AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Notophthalmus viridescensSalamandridaeExtremitiesRegenerationTurbellariaAmbystoma mexicanumAnimal FinsPlanariansAmputationTriturusZebrafishAmbystomaWound HealingTailUrodelaNerve RegenerationForelimbLiver RegenerationNotophthalmusLimb BudsPleurodelesNerve TissueWilms TumorIn Situ HybridizationCell DifferentiationBone RegenerationCell DedifferentiationAmputation StumpsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalAnaplasiaMorphogenesis
XenopusAmputationDedifferentiationEpimorphicAxolotl limbsSalamanderFrogs and toadsAppendage regenerationTissue regenerationRegenerateAmong vertebratesTailAxolotlsZebrafishSalamandersOccursAmphibianTissuesHindlimbNerveDifferentiationInductionGenesPathwaysMammalsRestorationHydraLiverHumansCellularCellRegulationCoordinationNeuralProcessCellsCompleteStudyLostGrowthDevelopmentTimeHigh degreeAnimalNormalInternal
Xenopus10
  • The upregulation of chaperone genes has been reported in other studies of regenerating newt and axolotl limbs, Xenopus stage 52 hindlimbs, and zebrafish fins. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • Interestingly, in Xenopus limb buds rendered regeneration deficient by heat shock induced expression of transgenic noggin, chaperone gene expression is not really maintained since it is in wild style buds. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • This type of regeneration is rare among vertebrates but does occur in the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis , traditionally a model organism for the study of early development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Xenopus tadpoles can regenerate their tails, limb buds and the lens of the eye, although the ability of the latter two organs to regenerate diminishes with advancing developmental stage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of this transgene blocks regeneration of the tail and limb of Xenopus tadpoles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene Ontology analysis showed that genes involved in embryonic development and growth are significantly over-represented in regenerating early hindlimb buds and that successful regeneration in the Xenopus hindlimb correlates with the induction of stress response pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene over-expression analyses in Xenopus limb and tail regeneration have indicated that successful regeneration requires the re-activation of developmental FGF or BMP signalling pathways [ 8 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have developed a heat shock inducible transgenic line ( N1 ) of Xenopus in which the BMP antagonist Noggin can be induced at a specific time during either development or regeneration, repressing BMP signalling [ 10 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we review recent insights into the biophysical, biochemical, and epigenetic processes that underlie regenerative healing in amphibians, focusing particularly on tail and limb regeneration in Xenopus . (frontiersin.org)
  • We examined the bioelectric properties (resting potential gradients in the epidermis) of Xenopus laevis froglets undergoing hindlimb amputation and observed that the contralateral (undamaged) limb exhibits apparent depolarization signals immediately after the opposite hindlimb is amputated. (biologists.com)
Amputation6
  • The whole limb of a salamander or a triton will grow again and again after amputation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The wound epithelium of N1 transgenic hindlimb buds, which forms over the cut surface of the limb bud after amputation, does not transition normally into the distal thickened apical epithelial cap. (biomedcentral.com)
  • N1 transgenic hindlimbs, which do not regenerate, do not form an apical epithelial cap or cone shaped blastema following amputation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammals, a limb amputation or spinal cord transection is followed by inflammation and fibrotic scarring that leaves the animal with a permanent disability. (frontiersin.org)
  • Loss or amputation of the axolotl limb leads to the regeneration of the lost limb from trunk tissue, thereby repeating a developmental sequence as a repair process. (edu.au)
  • BMP signaling is essential for sustaining proximo-distal progression in regenerating axolotl limbs [3] "Amputation of a salamander limb triggers a regeneration process that is perfect. (edu.au)
Dedifferentiation7
  • Dedifferentiation of cells means that they lose their tissue-specific characteristics as tissues remodel during the regeneration process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Beyond this, little is identified concerning the molecular mechanism of dedifferentiation from the regener ating urodele limb. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • Hence it can be possible that LIN28 may perform a part from the selleckchem transcriptional regulation of nuclear reprogramming dur ing limb cell dedifferentiation. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • The molecular characteri zation of blastema cell surface antigens and study of the regulation of dedifferentiation by transcription variables, microRNAs, polycomb proteins and chromatin modify ing enzymes is going to be essential for comprehending the mecha nism of dedifferentiation in regenerating amphibian limbs. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • Within a latest meeting critique, Tanaka and Galliot described data presented by Andras Simon indicating that activation of apoptotic pathways in cultured newt myo tubes resulted within their cellularization, suggesting that these pathways may well play a part in dedifferentiation. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • This is an intermediate kind of regeneration without undergoing dedifferentiation. (pw.live)
