Reduction and refinement of animal testing animal testing alternatives. Medical search. Frequent questions

Additionally, it has been debated that the results of animal experimentation are unreliable across a wide range of areas. (bartleby.com)
Therefore, the potential benefits of animal experimentation are greatly outweighed by the risks and collective harm of humans and animals which is why resources should be directed towards more human-based testing procedures. (bartleby.com)
The moral dispute for using living things in experiments and testing pivots on the idea that animals are inferior to humans because they are not as intellectual as human beings and are incapable of reasoning (Animal Experimentation 1). (freeessaycollection.com)
Some people believe that this conclusion has a defect in that if we were to follow it, testing could begin on the mentally disabled or on children (Animal Experimentation 1). (freeessaycollection.com)
As human beings, we do not base value or give rights to people based on their intellectuality (Animal Experimentation 1). (freeessaycollection.com)
Is France making fun of the regulation on animal experimentation? (eurogroupforanimals.org)
and finally to improve the conditions of accommodation for animals, while respecting their vital and social needs (if a cage life can meet these needs), and the conditions for experimentation (mastery of pain, etc. (eurogroupforanimals.org)
Replacement Developing all-new forms of experimentation that do not use animals. (planetvermont.com)
Best Friends Magazine reported in its September/October 1999 issue that experimentation on animals has declined markedly in the last six years. (planetvermont.com)
The 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) refers to three goals: to replace animal experimentation with a procedure that does not involve animals, to reduce the number of animal experiments to an absolute minimum, and to improve procedures to minimise the impact on the quality of life of animals. (usi.ch)
The new facility will enable our work to reach out in new directions, so that we will be able to maintain our position at the forefront of research on alternatives to animal experimentation. (newatlas.com)
The Act includes provisions on protecting farm animals and animals involved in experimentation from suffering. (worldanimalprotection.org)
As far as the European Commission is concerned, it has tried, unsuccessfully, to limit the impact of the Directive, by ascertaining that the ban should only concern the ability to resort to animal experimentation within the European boundaries, to the exclusion of a marketing ban [9] . (jlpp.org)
Progress in the reduction, refinement and replacement of animal experimentation: Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Bologna, Italy, 29 August to 2 September, 1999. (cabi.org)

Sections 2 and 3 on animal husbandry and the killing of animals), whilst others also include cold-blooded animals, amphibians, reptiles, and cephalopods (e.g. (worldanimalprotection.org)
Social housing of large primates: methodology for refinement of husbandry and management. (cabi.org)
Refinement of gerbil housing and husbandry in the laboratory. (cabi.org)
Refinement in rabbit housing and husbandry. (cabi.org)

Committing to the 3R spirit (i.e. reduction, replacement and refinement of the use of animals in research), the development and implementation of alternative test methods to animal testing has gradually become a global trend. (nhri.org.tw)
It requires the 'three R' principles of reduction, replacement and refinement' to be adhered to in the conduct and planning of animals studies. (org.gh)

