• The present study investigated the associations between these three genetic variants and the occurrence and development of myopia, spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL), and corneal curvature (CC) in a cohort of southeastern Chinese schoolchildren. (nih.gov)
  • RESULTS (1) A linear relation was found between axial length and spherical equivalent refraction. (bmj.com)
  • The overall mean spherical equivalent refraction was +1.43 (SD 2.86) D. 63% of eyes could see 6/12 or better and 66% of the individuals had a binocular vision of 6/12 or better. (bmj.com)
  • Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) were determined by cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry. (ulster.ac.uk)
  • Full four-year outcomes showed statistically significant slowing of axial length progression and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (cSER), with the most recent data underscoring strong DOT 0.2 performance. (acrofan.com)
  • The primary outcome variable was postoperative subjective refraction, reported as spherical equivalent (SE) error and measured more than 1 month (mean, 4.7 ±3.4 months) after surgery. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to model the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) for each eye against age (by year) and axial length (in the given eye). (edu.au)
  • The achieved refraction was calculated as the spherical equivalent of the spherical and astigmatic correction at the final postoperative follow-up. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • We wanted to compare retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in low, moderate and high myopia patients and study the association between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, axial length and myopic spherical equivalent. (jebmh.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness decreases as the spherical equivalent and axial length increases. (jebmh.com)
  • Participants Forty children, 11-14 years old, with mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of -2.71±1.10 diopters (D). Methods Dual-Focus lenses had a central zone that corrected refractive error and concentric treatment zones that created 2.00 D of simultaneous myopic retinal defocus during distance and near viewing. (edu.au)
  • To study the distribution of spherical equivalent refraction and ocular biometric parameters in a young Australian population. (edu.au)
  • Refraction was measured as the spherical equivalent. (edu.au)
  • Prevalence of myopia, defined as spherical equivalent refraction (edu.au)
  • A peaked ( leptokurtic) distribution of spherical equivalent refraction was present in this predominantly hyperopic 6-year-old population. (edu.au)
  • We included studies that investigated myopia-related outcomes of prevalent or incident myopia, myopia progression rate, axial length, or spherical equivalent. (figshare.com)
  • Associations between screen exposure and prevalent or incident myopia, an increased myopic spherical equivalent, and longer axial length were reported in five (50%) category one and six (60%) category two articles. (figshare.com)
  • Ocular refraction is defined as the ability of the eye to bend light rays to focus them on the retina. (medscape.com)
  • Their data demonstrate that eyes in affected Apc Min mice harbor morphological alterations that resemble changes that contribute to abnormal ocular refraction in humans. (jax.org)
  • In order to determine if the Apc Min mutation in mice leads to ocular abnormalities reminiscent of myopic changes observed in FAP patients, Dr. Liu's team measured several biometric parameters in affected mice at several postnatal ages ranging from P28-P84, examined sclera organization by electron microscopy, and examined expression of key factors that contribute to eye morphology and refraction. (jax.org)
  • This difference in ocular refraction in Apc Min mice was accompanied by significant increases in vitreous chamber depth and decreases in the eyes' axial lengths compared to wild-types, indicating deregulation of eye architecture and alterations in image focusing power. (jax.org)
  • Background: Ocular axial elongation is one of the features of myopia progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated scleral remodeling plays an important role in ocular axial elongation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Axial ocular dimensions were measured by A-scan ultrasonography, crystalline lens radii of curvature by videophakometry, and corneal power by videokeratography. (arvojournals.org)
  • Receiver operator characteristics analysis of the ocular components indicated that vitreous chamber depth was the most important ocular component for characterizing the myopic eye, but that peripheral refraction made a significant independent contribution. (arvojournals.org)
  • When surgery will be done in both eyes, a larger amount of hyperopia may be acceptable, since aniseikonia can be avoided by targeting a nearly equivalent refraction in both eyes. (aao.org)
  • Progression in axial length is a reliable indicator of progression in myopia. (oculus.de)
  • Over 12-months, higher sleep efficiency and less wake after sleep onset were associated with faster axial elongation, whereas less time spent in mesopic light was associated with faster myopic progression. (ulster.ac.uk)
  • The CLEERE study found that the fastest axial growth occurred in the year before myopia onset, where future myopes grew by by 0.33mm, slowing to 0.20-0.27 per year after onset and throughout their myopia progression. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • Further analysis of the CLEERE data found that an axial length change of 0.22mm per year was a way of identifying fast myopia progressors, and this was independent of the prior year's axial or refractive progression history. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • Similar reductions in myopia progression and axial eye elongation were also observed with DF lens wear during period 2. (edu.au)