  • Both in limb and tail the progenator of mesenchyme is the blastema formed by dedifferentiation, their division is controlled by nerve and wound epidermis. (pw.live)
Epimorphic3
Axolotl limbs1
  • reported the upregulation of two genes connected with combating cell strain in regenerating axolotl limbs at four dpa. (atpasesignaling.com)
Salamander1
Frogs and toads1
Appendage regeneration2
  • We have used this line to show that BMP function is not only required for appendage regeneration but that it is specifically needed to generate a proliferating blastema while being dispensable for wound healing [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Appendage regeneration, particularly of the tadpole tail, has been widely studied before, during and after this period. (frontiersin.org)
Tissue regeneration2
  • Echinoderms (such as the sea star), crayfish, many reptiles, and amphibians exhibit remarkable examples of tissue regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • While all vertebrates are capable of some types of tissue regeneration, most, including humans, have lost the ability to regenerate whole structures such as limbs ( epimorphic regeneration ), [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Regenerate6
  • After the limb or tail has been autotomized, cells move into action and the tissues will regenerate. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cases a shed limb can itself regenerate a new individual. (wikipedia.org)
  • In reptiles, chelonians, crocodilians and snakes are unable to regenerate lost parts, but many (not all) kinds of lizards, geckos and iguanas possess regeneration capacity in a high degree. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many arthropods can regenerate limbs and other appendages following either injury or autotomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neural control of growth and size in the axolotl limb regenerate [2] "Upon the completion of the developmental stages of regeneration, when the regenerative organ known as the blastema completes patterning and differentiation, the limb regenerate is proportionally small in size. (edu.au)
  • It then undergoes a phase of regeneration that we have called the 'tiny-limb' stage, which is defined by rapid growth until the regenerate reaches the proportionally appropriate size. (edu.au)
Among vertebrates1
  • Injuries that sever tissues such as the limb or spinal cord are met with radically different outcomes among vertebrates. (frontiersin.org)
Tail2
  • The case of autotomy, for example, serves as a defensive function as the animal detaches a limb or tail to avoid capture. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elegant experiments using heat-shock inducible expression of inhibitory proteins have further refined these observations to establish epistatic relationships, in which BMP acts upstream of Wnt, which in turn acts upstream of FGF during regeneration of the limb bud and tail ( Lin and Slack, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
Axolotls1
  • In urodele amphibians such as axolotls and newts, the same injury is followed by scarless regenerative healing that can fully restore both the lost tissue and its function (reviewed in Tanaka, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
Zebrafish2
  • Cells in the primordia of zebrafish fins, for example, express four genes from the homeobox msx family during development and regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using Affymetrix Gene Chip analysis, we have identified genes linked to regenerative success downstream of BMP signalling, including the BMP inhibitor Gremlin and the stress protein Hsp60 ( no blastema in zebrafish). (biomedcentral.com)
Salamanders1
  • salamanders and newts), an order of tailed amphibians, is possibly the most adept vertebrate group at regeneration, given their capability of regenerating limbs, tails, jaws, eyes and a variety of internal structures. (wikipedia.org)
Occurs1
  • The complete integumentary organ system (IOS) regeneration and scarless wound healing mechanism, which occurs in specific species, body sites and developmental stages, clearly shows that mechanical stress signals and immune responses play important roles in determining the wound healing mode. (mdpi.com)
Amphibian1
  • Regeneration-competent wound healing of amphibian appendages is generally rapid and involves covering the wound surface with a specialised epidermis lacking a basement membrane and dermis [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissues2