Lastly, animal testing not only leads away from the direction of resources from more effective testing methods but also prolongs the duration of time humans may need to wait for an effective cure. (bartleby.com)
Some believe the sacrifice is worth the gains, but others disagree and suggest other testing methods. (bartleby.com)
and the optimisation and validation of novel or existing methods for use as non-animal alternatives. (sagepub.com)
Contributing to a proposal to update OECD Test Guideline 496 for in vitro test methods to identify eye irritants to add the OptiSafe test method to the guideline. (nih.gov)
The International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM) was created to foster dialog among national validation organizations. (nih.gov)
ICCVAM is an interagency committee of the U.S. government that coordinates technical reviews of alternative test methods and cross-agency activities relating to validation, acceptance, and harmonization of test methods. (nih.gov)
EURL ECVAM coordinates the validation of alternative test methods in the European Union. (nih.gov)
JaCVAM (Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods) coordinates the evaluation of alternative test methods for the Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences, its parent organization. (nih.gov)
AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, tuberculosis and autoimmune diseases such as MS. At the same time, we also expend a great deal of energy on the development of testing methods that do not involve animal testing. (bprc.nl)
For this reason, every department in our institute seeks to develop alternative research methods . (bprc.nl)
Moreover, there is a special unit at BPRC that carries out research on alternative methods. (bprc.nl)
BPRC researchers are working hard to develop methods which will help us preserve endangered species in an animal-friendly manner. (bprc.nl)
For this reason, BPRC is very active in the development of alternative methods which do not involve animal testing. (bprc.nl)
To assess whether and how exposure to chemical substances can impact our health and the environment, European and national regulatory authorities rely on the results from several testing methods, including animal testing, when performing their safety assessment. (env-health.org)
As long as alternative methods validated and accepted for regulatory use are not available, and without the full implementation of a precautionary approach, animal tests are the only viable way to assess whether or not a chemical is hazardous to our health or the environment. (env-health.org)
Why is animal testing still being used for chemical safety testing today, while alternative methods already exist and more are being developed? (env-health.org)
In the list below you will find a selection of foundations and organizations in alphabetical order which support the development of non-animal methods of research. (invitrojobs.com)
The research must genuinely contribute to the replacement of animals with other methods. (invitrojobs.com)
The State Government supports the development of new, non-animal research methods and approaches to reducing the number of animals and the stress for the animals with a funding program. (invitrojobs.com)
Besides work, which directly reduces the number and impact of experimental animals such scientific projects are also eligibly dealing with the evaluation of methods to reduce animal experiments, or work targeting to improve the detection of these methods or methods which give an ethical review of animal experiments. (invitrojobs.com)
Several grants available for the development & application of human-relevant, animal-free methods in research and teaching are available. (invitrojobs.com)
Available materials from all past meetings of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Alternative Toxicological Methods can be found on the Past SACATM Meetings page on the NTP website. (nih.gov)
Refinement Utilizing testing methods that alleviate or minimize pain and distress. (planetvermont.com)
We also call them non-animal methods, or by the acronym NAMs in research, safety testing, and drug development. (bwfund.org)
Scientists hope that by developing the use of cell and tissue cultures, computer modelling, cell and molecular biology, epidemiology and other methods, they will one day be able to completely remove animals from medical research - while still maintaining crucial work to defeat diseases that affect millions of people. (newatlas.com)
FRAME advocates the use of alternative methods to animal testing, through the use of the 'Three Rs' - refinement, reduction and replacement. (newatlas.com)
Refinement of procedures so that the suffering of any animals necessarily used is minimised, reduction of the number of animals used to an unavoidable minimum, and ultimately replacement of animals altogether with validated alternative methods such as cell cultures and computer modelling. (newatlas.com)
Although not motivated by animal welfare, the 2007 US National Research Council report on Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy (NRC, 2007) provided scientific support for the use of alternatives to animal testing, proposing the use of cheaper and faster test methods to markedly increase the number of environmental agents that could be evaluated. (altex.org)
In parallel, the availability of an increasing number of new approach methodologies (NAMs), coupled with increasing regulatory acceptance of these alternative test methods, provides unprecedented opportunities for replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use in toxicity testing. (altex.org)
Recent value-of-information analyses suggest that rapid, cost-effective alternative test methods can be advantageous in supporting earlier chemical risk decisions. (altex.org)
The challenge of evidence integration can be viewed in two directions, i.e., retrospectively, where different types of existing evidence need to be integrated, or prospectively, where different methods of evidence generation are combined in an integrated testing strategy often referred to as an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA). (altex.org)
Collectively, the proceedings of these three workshops will provide a foundation for expanded use of alternative test methods in evidence integration. (altex.org)
The following videos are selected presentations focusing on advancing 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use) methods and technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic. (usda.gov)
To follow the priorities of the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), one of which concerns the Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement of animals, the ICCVAM organized a Workshop on at the NIH in September, 2011. (researchadministrationdigest.com)
The goals of this Workshop included reviewing the current alternative methods in vaccine science, identify knowledge gaps, and determine ways to address these gaps through research, development and validation. (researchadministrationdigest.com)
Alternative approaches are sometimes termed 'new approach methodologies', 'non-animal methods' (NAMs) or 'non-animal technologies' (NATs). (parliament.uk)
The NC3Rs strategy 2022 to 2024 says the organisation's aims include "expanding the focus on replacement technologies" by investing in non-animal methods. (parliament.uk)
Other organisations, including universities, which undertake medical research using animals have drawn attention to the limitations of non-animal methods. (parliament.uk)
However, even with the significant animal welfare benefits provided by the LLNA, there is interest still in the development of non-animal test methods for skin sensitization. (cdc.gov)
The focus of his Unit is on the development, evaluation and promotion of new integrated methods for the safety assessment of chemicals and nanomaterials that do not require testing on animals. (sciencemediahub.eu)
While in-vitro methods and computer simulations have made considerable strides in recent years, these alternatives still do not have the capacity to fully replicate the complex biochemical interactions that occur within living organisms. (jalingo.co)
For promoting the alternatives to animal testing in Taiwan, we have built a website - Taiwan Alternatives to Animal Testing (TAAT) served as an internet platform updating the latest information and knowledge of alternative testing methods for the publics and the specific users involved in this field. (nhri.org.tw)
The animal testing carried out by the UCLM complies with legal standards and is reviewed by an animal testing ethics committee which promotes use of alternative methods, a reduction in the number of animals used, and refinement of testing procedures. (uclm.es)
The agreement commits signee organizations, over 80 institutions, to share information transparently and to nurture communication about animal research to provide the public with all information about the reasons, methods and breakthroughs in knowledge that this creates and which justifies the use of animals in scientific research. (uclm.es)
Despite the Commission's hinderance, a marketing as well as a testing ban came into effect in 2009, but this prohibition merely applies to specific tests for which alternative testing methods have already been validated. (jlpp.org)
Of course, the Directive itself provided for a possible delay of the prohibition [10] in the event of a failure to develop alternative testing methods, but it seems that the Commission has abused its prerogative, as it has postponed the ban's deadline once too many times. (jlpp.org)
Tamara Vanhaecke is Full Professor Toxicology and Head of the Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) at the faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), that is striving for excellence in the domain of 3R alternative methods, referring to the Reduction, Replacement, Refinement of animal use in research and (regulatory) testing. (twinalt.com)
In order to improve the welfare of captive wild animals used in research, it is necessary to apply methods that minimize the stress to which the animals are constantly subjected. (bvsalud.org)

The great news is that there will be Commonwealth legislation on July 1st 2020 which will ban any testing on animals for cosmetics. (hempco.net.au)
2021 saw a drop in the number of animals used and reported to the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) compared to 2020 (5,067,778 animals) and 2019 (4,562,552 animals). (newsmagzines.com)
This number has reduced slightly from the 573,502 tested in 2020. (newsmagzines.com)
This informational website "Taiwan Alternatives to Animal Testing" is under the General Project of Science and Technology -「Establishment of Alternatives Testing Capacity and International Collaboration Mechanism」(2020-2023) supported by grant of Council of Agriculture (CoA), Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (nhri.org.tw)
We are now in 2012, and the Commission recently asserted that for the scientific tests concerning the most complex health effects, a 2020 deadline was optimistic and even refused to establish a timeline [12] . (jlpp.org)
Strategic milestones for 2020 and 2025 include reduction in malaria case incidence and mortality rates of at least 40% and 75%, respectively, and elimination of malaria in at least 10 and 20 countries that were malaria endemic, respectively. (who.int)