  • Phillips, John R. / Effect of dual-focus soft contact lens wear on axial myopia progression in children . (edu.au)
  • 1 The studies used +2D near additions over each participant's distance refraction and monitored progression over 3 years. (cehjournal.org)
  • There was no statistical relation between keratometry and the axial length. (bmj.com)
  • Refraction, axial length, and keratometry are the main measurements required for professional myopia management, but only in combination do they allow for individualized treatment and counseling. (oculus.de)
  • Refraction, axial length, and keratometry are the main measurements required for professional myopia management. (oculus.de)
  • So to calculate the IOL power, measurements of the axial length - axial length - keratometry, the curvature of the cornea, anterior chamber, the lens thickness, here, and white to white are necessary for the correct biometry on calculation of the IOL. (cybersight.org.cn)
  • There were no differences between these three when measuring axial length, mean keratometry, and ACD. (cybersight.org.cn)
  • Preoperative axial length and keratometry values were recorded from the Lenstar 900 optical biometer (Haag-Streit), and these values were used to calculate the predicted postoperative SE values for the implanted IOL using the BUII, Holladay 1, Hoffer Q, and SRK/T formulas (placement in the bag was assumed for the calculations). (crstodayeurope.com)
  • Recent advances in instrument technology have helped us obtain reliable axial length (AL) and keratometry (K) measurements, from which emmetropic implant power calculations using formulas for the adult eye can be derived. (aao.org)
  • Results: BPA-administered mice exhibit axial elongation and myopic refractive shift with endoplasmic reticulum stress in the sclera. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion: BPA controlled axial elongation during myopia development in a mouse model by inducing scleral ER stress and activation of the PERK/ATF6 pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • By definition, axial myopia is 'a myopic refractive state that can be attributed to excessive axial elongation' above and beyond the normal amount of axial length growth we expect to see as a child grows. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • Therefore, this study is based on the hypothesis that the postoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) improvement space of SHM may be larger than HM because of the poor CDVA preoperatively and that the postoperative axial elongation may be easier. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In routine cataract surgery, 75% to 90% of patients end up with a final refraction within ±1.00 D of the target refraction. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • We also studied whether there were differences between high-volume ophthalmology departments regarding how close they got to achieving the target refraction and whether there were any differences during the 6 years we observed. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • Why is the "target refraction" mentioned at all? (entokey.com)
  • 40. Clinical differences between toric intraocular lens (IOL) and monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation when myopia is determined as target refraction. (nih.gov)
  • While errors in AL measurement, K measurement and IOL power calculation show up in the immediate postoperative refraction, these errors are not the main source of unexpected refractive error. (aao.org)
  • 1-5 It has previously been reported that risk factors for deviating from the desired postoperative refraction include older age and use of a clear corneal incision. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • The objective of the study was to examine what factors were related to deviation from the desired postoperative refraction. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • The study's main outcome measure was the mean absolute prediction error, which we defined as the difference between the planned and the achieved postoperative refraction. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • In the study, 58.4% of patients were within ±0.50 D difference between planned and final postoperative refraction, and 83.8% of patients were within ±1.00 D. As in earlier studies, more women (n=15,214) had cataract surgery than men (n=8,030). (crstodayeurope.com)
  • If you target for −10.00 diopter (D) and the formula recommends a 35.0 D IOL predicting a postoperative refraction of -10.25 and the postoperative refraction is −9.88 D, then the prediction error is 0.37 D [(−10.25)−(−9.88)], not 0.12 D (from target). (entokey.com)
  • The only comparison should be the difference between the refractive error predicted by the formula (not the surgeon's target) and the actual postoperative refraction of the patient. (entokey.com)
  • Myopia typically results from a longer axial length of the eye, causing images to be defocused in front of the retina and faraway objects to appear blurry. (health.mil)
  • During the 4-year follow-up, non-cycloplegic refraction was evaluated twice each year, and the AL and CC were measured once every year. (nih.gov)
  • Outcome measures included cycloplegic refractions, axial length measurements, and results of parent questionnaires. (medscape.com)
  • To investigate the age range for which cycloplegia provides additional information compared with non-cycloplegic refraction in teenagers and young adults. (edu.au)
  • Pre- and postmission ophthalmic examinations, including cycloplegic refraction, dilated fundus examinations with fundus photos, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retinas and optic discs, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbits were carried out. (neurologyindia.com)
  • Thinner crystalline lenses were associated with more hyperopic relative peripheral refractions across refractive error groups, but failure of the lens to thin may account for the association between thicker lenses and more hyperopic relative peripheral refractions within a given refractive group. (arvojournals.org)
