Ad vectors also have a number of disadvantages, including their low transduction efficiency in cells lacking coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and their induction of innate immune responses. (hindawi.com)
  • Gel electrophoresis provides a convenient assay to detect splicing and to locate the spliced regions. (brainkart.com)
  • The VA (viral associated) RNA is a type of non-coding RNA found in adenovirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secondary and tertiary structure in the central domain of adenovirus type 2 VA RNA I". RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • During a 2014 measles outbreak in Vietnam, postmortem pathologic examination of hospitalized children who died showed that adenovirus type 7 pneumonia was a contributory cause of death in children with measles-associated immune suppression. (blogspot.com)
  • Analyses of syndromic surveillance data did not indicate recent increases in pediatric hepatitis-associated ED visits or hospitalizations, liver transplants, or adenovirus type 40 or 41 percent positivity among US children, compared with pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, 293 cases were tested for adenovirus by any specimen type and had a valid positive or negative result. (cdc.gov)
  • The coding sequences of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen were inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector produced from Autographa califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) so that the foreign gene was under the control of the AcNPV polyhedrin promoter. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Two regions, between amino acid residues 48-74 and 233-239 of pVI, were required for the interaction with hexon. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The cytopathic effect was suggestive of an adenovirus and molecular analyses were performed to further characterize the virus isolate 553V. (vin.com)
  • To identify these genes, we conducted an RNAi screen for genes that are necessary for HIF-1-mediated longevity. (uw.edu)
  • Schematic of the adenovirus genome and adenovirus-based vectors. (genemedi.com)
  • In seawater, the enteric adenoviruses have been shown to be substantially more stable than either polio 1 or hepatitis A virus (Enriquez and Gerba, 1995). (pjmonline.org)
  • We typed the occurring adenoviruses in two chicken field cases with similar necropsy and same diagnosis (inclusion body hepatitis) using PCR systems targeting the viral DNA polymerase and the hexon gene. (huveta.hu)
  • These peptides were then tested in our previously described oncolytic cancer vaccine platform PeptiCRAd, a vaccine platform that combines an immunogenic oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) coated with tumor antigen peptides. (elifesciences.org)
  • Despite the existence of a highly immunosuppressive tumor environment, adenovirus-infected cells can nonetheless be efficiently cleared by infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) without compromising tumor burden. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Notably, intratumoral injection of this cBiTE-expressing adenovirus increased the persistence and accumulation of tumor-infiltrating T cells in vivo , compared with the parental virus lacking such effects. (aacrjournals.org)
  • These two VA RNA genes are distinct genes in the adenovirus genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Life cycle of adenovirus is separated by DNA replication process into two distinct phases: the early and late, occurring before and after viral DNA replication, respectively. (genemedi.com)
  • [3] There are more than 50 types of immunologically distinct adenoviruses that can cause infections in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Adenoviruses commonly infect vertebrates, including humans and nonhuman primates ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are among the most commonly used viral vectors in gene therapy clinical trials because they have the following advantages. (hindawi.com)
  • Globally, the World Health Organization is reporting 1,010 probable cases from 35 countries in five WHO regions, as of July 8, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Part of Cancer Gene Therapy , p. 1628-1635, 2022. (uu.se)
  • These findings should provide valuable information for gene therapy using Ad vectors in neonates and infants. (hindawi.com)
  • i) Neonates and infants have immature immune systems, making it possible to circumvent the immune reactions against gene delivery vectors and transgene products that reduce therapeutic efficiency in adults. (hindawi.com)
  • iv) They can deliver transgene into the nuclei of not only dividing cells but also nondividing cells with the highest efficiency among the gene delivery vectors. (hindawi.com)
  • Ad vectors have been used in gene therapy clinical trials of adult patients with various diseases, including several types of cancers and cardiac diseases, and promising results have been reported [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • QT and AMCase are the most reported chitinases in humans and differ mainly in terms of the chitin cleavage region and the immune response that leads to their expression. (ufg.br)
  • A perspective on the structural and functional constraints INSTRUCTION FOR AUTHORS - SUBMISSION TO ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (APJMBB) The Journal aims to promote research in all relevant areas of molecular & cellular biology and biotechnology in the Asia Pacific region through publication of research articles, both basic and applied. (spagades.com)
  • 8. Hailong Wang, Zhen Li, Ruonan Jia, Yu Hou, Jia Yin, Xiaoying Bian, Aiying Li, Rolf Müller, A Francis Stewart, Jun Fu & Youming Zhang (2016) "A concerted pipeline for direct cloning of biosynthetic gene clusters and engineering for heterologous expression" Nature Protocols 11(7): 1175-90. (sdu.edu.cn)
  • This work deals with a systematic review of the intrinsic mechanisms used by humans to fight fungal infections, focusing on chitinases, discussing the main enzymes and gene polymorphism with them involved. (ufg.br)
  • With thousands of clinical trials to date, gene therapy is a flourishing strategy with great promise for the treatment of diseases impacting the nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
  • The oncolytic adenovirus ICOVIR-15K was engineered to express an EGFR-targeting BiTE (cBiTE) antibody under the control of the major late promoter, leading to generation of ICOVIR-15K-cBiTE, which retained its oncolytic properties in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)