The Humane Society is working to decrease the use of animals in laboratories by promoting the advancement of affective alternative approaches. (bartleby.com)
As of today, using non-animal approaches such as in vitro tests on cells might be informative regarding certain elements of this definition, for instance to elucidate the endocrine mode of action of a chemical. (env-health.org)
That is why non-animal approaches such as in vitro tests cannot be used on their own to meet regulatory definitions of certain endpoints. (env-health.org)
Also eligible are scientific approaches to develop animal-free courses of studies in the life sciences. (invitrojobs.com)
USI Pro-Rector for Research Prof. Patrick Gagliardini talks about USI's commitment to reduce, where possible, the use of animal experiments by replacing them with alternative models, bringing concrete examples of approaches to achieve this goal. (usi.ch)
Recognizing and integrating NAMs as an equally important evidence stream, alongside human findings and animal studies, is the first step towards leveraging these new toxicity testing approaches for risk assessment. (altex.org)
It is anticipated that this will be of value to other investigators in the evaluation and calibration of novel approaches to skin-sensitization testing. (cdc.gov)
It is hoped that this dataset will accelerate the development, evaluation and eventual validation of new approaches to skin-sensitization testing. (cdc.gov)
Whelan is co-chair of the OECD Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics that is responsible for the OECD programme on Adverse Outcome Pathways and is a member of the Steering Committee of the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA). (sciencemediahub.eu)
Just over 60 years later, it is timely to review progress to date and the future outlook regarding alternative approaches to animal testing. (sciencemediahub.eu)

This database, created in 2000, is updated every three months with newly published scientific articles, books, and other publications related to improving or safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research. (awionline.org)
Proponents assert that humans have a moral duty to protect the welfare of animals used in testing. (jalingo.co)
However, when the welfare of animals is enhanced through successful enrichment programmes, a reduction in the number of animals needed can be expected, because fewer animals might be lost during the course of experiments. (cabi.org)
The IACUC of the CSIR will have oversight responsibility on the welfare of animals used in research and ensure the protection of research animal care and use. (org.gh)

The benefits are significant in fulfilling the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) to reduce the number of animals used in in vivo experiments," she explained. (ugm.ac.id)
For human health hazard assessment these screening assays need to be translational to humans, have high throughput capability, and from an animal welfare perspective be harmonized with the principles of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement). (nih.gov)
This sets out researchers' legal responsibilities and the key principles following the '3R' (replacement, reduction and refinement) framework. (parliament.uk)
In 1959, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique was published by Russell and Burch, introducing the 3Rs concept (replacement, reduction, and refinement) regarding animal use in the scientific community. (sciencemediahub.eu)
By complying with existing regulations, employing the principles of the 'Three Rs,' and using animals only when alternatives are not available, human researchers can uphold their obligations towards animal welfare while still reaping the benefits of scientific discovery. (jalingo.co)
It subscribes to the ethics of only supporting studies which promise to contribute to the understanding of biology and environmental principles to the acquisition of knowledge that can reasonably be expected to benefit humans, animals and the environment. (org.gh)
These uphold the principles and practice of using the most humane method of the smallest number of animal that will permit valid scientific information to be acquired. (org.gh)
Ensure that experiments on animals are avoided whenever it is possible to do so and propagate the principles of 3Rs (Reduce, Refine & Replace the use of animals in experiments). (org.gh)

For instance, behavioral analogues of anxiety or pain in laboratory animals can be used to screen and test new drugs for the treatment of these conditions in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA) is an established peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the Three Rs - the reduction, refinement and replacement of animals in research and testing. (sagepub.com)
ATLA is a peer-reviewed journal, intended to cover all aspects of the development, validation, implementation and use of alternatives to laboratory animals in biomedical research and toxicity testing. (sagepub.com)
The revision of European housing guidelines for laboratory animals: expectations from the point of view of animal welfare. (cabi.org)
The housing guidelines for laboratory animals laid down in Appendix A of the European Convention for the protection of laboratory animals ETS 123 have been taken over in an Annex of Council Directive 86/609/EEC . (cabi.org)
Laboratory animals should be able to live, grow, produce and interact under conditions and circumstances in which their species specific needs are met. (org.gh)
Ensure that experiments on larger animals are avoided when it is possible to achieve the same results by experiments upon small laboratory animals like guinea-pigs, rabbits, frogs, rats, mice and pottery. (org.gh)
Stress produces physiological changes that may interfere with the results of laboratory experiments, and voluntary cooperation through learning may minimize the anxiety experienced by laboratory animals. (bvsalud.org)

The increase in knowledge of the genomes of non-human primates and other mammals that are genetically close to humans is allowing the production of genetically engineered animal tissues, organs and even animal species which express human diseases, providing a more robust model of human diseases in an animal model. (wikipedia.org)
Why is animal testing involving primates still necessary? (bprc.nl)
Numerous medical advances have followed experimental research with animals, including cyclosporin, a potent anti-rejection drug developed using primates, and insulin, which was developed using dogs. (spiked-online.com)

Although biological activity in an animal model does not ensure an effect in humans, many drugs, treatments and cures for human diseases are developed in part with the guidance of animal models. (wikipedia.org)
Homologous animals have the same causes, symptoms and treatment options as would humans who have the same disease. (wikipedia.org)
According to the US-based foundation of Biomedical Research, animal testing has made a major advance within the last century- for veterinary health and humans. (bartleby.com)
However animal testing has saved thousands of humans lives. (bartleby.com)
In this country, Corrositex, a new non-animal skin that s endorsed by the National Institutes of Health, is being used to test the toxic effects on humans of corrosive substances. (planetvermont.com)
Animal experiments are cruel and the results very rarely apply to humans, we are different species after all. (hempco.net.au)
Or do you think animal testing is still necessary to regulate harmful substances that can have adverse effects on humans? (paperwriting.wiki)
The charity is seeking reliable, scientifically proven ways forward which take account of the welfare of both humans and animals, without jeopardising the ground-breaking work on the major healthcare challenges of the 21st century taking place at research centres around the world. (newatlas.com)
The results of these studies also provided reassurance that none of the Piperazines tested are likely to have any significant developmental and/or reproductive toxicity issues to humans when used in their commercial applications. (nih.gov)
The Zebrafish has similar genetics to humans, so they are commonly used in genetic testing. (newsmagzines.com)
The inclusion of cattle may be surprising, but a total of 406,172 cattle were used in animal tests in 2021 due to their similar organ size and reproductive systems to humans. (newsmagzines.com)
The briefing draws attention to the potential for human-specific medical research techniques to provide "results that are directly relevant to humans" without the need to translate research results from animals to people. (parliament.uk)
Here, we provide a dataset of chemicals that have been tested in the LLNA and the activity of which correspond with what is known of their potential to cause skin sensitization in humans. (cdc.gov)
Lastly, proponents of animal testing highlight the evolutionary and biological similarities between animals and humans. (jalingo.co)
Since many animals share a significant portion of their DNA with humans and exhibit similar physiological responses, animal testing can provide researchers with valuable insights into human biology and disease mechanisms. (jalingo.co)
In summary, advocates of animal testing maintain its ethical status based on its contributions to human safety and health, the responsible treatment of animals utilized in testing, and the evolutionary and biological similarities between animals and humans. (jalingo.co)
From a moral standpoint, critics of animal testing argue that inflicting suffering and harm on sentient beings is unjust, even if it is intended to benefit humans. (jalingo.co)
They believe that humans do not have the right to subject animals to painful or harmful procedures, regardless of potential scientific advances or benefits. (jalingo.co)
Regan argues that using animals instrumentally is wrong because animals share important psychological states and dispositions with humans (1). (spiked-online.com)

