• It is based on the natural DNA-repair mechanism of Homology Directed Repair (HDR), including Homologous Recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following duplication events, the resulting stretches of homologous sequence can promote recombination between gene copies. (elifesciences.org)
  • Inclusion of desired sequences between recombination "arms" that are homologous to the region flanking the DSB allows the "knock in" of the transgene. (genecopoeia.com)
  • When a HEG is integrated into its recognition sequence in the genome, its protein product acts to cleave its cognate site on the homologous chromosome and gene conversion or homologous recombination can result in a new copy of the HEG being inserted. (plos.org)
  • For practical application of the promoter library, we fine-tuned the expressions of cadA and cadB genes, required for cadaverine synthesis and export, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To resolve this problem, promoters with different strengths are widely employed to fine-tune the expression levels of enzyme genes [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Competence development in Streptococcus pneumoniae involves a complex network of genes regulating DNA uptake and recombination, with comC and comD proteins playing key roles. (consensus.app)
  • Phophorylated ComE induce about 20 early competence genes such as comAB operon, comX1, comX2, ComW and comCDE operon by binding to 9-bp imperfect direct repeat sequence located 5` region of these gene`s promoter. (consensus.app)
  • Some of late competence genes encode the DNA uptake and recombination machinery. (consensus.app)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • The goal of my research is to identify, clone, and characterize the evolution of genes underlying natural adaptations in order to determine the types of genes involved, how many and what types of genetic changes occurred, and the evolutionary history of these changes. (unc.edu)
  • Candidate genes with structural changes are identified using population genetic data and positional cloning. (unc.edu)
  • Subsequently, candidate genes and their regulatory regions are analyzed in order to pinpoint the genetic changes that have occurred and how they have evolved. (unc.edu)
  • Once these genes are cloned, I can explore the genetic mechanism of attraction behavior and see if homologs of these genes are involved in the olfactory behavior of other species. (unc.edu)
  • These data will provide new insight into how genomes evolve, which types of genes are evolving most rapidly, the relationships between recombination, DNA divergence, and DNA polymorphism, and details about the spatial and organizational evolution of genomes. (unc.edu)
  • These domestication traits likely consisted of a few major genes controlling dramatic changes in crop physiology, as is suggested by genetic studies comparing maize to its ancestor teosinte (Doebley et al. (springer.com)
  • Intragenic recombination among ospC genes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond the ospC locus itself is undefined. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. (cdc.gov)
  • Acquisitions of OspC genes that are novel for the region confer to recipients unique identities to host immune systems and, presumably, selective advantage when immunity to existing types is widespread among hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • Genes and Genetic Systems. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Here we show that blockade of transcriptional elongation through the mouse T cell receptor-alpha (Tcra) locus suppressed V(alpha)-to-J(alpha) recombination and chromatin remodeling of J(alpha) segments. (duke.edu)
  • These influences promote an ordered progression of Tcra locus recombination events and selection of a robust Tcra repertoire. (duke.edu)
  • In order to expand our understanding of how recombination might influence virus variation during the course of adaptation, we focused on large DNA viruses, in which rapidly evolving populations can simultaneously harbor both adaptive gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same locus. (elifesciences.org)
  • The murine immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is shown (top line) with a rearranged variable (VDJ) region juxtaposed to the Cμ constant region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The final result is a heavy chain locus containing a mutated variable region (mutations are indicated by stars) and a chromosomal Sμ/Sγ1 junction (bottom). (biomedcentral.com)
  • There was only one dominant locus associated with valencene content detected on the mandarin genetic map. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accesibility of the locus to recombination was verified by C-terminal tagging. (pberghei.eu)
  • RESULTS: We identified a large and clonal lineage of strains (MLST ST9363) associated with elevated azithromycin MICs (AZI em), characterized by a mosaic mtr locus (C-substitution in the mtrR promoter, mosaic mtrR and mtrD). (cdc.gov)
  • More recent studies have also suggested high rates of recombination within the Neisseria genus ( Didelot & Maiden, 2010 ). (peerj.com)
  • Poxvirus adaptation can involve combinations of recombination-driven gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same loci. (elifesciences.org)