  • Once the wound is healed, the cells of the stump must mobilise under the wound epidermis and begin the process of replacing lost tissues, by forming a proliferating blastema. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pattern of depolarization matches that of the amputated limb and is correlated to the position and type of injury, revealing that information about damage is available to remote body tissues and is detectable non-invasively in vivo by monitoring the bioelectric state. (biologists.com)
Hindlimb1
  • Comparison of gene expression in stage matched N1 vs. wild type hindlimb buds has revealed several new targets for regeneration research. (biomedcentral.com)
Nerve1
  • Using the regenerative assay known as the accessory limb model (ALM), we have found that growth and size of the limb positively correlates with nerve abundance. (edu.au)
Differentiation2
  • At its most elementary level, regeneration is mediated by the molecular processes of gene regulation and involves the cellular processes of cell proliferation, morphogenesis and cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. (mdpi.com)
Induction1
  • Pattern formation in the morphogenesis of an animal is regulated by genetic induction factors that put cells to work after damage has occurred. (wikipedia.org)
Genes2
  • Nevertheless, 3 on the four transcription component genes used to reprogram mammalian grownup somatic cells to pluripo tency are upregulated all through blastema forma tion in regenerating newt limbs, as well as all through lens regeneration. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • We find that BMP signaling is required for proper expression of various patterning genes and that its inhibition causes major defects in the regenerated limbs. (edu.au)
Pathways1
  • It is well-established that early embryonic signaling pathways are critical for growth and patterning of new tissue during regeneration. (frontiersin.org)
Mammals1
Restoration2
  • In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and tissue growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • and the restoration of a functional limb that includes the formation of a new epidermis. (locationsalle34.com)
Hydra3
Liver2
Humans1
Cellular3
  • Regeneration in biology, however, mainly refers to the morphogenic processes that characterize the phenotypic plasticity of traits allowing multi-cellular organisms to repair and maintain the integrity of their physiological and morphological states. (wikipedia.org)
  • Above the genetic level, regeneration is fundamentally regulated by asexual cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we try to elucidate the cellular aspects of regeneration by EdU incorporation in intact and posteriorly amputated annelid Alitta virens using quantitative analysis. (mdpi.com)
Cell1
  • This should not be confused with the transdifferentiation of cells which is when they lose their tissue-specific characteristics during the regeneration process, and then re-differentiate to a different kind of cell. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation1
  • We have also discovered that the regulation of limb size is not autonomously regulated by the limb nerves. (edu.au)
Coordination1
  • Regeneration of damaged body parts requires coordination of size, shape, location and orientation of tissue with the rest of the body. (biologists.com)
Neural1
  • Using the NM-ALM we discovered that non-neural extrinsic factors from differently sized host animals do not play a prominent role in determining the size of the regenerating limb. (edu.au)
Process2
  • The new growth of seedlings and community assembly process is known as regeneration in ecology. (wikipedia.org)
  • This demonstrates that BMPs play a major role in patterning of regenerated limbs and that regeneration is a progressive process like development. (edu.au)
Cells1
  • Nuclear transplantation studies and ectopic grafting experi ments have proven that blastema cells are certainly not repro grammed to pluripotency. (atpasesignaling.com)
Complete1
  • Regeneration can either be complete where the new tissue is the same as the lost tissue, or incomplete after which the necrotic tissue becomes fibrosis. (wikipedia.org)
Study1
  • In the current study we have characterized this growth and have found that signaling from the limb nerves is required for its maintenance. (edu.au)
Lost2
  • This is called as blastema or bud (callus in plant) which then redifferentiate to form the lost part controlled by neuronal and hormonal factors. (pw.live)
  • When the organisation becomes more complex the power of restorative regeneration is lost and only the power of reparative regeneration remains. (pw.live)
Growth1
  • Together, these observations show that the limb nerves provide essential cues to regulate ontogenetic allometric growth and the final size of the regenerating limb. (edu.au)
Development1
Time1
  • By administering LDN193189 treatments at different time points during regeneration, we show clearly that limb regeneration progresses in a proximal to distal fashion. (edu.au)
High degree1
Animal1
Normal1
  • Furthermore, the underlying mesenchyme remains rounded and does not expand to form a cone shaped blastema, a normal feature of successful regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
Internal1
  • A specific sperm-egg interaction in the oviductal matrix is crucial for internal fertilization of the red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster . (ehu.eus)