New Approach Methodologies) in biomedical research must have demonstrable potential to replace and reduce animal use in this field. (invitrojobs.com)
The project must be developing and/or using NAMs, the applicant needs to demonstrate how the additional funding will allow the project to reach its potential in helping to replace animal experiments in biomedical research. (invitrojobs.com)

The animal testing of cosmetics began in the early 1930 s in response to a lady using Lash Lure mascara on her eyelashes (All 1). (freeessaycollection.com)
Last year, some 900 scientists from around the world met in Bologna, Italy, and formulated a plan that would drastically reduce the number of animals used in medical experiments, biology and veterinary classes, and cosmetics testing. (planetvermont.com)
Cleaning products, cosmetics, chemicals and drugs can easily be tested using this method. (hempco.net.au)
In Australia, the law doesn't say that testing animals for cosmetics are required, companies just have to show that the product is safe. (hempco.net.au)
However, currently, there is no testing of animals for cosmetics, but it does happen for other things such as cleaning products. (hempco.net.au)
Banned testing cosmetics, toiletries, alcohol and tobacco on animals. (blogspot.com)
80% of Canadians support the end of cosmetics testing. (newsmagzines.com)
82% of Canadians felt that Canada should be leading in the ban on cosmetics animal testing. (newsmagzines.com)
84% agreed that cosmetics companies should ensure they don't test their products on animals. (newsmagzines.com)
One compelling aspect is that animal testing can significantly contribute to the safety and efficacy of consumer products, such as cosmetics, household items, and pharmaceuticals. (jalingo.co)
For years, many advanced countries have been dedicating in the development and verification and adoption of non-animal alternatives for chemical safety assessment in regulatory use, such as industrial chemicals, pesticides, animal drugs, food and feed additives, and cosmetics. (nhri.org.tw)
People who advocate animal rights [3] have acclaimed the European legislation on animal testing in the cosmetics industry, but one should not be too quick to cry victory. (jlpp.org)
She also has several research collaborations with Sciensano (Belgian public institution for public and animal health) that address toxicity concerns related to different types of consumer products including e-cigarettes, food contact materials, cosmetics and feminine intimate products. (twinalt.com)

Although scientific study of animals predates Charles Darwin by several hundred years, the primary justification for the use of animals in research is based on the evolutionary principle that all organisms share some degree of relatedness and genetic similarity due to common ancestry. (wikipedia.org)
This practice adheres to the principle of the 'Three Rs' - reduction, refinement, and replacement - aimed at minimizing the use of animals in experiments and ensuring their humane treatment when used. (jalingo.co)
Article 13 of the TFEU is a fundamentally important principle, providing a legal recognition of sentience and requirement for member states to pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals when formulating and implementing European policy. (worldanimalprotection.org)
Given the extensive body of scientific evidence proving that animals are sentient, the Government of Germany is urged to recognise that all animals for whom there is scientific evidence - at a minimum, all vertebrates, cephalopods and decapods crustaceans - are sentient beings and to enshrine this principle into legislation. (worldanimalprotection.org)
The 3Rs principle for the replacement, reduction and refinement of animal testing was first described in 1959 by the scientists Russell and Burch as key strategies of a systematic framework to achieve humane experimental techniques. (douglasconnect.com)

It is of relevance to research scientists, academics, and those involved in regulatory affairs or in the field of animal ethics. (sagepub.com)
All stakeholders involved in chemical regulatory discussions share the long-term goal of moving away from animal testing. (env-health.org)
Today, European and national regulatory authorities assess the safety of chemicals on the basis of a variety of information, including scientific literature as well as tests performed in vivo (on living organisms such as rodents, fish, amphibians), in vitro on isolated cells or tissues, and increasingly in silico (using computer models). (env-health.org)
However, fish embryos are not yet accepted as an alternative for regulatory purposes. (hugin.com)
These are strongly supported by regulatory restrictions on the use of animals in toxicity testing (e.g. (altex.org)
5% of category E experiments were done for regulatory testing purposes. (newsmagzines.com)

Moreover, lecturers based in Berlin who train students and scientists in the use of animal-free NAMs can apply for a NAMs Teaching Grant (€5,000 each) to equip and run their teaching labs. (invitrojobs.com)
In terms of the paper, I'd been thinking a while about writing an article examining the NAMs and animal research question, and after the second roundtable was finished, I was scratching my head and said, you know, these conversations should have some place in the piece. (bwfund.org)
I wanted to have the roundtables because to me there has been this needless argument between folks on one side who are endorsing animal use, and folks on another side, and it really is that polarizing at times-folks on the other side, who are in favor of NAMS. (bwfund.org)
So they came, and who I mean by "they" are academics and industry who are working with NAMs, government regulators, government funders, venture capital, philanthropy, venture or otherwise, animal research advocacy, and animal protection. (bwfund.org)
The integration of data from multiple lines of evidence affords an opportunity for expanded use of animal alternatives, in that if adequate information to support evidence-based risk assessment can be derived from NAMs, the requirements for animal test data can be reduced. (altex.org)