  • The mean group difference between pre- and postcycloplegic SER (post minus pre) was 0.17 ± 0.52 D and 0.12 ± 0.51 D for the right and left eyes, respectively, indicating that postcycloplegic refraction was generally more hyperopic/less myopic. (edu.au)
  • These ndings include optic disc swelling, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts in refraction. (neurologyindia.com)
  • The cornea, the lens, and the axial length of the eye are the main contributors to the eye's refraction capability. (medscape.com)
  • The total refractive power of an emmetropic (or normal length) eye is approximately 58 diopters (D), of which 43 D come from the cornea and the remaining 15 D from the lens, aqueous, and vitreous. (medscape.com)
  • We take into account in treatment planning not only what we have measured in refraction, but also what the topographer suggests in order to normalize the cornea," Dr. Kontari said. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • In the eye, refraction happens mainly at the surface of the cornea and at the surface of the lens. (patient.info)
  • Refraction at the front surface of the cornea accounts for about 80%, with the lens being responsible for most of the rest. (patient.info)
  • This arises as a result of physiological variation in the length of the eye or of an excessively curved cornea. (patient.info)
  • In myopia (nearsightedness), the point of focus is in front of the retina because the cornea is too steeply curved, the axial length of the eye is too long, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In hyperopia (farsightedness), the point of focus is behind the retina because the cornea is too flatly curved, the axial length is too short, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chromatic aberration comes from the change in the index of refraction of a lens material as the wavelength (color) of the light passing through it changes (see Fig. 2). (laserfocusworld.com)
  • Chromatic aberrations (longitudinal and lateral), caused by the change in index of refraction of the lens as the wavelength changes, focus the image at different points in both the axial and lateral directions. (laserfocusworld.com)
  • Visual acuity testing and refraction (determination of refractive error) as needed should be done every 1 or 2 years. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed which included visual acuity, refraction by autorefractometer, axial length by NIDEK AL-SCAN and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by optical coherence tomography (NIDEK RS 3000 LITE). (jebmh.com)
  • assessments of uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refractive error, axial length, intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial cell density, and vault were conducted, and a questionnaire was administered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, day-to-day measurement variability and the need to be able to perform refractions in children with induced cycloplegia require additional parameters for professional myopia management. (oculus.de)
  • Topcon's CV-5000S automated phoropter integrates with RDx remotely, allowing you to perform refractions from anywhere. (topconhealthcare.ca)
  • Our current recommendations, based on the latter approach, are shown in the table "Age at Cataract Surgery and Residual Refraction. (aao.org)
  • For Myopia, correct vision should be 6/6 in the better eye and 6/9 in the poorer eye, with maximum residual refraction of + 1.50 in either meridian. (visualaidscentre.com)
  • A preoperative AL-Scan?? (Nidek Co., Gamagori, Japan) was used to measure the axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • Repeated measures of axial length, anterior chamber depth, and greatest and least corneal radius of curvature (CR1, CR2, respectively) were taken in each eye. (edu.au)
  • Axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal radii of curvature were normally distributed. (edu.au)
  • Myopic eyes have excessive optical power for the axial length of the eyeball and so focus the image in front of the retina. (patient.info)
  • Hyperopia is usually due to a shorter axial length of the eye, causing an image to be defocused at a point behind the retina and resulting in distant objects being seen more clearly than objects that are near. (health.mil)
  • The expression level of Egr-1 gene in the retina down-regulates with the reduce of refraction in FL eyes, and its dynamic expressing change is consistent between the FD eyes and FL eyes. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • Phakic intraocular lenses are contraindicated in patients who do not have a stable refraction for at least 6 months or are 21 years of age or younger. (wikipedia.org)
  • Changes in refraction and axial length according to the viscosity of intraocular silicone oil. (ekjo.org)
  • 21. Early-stage clinical outcomes and rotational stability of TECNIS toric intraocular lens implantation in cataract cases with long axial length. (nih.gov)
  • If we're talking about cataract surgery, it's not a recovery surgery, no more, but it is a refractive surgery, obtaining less than a diopter in the calculation and the refraction after the surgery is considered a goal. (cybersight.org.cn)
  • For axial or longitudinal chromatic aberrations, different wavelengths focus at different distances from the lens. (laserfocusworld.com)
  • Effective lens position (ELP) is certain to have greater variability with the flanged technique because of inherent differences in sclerotomy length and radial needle placement and location. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • After this, in the child destined for emmetropia, the corneal curvature is quite stable while the growth of axial length is balanced by flattening of the crystalline lens. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • METHOD A matched cohort subgroup of 50 individuals with Down's syndrome in the Manchester area aged 15-22 years was studied by refraction, corneal topography, A-scan biometry, slit lamp examination, and orthoptic examination. (bmj.com)