  • We have sequenced and analysed the genetic diversity at four BES loci (BES promoter region, ESAG6, ESAG5 and ESAG2) from these three trypanosome BES repertoires. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Later, upon B-cell activation, the immunoglobulin loci undergo two additional and distinct genetic alterations (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • High levels of recombination could confound studies of the gonococcal populations, especially if the studies are based on few genetic loci within strains as compared to the entire genomes. (peerj.com)
  • The immune system consists of a large number of molecules and processes, and immunodeficiencies can therefore be caused by genetic alterations at many loci. (lu.se)
  • Indeed, in the absence of PRDM9, meiotic DSBs occur at transcription regulatory regions, such as promoters and enhancers (Brick et al. (springer.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Regulation of T cell receptor-alpha gene recombination by transcription. (duke.edu)
  • Despite the longstanding correlation between transcription and variable-(diversity)-joining (V(D)J) recombination, it is unknown whether transcription itself can direct recombinase targeting. (duke.edu)
  • Transcription increases the recombination of J(alpha) segments located within several kilobases of a promoter and prevents the activation of downstream promoters through transcriptional interference. (duke.edu)
  • Transcription-coupled mutagenesis initiates class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AID is depicted traveling with the transcription apparatus (tailed arrows) at the expressed variable region and the activated Sμ and Sγ1 switch regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The process of switch recombination is activated and targeted by the transcription of switch (S) regions, guanine-rich, 2-10 kilobase stretches of DNA located just upstream of those constant regions that participate in switch recombination (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcription of each S region is driven by a dedicated promoter that is responsive to specific transcription factors, which in turn are regulated by extracellular signals delivered by cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subdomains of the B region (B1 to B5) can be recognised based on differential interactions with various transcription factors. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The deficiency of valencene production in some mandarins is probably due to a 12-nucleotide deletion in the promoter region of the Cstps1 , which could be a crucial switch of Cstps1 transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolism of genetic material (replication, transcription, recombination) proceeds at these complexes and is, therefore, significantly affectedby their properties. (muni.cz)
  • The adenovirus early region 1 (E1) gene, which comprises E1a and E1b, encodes the viral early proteins that are necessary for adenoviral replication and the consequent oncolysis of permissive host cells. (hindawi.com)
  • The idea behind this study is to place the Ad5 E1 region in cis complementation (i.e., use E1 as a transgene) back into an E1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus under the control of a prostate-specific promoter (PSP). (hindawi.com)
  • DNA replication, repair, and recombination. (pharmaguideline.com)
  • The common components present in all man-designed plasmids are the origin of replication, selection marker, antibiotic resistance gene, promoter region, primer binding sites, and cloning site. (excedr.com)
  • A recombinant NoV can be defined as one that clusters with 2 distinct groups of NoV strains when 2 different regions (normally the capsid and polymerase) of the genome are subjected to phylogenetic analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • In regions where B. burgdorferi is enzootic, sites as small as a few hectares have between 9 and 15 strains ( 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The target DNA sequence for resolution of poxvirus replicative intermediates is an active late promoter. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The terminal sequence domain which forms the telomere resolution target (TRT) shares considerable sequence similarity with viral late promoters. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Further support for this concept comes from the demonstration that a late SFV promoter sequence designated cryptic TRT, which differs substantially from the native TRT in terms of sequence, can support telomere resolution when placed in the correct spatial context. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Somatic hypermutation alters variable region sequence, and switch recombination joins a new constant region (Cγ1) to the expressed variable region, producing an extrachromosomal DNA circle (bottom), which contains the deleted region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CaMV promoter is a sequence of about 350 basepairs upstream of the 35S transcript (-343 to +8, with Cap site at +1), about 250 basepairs of which overlap with the 3' end of gene Vl, the last of the six large open reading frames. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Cloning the coding regions of Cstps1 from Fortune and Murcott mandarin, and aligning with previous reported Valencia orange Cstps1 sequence, showed that they both exhibited extremely high similarity with the known Cstps1 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because these approaches will rely on novel data types such as DNA sequences and high-throughput phenotyping images, Breeding 4 will call for analyses that are complementary to traditional quantitative genetic studies, being based on machine learning techniques which make efficient use of sequence and image data. (springer.com)