European legislations require Reduction, Replacement or Refinement of animal testing wherever possible. (hugin.com)
These moral and philosophical considerations have even started to reflect in different countries' legislations, but the level of protection awarded to animals is highly uneven, and unfortunately insufficient. (jlpp.org)

The practice of using animals for testing has been debated for many decades. (bartleby.com)
On Sept. 10, the Environmental Protection Agency said it would move away from requiring the testing of potentially harmful chemicals on animals, a decision that was hailed by animal rights groups but criticized by environmentalists and researchers who said the practice was necessary to rigorously safeguard human health. (paperwriting.wiki)
The practice of testing with animals has long prompted complex debates driven by passionate views on morality and scientific imperative. (paperwriting.wiki)
Like most of the public, we want the practice of wild animals travelling around the country for entertainment banned. (blogspot.com)
The ethical debate surrounding animal testing continues to divide opinions, with many individuals and organizations endorsing the practice based on its various benefits in advancing human knowledge and improving public health. (jalingo.co)
Despite the support and justifications given for animal testing, there are also strong arguments against its use as an ethical practice. (jalingo.co)
Dr Philip Wright, director of science and technology at the ABPI said: 'The UK-based pharmaceutical industry is already at the forefront of investment and development of the 3Rs, but the government's intention to build on the excellent work of the Centre for Best Practice in Animal Research (CBPAR) is very welcome. (spiked-online.com)

Using examples from a recent National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council symposium, which brought together tissue engineers and scientists from other research communities, this review highlights the potential of tissue engineering to provide scientifically robust alternatives to animals to address basic research questions and improve drug and chemical development in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. (norecopa.no)
Her professional career has been spent in the animal protection and research environments, notably occupying positions as the Medical Director for New York City's Animal Care Centers, and now as the Alternatives Director for Coridea, LLC, a premier biotechnology incubator based in New York. (bwfund.org)

Test Guideline 498, In Vitro Phototoxicity - Reconstructed Human Epidermis Phototoxicity Test Method , was adopted in June 2021. (nih.gov)
US EPA, 2021), which are driving a continued decline in the use of animals for toxicity testing worldwide. (altex.org)
In 2021, birds were the third most common animal tested, with 12% of the total animals tested being birds (444,596 individuals). (newsmagzines.com)
Fish accounted for one-third of all animals tested in Canada in 2021, second to mice. (newsmagzines.com)

Animals are used by scientists to develop research for new medications and experiments daily. (bartleby.com)
They choose animals that have a life span of two to three years because that allows the scientists to observe what happens during the "fast forward" stage. (bartleby.com)
When scientists begin to take advantage of prisoners or abuse their rights, their tests become irrelevant. (bartleby.com)
Under the direction of a Nobel Prize winner, scientists have developed a technological marvel called the ECIS 100 machine that can study the toxic effects of a variety of substances on cells without requiring any research on animals. (planetvermont.com)
The UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) ,an independent body funded by UK research councils and charitable and commercial organisations, works with scientists to "replace, refine and reduce" the use of animals in research and testing. (parliament.uk)
Scientists who support a new centre for researching alternatives to animal testing have their priorities all wrong. (spiked-online.com)
Judging by the response of many scientists and other interested parties to Lord Sainsbury's proposal for a UK centre to develop alternatives to using animals in medical research (2), Regan's ideas now command a significant amount of support. (spiked-online.com)
They are applicable to all CSIR staff who are occupationally involved in the production, care and use of laboratory animal and to scientists and educators whose research, teaching and testing on is done in collaboration with CSIR or with financial other support from CSIR and its employees. (org.gh)

Due to experiments on animals we have treatments for diabetics, tuberculosis, breast cancer, malaria and brain injuries. (bartleby.com)
According to Directive 2010/63/EU, project proposals involving experiments on animals have to be approved in a harm-benefit-analysis (HBA) that weighs the potential benefits of the experiment against the harm inflicted on animals. (mdpi.com)
There is no substitute for carrying out experiments on animals and it is dishonest to suggest otherwise. (spiked-online.com)

Serology testing should play a larger role as a way to minimize challenge testing. (researchadministrationdigest.com)

Typically defended by arguments of reliability and human health benefits, recently the question of ethics and values placed on animal testing have caused it to become a relevant and pressing topic that has been more widely discussed and debated. (bartleby.com)
The UK Medical Research Council (MRC) says it funds research using animals only whenever no viable non-animal alternatives exist and approved by relevant ethics committees. (parliament.uk)

Secondly, proponents contend that there are no viable alternatives to animal testing that would provide the same depth of understanding. (jalingo.co)
In conclusion, proponents of animal testing argue that it is ethical because it is essential for scientific progress, there are no viable alternatives, and strict regulations ensure the animals' welfare. (jalingo.co)

While all stakeholders engaged on chemicals share the goal to progressively eliminate tests performed on animals and core pieces of EU legislation on chemicals refer to this goal, it is unfortunately currently not possible to fully do without them for several reasons that are detailed further below. (env-health.org)
However, in vitro tests alone do not allow us to assess complex adverse effects that chemicals may have on an organism, for example, effects on the brain or the metabolism across generations. (env-health.org)
The E.P.A. recently said it would move away from requiring the testing of potentially harmful chemicals on animals. (paperwriting.wiki)
The agency said it would also invest $4.25 million in projects at four universities and a medical center that are developing alternate ways of testing chemicals that do not involve animals. (paperwriting.wiki)
The E.P.A. has for decades required testing on a variety of animals - including rats, dogs, birds and fish - to gauge their toxicity before the chemicals can be bought, sold or used in the environment. (paperwriting.wiki)
But Dr. Woodruff, who worked at the E.P.A. from 1994 to 2007, said only animal testing - a process honed over decades - was robust enough to gauge chemicals' impacts on people of various ages, genetics and health backgrounds. (paperwriting.wiki)
We want proper animal testing because we don't want harmful chemicals to end up in our food, air and water. (paperwriting.wiki)
Do you support the decision by the E.P.A. to move away from requiring the testing of potentially harmful chemicals on animals? (paperwriting.wiki)
The FRAME Alternatives Laboratory has deservedly earned an international reputation for its contributions to the development and validation of non-animal procedures to replace animal tests on chemicals and products of various kinds. (newatlas.com)
New consumer products, medicines, and industrial and agricultural chemicals must be adequately tested in order to identify potential hazards to human and animal health, and to the environment. (newatlas.com)
To enable selection of novel chemicals for new processes, there is a recognized need for alternative toxicity screening assays to assess potential risks to man and the environment. (nih.gov)
To try to overcome some of these limitations in this study, we have used Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) and Danio rerio embryos (zebrafish) as alternative assays for DART hazard assessment of some candidate chemicals being considered for a new commercial application. (nih.gov)
rate identification of skin-sensitization hazard, LLNA protocol and chemicals tested. (cdc.gov)