  • The refractive state and axial length of the model eyes were measured by murine-specific eccentric infrared photorefraction and A-scan ultrasonography before modeling and 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks after modeling as well as 1 week after termination, respectively. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • Myopic refractive error and axial length both progressed significantly slower in children wearing the executive bifocals: around 50% less than single vision spectacles. (cehjournal.org)
  • As measured by the IOL master, the eye's axial length should not exceed 25.5 mm. (visualaidscentre.com)
  • Mean absolute error (MAE) and mean arithmetic error (MARE) were calculated using preoperative manifest refraction and postoperative manifest refraction. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • Four (40%) of ten category one articles, eight (80%) of ten category two articles, and all 13 category three articles used objective measures to identify myopia (refraction), whereas the remaining studies used questionnaires to identify myopia. (figshare.com)
  • Secondary outcome was a change in axial eye length (AXL) measured by partial coherence interferometry over 10 months. (edu.au)
  • The waveforms are synthetized with ray tracing for phase aberration, by which the properties of the skull bone are simplified for refraction calculation as those of either (i) the cortical bone or (ii) the mean of the entire skull bone, and the focusing accuracy is evaluated for each hypothesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • 5.00D) as eyes with axial lengths smaller than 26.5mm can still have pathological myopia signs. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • 22 mm short eyes and it also noted that the Holladay 2 requires the collection of much more data to achieve that accuracy, whereas the Hoffer Q only depends on axial length and corneal power. (entokey.com)
  • The large-scale Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) study found that children aged 6 to 14 who remained emmetropic showed an average of 0.1mm per year axial growth. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • What is the appropriate age cut-off for cycloplegia in refraction? (edu.au)
  • When the mission length of space travel increases, neuro-ophthalmic problems may increase. (neurologyindia.com)
  • Myopia occurs when the length of the eye, particularly the vitreous chamber, exceeds the focal length of the optical components that contribute to the refracting power of the eye. (arvojournals.org)
  • The results reveal minimal deviation (8.6, 3.9, and 3.2% in the three Cartesian coordinates) in the focal region and suggest that transcranial focusing deflections are caused mostly by ultrasonic refraction on the surface of the skull bone. (frontiersin.org)
  • An uncomplicated, stable LASIK or PRK operation for Myopia with steady refraction for six months after the procedure. (visualaidscentre.com)
  • I suggest using optical biometry (eg, the IOLMaster [Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA]) to measure axial length most accurately. (crstoday.com)
  • Moreover, one would expect ELP variance because the sclerotomy location remains 2.0 mm posterior to the limbus regardless of the axial length of each eye. (crstodayeurope.com)
  • Age and axial length did not influence test-retest variability of FAZA or SRVD. (arvojournals.org)
  • Characteristic findings in the brain and spinal cord include thin cerebral cortices with enlarged ventricles and increased extra-axial fluid collections, intracranial calcifications particularly between the cortex and subcortex, abnormal gyral patterns, absent or hypoplastic corpus callosum, hypoplasia of the cerebellum or cerebellar vermis, and hypoplasia of the ventral cord ( 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Axial length measurement is the gold standard for myopia management. (oculus.de)
  • Similarly, Rozema et al found that 7- to 9-year-old progressing myopes of Asian ethnicity experienced at least 0.3mm axial growth per year, slowing to around 0.2mm per year until the end of their measurement period of age 12-13. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • Impending myopia onset can be indicated by axial length growth of more than 0.2mm per year, and/or an absolute axial length value close to 24.1mm in boys and 23.7mm in girls. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • Axial length growth starts to accelerate before myopia onset and continues thereafter. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • In optical physics, the term 'refraction' describes the bending of light rays at the interface between two different transparent media. (patient.info)
  • The topographer doesn't have axial length data but it can provide more accurate data concerning the amount and axis of the astigmatism. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • They have subsequently reported significant benefits to this principle even in routine myopic LASIK cases, a technique they call topography-modified refraction 2, where adjustment of the treatment cylinder amount and axis is done based on the topographic data. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • The axial length of the eye can be measured accurately and independently of accommodation. (oculus.de)
  • These authors found that in European children, the average final axial length for females was around 23mm and males 23.5mm, with this gender size difference emerging around age 5 and persisting thereafter. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • Before age 10, axial growth in emmetropizing children is usually in the range of 0.1 to 0.2mm per year. (myopiaprofile.com)
  • Show that at a given distance from the centre of a short electric dipole, the magnitude of electric field intensity on the axial line is twice that of the equatorial line. (hsc.co.in)