  • We provide evidence to support the theory of the role of subgenomic RNA promoters as recombination hotspots and describe a simple mechanism of how recombination might occur in NoV. (cdc.gov)
  • This study reveals a new mechanism for the fluid gain of beneficial mutations in genetic regions undergoing active recombination in viruses and illustrates the value of long read sequencing technologies for investigating complex genome dynamics in diverse biological systems. (elifesciences.org)
  • Furthermore, plasmids are also regarded as mobile genetic elements and the process of their transmission of genetic material, through conjugation, is a type of mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. (excedr.com)
  • In this study, we explore the regulatory role of mutations occurring in distal regulatory elements related to gene expression and phenotypic variations with adapted long-read ChIA-PET, and construct high-resolution chromatin interaction maps of maize promoter proximal regions and distal regulatory elements associated with RNA polymerase II occupancy and histone mark H3K4me3. (nature.com)
  • Some mutations result in pleiotropy, although this is variable depending on genetic background, type of mutation, and location of the mutation. (creation.com)
  • Previously, creationist studies have pointed out the importance of evaluating genetic data to determine the types of mutations which have likely occurred throughout history. (creation.com)
  • In class-switch recombination, regulated DNA deletion replaces one heavy chain constant region with another, changing the antibody's class but not its antigen specificity and thus optimizing clearance of antigen from the body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By further cloning and analyzing the promoter region of Cstps1 from Valencia, Fortune and Murcott, a 12-nucleotide deletion at approximately − 270 bp from the Cstps1 coding region was only found in Murcott. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of the genetic diversity of these telomeric gene families has been confounded by the underrepresentation of telomeric sequences in standard libraries. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In somatic hypermutation, targeted and rampant mutagenesis alters the sequences of the expressed heavy and light chain variable (VDJ) regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the N (5') terminal region of gene G of bacteriophage phiphiX 174. (wikidata.org)
  • General recombination involves cleavage and reconnecting the same or comparable sequences. (pharmaguideline.com)
  • Here, we characterize epigenetic features of active promoter proximal regions and candidate distal regulatory elements to construct high-resolution chromatin interaction maps for maize via long-read chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET). (nature.com)
  • The maps indicate that chromatin loops are formed between regulatory elements, and that gene pairs between promoter proximal regions tend to be co-expressed. (nature.com)
  • Many promoter proximal regions are involved in chromatin loops with distal regulatory elements, which regulate important agronomic traits. (nature.com)
  • Various hybrid or combination promoters have been constructed from the CaMV 35S promoter which led to improved expression of transgenes: double 35S promoters (10), a hybrid containing the core 19S promoter from CaMV and the 35S upstream enhancers (11), and combination of CaMV 35S with mannopine synthase elements (12), or with Adh1 - and ocs- promoter elements for expression in monocotyledons (13). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Breakpoint analysis of recombinant NoV showed that recombination occurred in the open reading frame (ORF)1/ORF2 overlap. (cdc.gov)
  • The genetic relationship among all identified recombinants was explored and the recombination breakpoint accurately determined. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, the breakpoint in the Ig gene to which MYC is transferred in eBL occurs at the V(D)J region, suggesting that translocation occurs during V(D)J recombination. (bmj.com)
  • 26 27 In contrast, the chromosomal breakpoint in sBL and HIV-associated BL occurs most commonly in the class switch region, 28 but since both somatic hypermutation and class switching are events that are normally confined to GC B cells and GC centroblast markers are expressed on BL cells, the BL progenitor cells most likely arise from B cells subjected to chromosomal rearrangements in the GC. (bmj.com)
  • Restriction digests of the mutant fragments localised breakpoint regions, which were then characterised by sequencing (fig 2) to show five distinct novel deletions, ranging in size from 5629 to 7183 bases. (bmj.com)
  • PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9) is a major regulator of the localization of meiotic recombination hotspots in the human and mouse genomes. (springer.com)