Important progress is currently being made in the development of in vitro and in silico tests, but they will not be fit to address the complexity of the assessment of adverse effects on organisms before a long time. (env-health.org)
The accreditation process includes a comprehensive assessment of the overall program of animal care. (awionline.org)
The workshop was jointly organized by the McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment at the University of Ottawa and the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at Johns Hopkins University. (altex.org)

The use of fish embryos for toxicity testing is considered a promising alternative to the use of juvenile or adult fish. (hugin.com)

making the use of vertebrate animals particularly productive. (wikipedia.org)
It recognizes that all vertebrate animals are protected by law and that it may be an offense to kill or interfere with the well-being of the animals for scientific and educational purpose without justification which is ratified by a formal process ethical review. (org.gh)
The committee would also have an oversight responsibility over investigators, whose research activities involve the use and care of vertebrate animals and also promote the humane care and use of animals in biomedical and behavioral research as well as product testing and to ensure that these institutions and organization evaluate their animal facilities in regard to the maintenance of acceptable standards for the care, use and treatment of such animals. (org.gh)

Is it ethical, some board members ask, for a humane society to at the least condone and at the most encourage the mistreatment of animals in the name of profits? (planetvermont.com)
We are really excited as this has been something we've wanted for quite some time," said Kitty Block, the president and chief executive of the Humane Society of the United States, an animal protection organization. (paperwriting.wiki)
Kathleen Conlee, the vice president of animal research issues at the Humane Society, said the E.P.A.'s move is "broad-sweeping and significant. (paperwriting.wiki)
Additional recommendations included identifying earlier humane endpoints to avoid pain and discomfort in animal vaccine research. (researchadministrationdigest.com)
Independent reviews at specified time intervals the research facility's program for the humane care and use of animals. (org.gh)

Reduction Devising new procedures that either do not require animals or, at the very least, use them more efficiently. (planetvermont.com)
We can protect human health and the environment by using cutting-edge, ethically sound science in our decision-making that efficiently and cost-effectively evaluates potential effects without animal testing," Mr. Wheeler said in a memo announcing the changes. (paperwriting.wiki)
By testing these products on animals, researchers can efficiently and accurately determine potential adverse effects and ensure that they are safe for human use. (jalingo.co)

Roughly ninety-five percent of all lab animals are special-bred mice and rats. (bartleby.com)

The use of animal models allows researchers to investigate disease states in ways which would be inaccessible in a human patient, performing procedures on the non-human animal that imply a level of harm that would not be considered ethical to inflict on a human. (wikipedia.org)
For example, in the EOC's Regenerative Medicine Lab, such models are created using innovative technologies such as 3D printing: researchers have replicated a portion of bone, in which they have tested drugs against bone metastases from breast cancer and potential new therapies for pediatric bone cancers. (usi.ch)
These studies based on computer simulations have made it possible to significantly narrow down the pool of promising drugs, facilitating the task of other researchers who will then proceed to the animal and clinical testing phases necessary for the approval and launch of the new drug. (usi.ch)
An immunology research project funded by the SNSF and led by USI researchers uses artificial intelligence techniques that allow the automated reuse of animal images, thus reducing the number of new experiments. (usi.ch)
Another recommendation recognized the need for increased harmonization between human and veterinary researchers to seek alternative models. (researchadministrationdigest.com)
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) has produced guidance for researchers on the use of animals in research . (parliament.uk)
The MRC also requires researchers to consider the "3Rs" and demonstrate that they are using an appropriate animal model and number of animals. (parliament.uk)
Many countries have guidelines in place to ensure that pain and suffering are minimized, and researchers are required to explore alternative solutions that cause less harm before turning to animal testing. (jalingo.co)
The University of Castilla-La Mancha also ensures that, both the staff in charge of caring for the animals and the researchers involved in testing, have the necessary training and knowledge and are committed to providing the required resources for maintaining the test animals correctly as regards their facilities, maintenance, welfare and vetinary care. (uclm.es)

The "Alternatives" refer to implementation of in vitro tests, in chemico analysis, or in silico modeling for toxicity prediction, instead of using in vivo or animal tests. (nhri.org.tw)

There is no need to test on animals as there are plenty of ways to test products that don't involve animals. (hempco.net.au)

Established the National Centre for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of Animals in Research which provides research into alternatives to animal testing. (blogspot.com)

EURL ECVAM (European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing) is a unit within the Institute of Health and Consumer Protection in the European Union's Joint Research Centre. (nih.gov)
Professor Maurice Whelan is head of EURL ECVAM (European Union Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing (EURL ECVAM) at the JRC (Joint Research Centre of the European Comission) in Ispra, Italy. (sciencemediahub.eu)
The British centre will be based on the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) (3) in Baltimore, USA, which was set up in 1981 - and will be called the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research. (spiked-online.com)
Aziz's objection to the centre is based on the only widely accepted argument in favour of animal research, which is that animal research is vital to the development of new medicines and other therapies. (spiked-online.com)

This page includes links to selected events organized by NICEATM and others since 2010 relevant to the replacement, reduction, or refinement of animal use in testing and research. (nih.gov)

Animal models can also be more broadly classified into four categories: 1) experimental, 2) spontaneous, 3) negative, 4) orphan. (wikipedia.org)
Negative models essentially refer to control animals, which are useful for validating an experimental result. (wikipedia.org)
The grounds for the university´s attachment to this is that part of the scientific work carried out by the UCLM, in the areas of health sciences and experimental sciences, is done using animal testing in their studies. (uclm.es)
Refinement of animal sourcing, animal care practices and experimental procedures to minimized or remove physical and psychological distress within the limitations imposed by the requirements of the research. (org.gh)

This is the 5th volume of selected discussions that took place on the electronic Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum between February 2016 and December 2019. (awionline.org)
2019. Research with agricultural animals and wildlife. (awionline.org)

Indeed, if the commonly named "Cosmetic Directive" [4] , a legislation originally designed to provide a uniform level of health protection in the member states, has, as early as in 1993, started taking animal welfare into account by way of a revolutionary provision foreseeing a complete ban on animal testing, its implementation has proved quite disappointing. (jlpp.org)

OECD test guidelines are used by government, industry, and independent laboratories of the 38 OECD member countries to assess chemical safety. (nih.gov)
She believes this method is an excellent alternative to meet the need for testing animal models in laboratories and clinics. (ugm.ac.id)
June 24, 2007 Pioneering work to reduce the use of animals in scientific research - and ultimately remove them from laboratories altogether - has received a major boost. (newatlas.com)
Dr Andy Bennett, Director of the FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, said: "The new FRAME laboratories will provide a wonderful facility that will take our research into human cell culture-based alternatives forward. (newatlas.com)
But such a restriction would have rendered the testing ban useless since European cosmetic laboratories would have been able to relocate the animal testing outside the EU. (jlpp.org)
As a result, in Europe, laboratories are still able to market some products that have been tested on animals, a situation that will probably endure. (jlpp.org)

A laboratory at the University of Nottingham devoted to finding effective alternatives to animal testing has been remodelled in a major overhaul designed to hasten the development of effective non-animal techniques. (newatlas.com)

Our scientific research institute is located in Rijswijk and employs more than one hundred people, ranging from animal care workers and animal behaviour experts to vets and geneticists. (bprc.nl)
Understanding this challenge is fundamental in order to understand why we are currently not able to identify critical hazards, such as endocrine disruption, according to established scientific knowledge without animal tests. (env-health.org)
Supported/awarded will be outstanding scientific work carried out without the use of animal materials, as well as clinical or epidemiological studies. (invitrojobs.com)
This example demonstrates the use of a Bayesian network to provide scientific support for decisions on animal testing in ecotoxicology. (hugin.com)
The Animals in Science Committee is an advisory non-departmental public body that provides advice to the Home Office in relation to the use of animals in scientific procedures. (parliament.uk)
For further information about the government's position, see: Home Office, Working to reduce the use of animals in scientific research: delivery report , March 2015. (parliament.uk)
One of these heavily debated practices is animal testing, which has garnered a sizable amount of support from the scientific community. (jalingo.co)
Firstly, animal testing is essential for advancing medical and scientific knowledge. (jalingo.co)
Those opposing animal testing argue on a variety of fronts, which include moral, scientific, and practical concerns. (jalingo.co)
The University of Castilla-La Mancha has endorsed the Transparency agreement over the use of animal testing for science in Spain , stemming from the Conferences of Scientific Companies in Spain (COSCE) with the collaboration of the European Association for Animal Research. (uclm.es)
On presenting this agreement, the COSCE stated that it wishes to establish communication lines between the scientific community and society regarding when, how and why animal testing is used and the benefits obtained from it. (uclm.es)
The Council for Scientific and Industrial research (CSIR) recognizes the moral dilemma posed by the use of sentient animals (i.e. animal which can feel sensations and experience emotions) for research, teaching or testing. (org.gh)

The projects have to be suitable to replace the previously practiced use of animals within the framework of training or studies in the fields of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology, clinical skills, and surgery as well as pharmacology. (invitrojobs.com)

Other animals and other rodents (0.6% and 0.5%, respectively). (newsmagzines.com)

Domestic animals" (cats, dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs) made up a combined 1% of the total number of animals tested. (newsmagzines.com)
0.3% of the animals tested were dogs (mostly Beagles), 0.2% were cats, 0.1% were rabbits, and 0.4% were guinea pigs. (newsmagzines.com)

Animals are sentient beings and feel pain and suffering just like we do. (hempco.net.au)
The Cartesian thesis which maintained that animals' lack of consciousness implied that they should be treated as objects rather than sentient beings and denied their ability to feel pain [1] , has faded away, and is nowadays believed to be a "monstrous thesis" [2] . (jlpp.org)

However, Taiwan still needs to catch it up with efforts to increase the domestic testing capacity, disseminate the knowledge of alternatives, and join the international cooperation activities. (nhri.org.tw)

The E.P.A. Administrator Andrew Wheeler said the agency plans to reduce the amount of studies that involve mammal testing by 30 percent by 2025, and to eliminate the studies entirely by 2035, though some may still be approved on a case-by-case basis. (paperwriting.wiki)

that are known to harm animals in the process of testing, manufacturing or marketing their products. (planetvermont.com)
Nonetheless, an important loophole appears in the law as suffering and harm can be inflicted upon an animal with 'reasonable cause', though this term is not defined. (worldanimalprotection.org)

Research with captive wildlife in Animal Biosafety Level 2 (ABSL2) and 3 (ABSL3) facilities is becoming increasingly necessary as emerging and re-emerging diseases involving wildlife have increasing impacts on human, animal, and environmental health. (awionline.org)
Environmental enrichment: room for reduction? (cabi.org)
Environmental enrichment strategies are usually regarded as refinement . (cabi.org)

The new FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments) Alternatives Laboratory, within the University's Medical School, will opened on July 6. (newatlas.com)

In addition to replacement, the journal also features research that aims to reduce or refine in vivo experiments that are still carried out, as well as advocating for changes to global animal use policies. (sagepub.com)
In addition to the replacement of animals, it also covers work that aims to reduce the number of animals used and refine the in vivo experiments that are still carried out. (sagepub.com)
Thus, it greatly helps reduce the use of test animals in research and clinical settings," she concluded. (ugm.ac.id)
This will, it is hoped, greatly reduce the need to test such products on animal skin. (planetvermont.com)
In this edition of FOCUS In Sound , we meet a veterinarian who has become one of the leading voices in the movement to reduce, refine, or replace the use of animals in research and product development testing, also known as the 3Rs. (bwfund.org)
Both centres share a common mission to reduce animal testing, and increase research with anything but animals. (spiked-online.com)

ICCVAM member agencies participate in the development and review of chemical testing guidelines issued by the OECD Test Guidelines Programme . (nih.gov)
The National Coordinators represent the United States at the annual meeting of the Working Group of National Coordinators and in other test guideline development activities. (nih.gov)
The Danish Forsøgsdyrenes Værn and Alternativfondet announce financial support for research into and development of alternatives to animal experiments. (invitrojobs.com)
But your question did ask specifically about testing, and I want to make it clear that mentally, I place testing, research, and drug development all in the same what I call philosophical basket, so while maybe I started my career in research my field of vision has enlarged to include the other two areas. (bwfund.org)
Nematodes exposed to Piperazine and one of the analogs tested showed a slight delay in development compared to untreated animals but only at high concentrations and with Piperazine as the most sensitive compound. (nih.gov)
For example, animal research has played a crucial role in the development of life-saving treatments and vaccines for numerous diseases, including insulin treatments for diabetes, polio vaccines, and cancer therapies. (jalingo.co)
Article 13 of the TFEU explicitly recognises animal sentience and requires that Member States 'pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals' in formulating and implementing European Union policies on agriculture, fisheries, transport, research and technological development. (worldanimalprotection.org)

We do not keep the results of our studies (both involving and not involving animals) to ourselves. (bprc.nl)
Commissioned by the Alternatives to Animal Testing in Food Safety, Nutrition and Efficacy Studies Task Force. (ilsi.org)
In addition to traditional agricultural animals, research studies using captive wildlife. (awionline.org)
Reduction of the numbers in animals in experiment by design strategies that facilitates the use of smallest number that will allow valid information to be obtained from the studies. (org.gh)
This information, along with data on ZDV efficacy in preventing perinatal transmission (3) and evidence that PEP prevented or ameliorated retroviral infection in some studies in animals (4), prompted a Public Health Service (PHS) interagency working group *, with expert consultation (5), in June 1996 to issue provisional recommendations for PEP for HCWs after occupational HIV exposure (6). (cdc.gov)

This will greatly shorten the time an eye patient must wait for a corneal donor, and will help limit if not eliminate the need for animal testing in many cosmetic and chemical sensitivity trials. (planetvermont.com)
Replacement of sentient animal or non-sentient research model or system in order to eliminate the use of animals that can experience sensations. (org.gh)

Understanding Animal Research, a non-profit organisation that aims to improve understanding of how and why animals are used in research, has argued that animal research is sometimes necessary to make medical advances . (parliament.uk)

3% of the total number of animals were tested with category E procedures. (newsmagzines.com)
Voluntary cooperation reduces the sensations of fear and anxiety that the animals normally experience during the performance of invasive procedures, therefore contributing to reduced stress (Coe, 2003). (bvsalud.org)

However, tissue engineering has much wider applicability in basic research and safety testing, which is often not recognized owing to the clinical focus of tissue engineers. (norecopa.no)
Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An Introduction (5th ed). (awionline.org)
The revised fifth edition of Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An Introduction is an accessible guide to basic information for conducting animal research safely and responsibly. (awionline.org)
The DISC cannot be used to establish a diagnosis for conditions that require the interpretation of specialized test results or to substitute for information derived from astute clinical observations. (cdc.gov)

Understandably, the use of animal experiments raises multiple moral questions. (env-health.org)
It is accepted sentient and non-human animals have the capacity to experience a range of physical sensations and emotions and are therefore subjects of moral concern. (org.gh)

A man with a long, light colored coat came over to me, observed me and said, Thanks Charlie, this rabbit will do just fine for the tests. (freeessaycollection.com)

This goal assesses whether animal sentience has been recognised in legislation and explores the core legislative protections granted to animals, such as the prohibition of animal cruelty. (worldanimalprotection.org)
In Germany, the Animal Protection Act (TierSchG) recognises animal welfare and the suffering of animals and addresses the topics in line with leading legislation worldwide, incorporating the requirements of EU legislation. (worldanimalprotection.org)

Topics include 3Rs in machine learning and literature searching, animal models in COVID research, microphysiological systems, and assessing animal welfare among other topics. (usda.gov)

Anatomy19

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs43

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment68

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes83

Disciplines and Occupations12

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science26

Health Care28

Geographicals1

Experimentation14

Husbandry4

Replacement and refinement2

Methods48

20206

Approaches10

Welfare of animals4

Principles8

Laboratory animals8

Primates3

Humans19

Biomedical Research2

Cosmetics13

Principle5

Regulatory6

NAMs5

Legislations2

Practice7

Biotechnology2

20214

Scientists8

Experiments on animals3

Minimize1

Ethics2

Viable2

Chemicals13

Assessment3

Toxicity Testing1

Vertebrate animals3

Humane5

Efficiently3

Rats1

Researchers9

Silico1

Involve animals1

Research into alternatives1

Centre4

NICEATM1

Experimental4

20192

Implementation1

Laboratories6

University of Notting1

Scientific12

Framework1

Rodents1

Guinea pigs2

Sentient beings2

International Cooperation1

20251

Harm2

Environmental3

Medical Experiments1

Reduce6

Development7

Studies5

Eliminate2

Understanding Animal Research1

Procedures2

Clinical4

Moral2

Rabbit1

Legislation2

Assessing animal welfare1