  • Meiotic DSBs are not randomly distributed within the genome but mostly occur at discrete regions, called hotspots (Baudat et al. (springer.com)
  • Finally, recombination across genomes helps maintain species diversity and repair damaged DNA. (pharmaguideline.com)
  • This discovery increased the likelihood that the unusual haplotype in this sample, and perhaps others in this group, were the result of intragenic deletions, and not just recombination. (bmj.com)
  • Recombination in viruses can greatly affect phylogenetic groupings, confuse molecular epidemiologic studies, and have major implications in viral vaccine design. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study we demonstrate that the TRT of SFV is capable of functioning as a strong viral promoter late in infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cauliflower Mosaic Viral Promoter - A Recipe for Disaster? (i-sis.org.uk)
  • This paper examines the safety implication of recent revelations on the recombination hotspot of the cauliflower mosaic viral (CaMV) promoter, which is in practically all current transgenic crops released commercially or undergoing field trials. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The Work at home wisdom of different using was a there adjacent recombination: for longitudinal transcripts, the conditional viral processes propose a Newton-Raphson allograft on case. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Genome editing is characterised by making small edits to the genome at a specific location, often following cutting of the target DNA region by a site-specific-nuclease such as CRISPR. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic modification usually describes the insertion of a transgene (foreign DNA, i.e. a gene from another species) into a random location within the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • This site-specific or 'targeted' nature of genome editing is typically what makes genome-editing different to traditional 'genetic modification' which inserts a transgene at a non-specific location in the organisms' genome, as well as gene-editing making small edits to the DNA already present in the organisms, verses genetic modification insertion 'foreign' DNA from another species. (wikipedia.org)
  • We further assessed whether singleton SNPs can be tagged using haplotypes of tagSNPs in the three genome wide chips, that is, GeneChip 500k of Affymetrix, HumanHap300 and HumanHap550 of Illumina, and discussed the general implications on genetic association studies. (nature.com)
  • Large scale genome-wide association studies using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are now becoming the state of the art in disease genetic studies. (nature.com)
  • 12 , 14 The extent of LD determines the number of markers needed to cover a region or the whole genome. (nature.com)
  • The aim of the project is to build a laboratory focused on the study of functionally important complexes of biomacromolecules, namely those of nucleic acids and proteins, which form so called genome architecture (telomeres, centromeres, A study of the genetic heterochromatin blocks, complexes of nuclear matrix, nucleosomes). (muni.cz)
  • Genome editing has many applications, including gene knock out, gene tagging, and correction of genetic defects, to name a few. (genecopoeia.com)
  • N in the longitudinal Work at home wisdom of the SEs when the teosinte recombination-sites Copy subject-specific to use here from the curve. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Transcriptional blockade also derepressed cryptic J(alpha) promoters. (duke.edu)
  • How these distinct mechanisms of genetic diversification might simultaneously facilitate adaptation to host immune defenses is unknown. (elifesciences.org)
  • Three overlapping but distinct populations of B. burgdorferi corresponded to the geographic regions. (cdc.gov)
  • We have previously developed a method to selectively isolate sets of trypanosome BES containing telomeres using Transformation associated recombination (TAR) cloning in yeast. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Streptococcus pneumonieae, model microorganism of natural genetic transformation, has been studied to understand competence development mechanisms. (consensus.app)
  • General recombination occurs during infection, bacterial conjugation, transformation (direct DNA transfer into cells), and specific repair processes. (pharmaguideline.com)
  • In some embodiments, the fitness is defined as a population genetic behavior, over multiple generations, of translocation chromosomes in populations comprising both translocation-bearing individuals and non-translocation-bearing individuals. (justia.com)
  • The absence or rarity of B. burgdorferi in Ohio and in the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin regions suggests that these three populations of B. burgdorferi are geographically if not ecologically isolated. (cdc.gov)
  • Some researchers focus on the negative consequences of domestication, whereas others assert that feral populations may serve as useful pools of genetic diversity for future crop improvement. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Recombination is the primary method for introducing diversity into populations. (pharmaguideline.com)
  • Many viruses and transposons rely on site-specific recombination to reproduce. (pharmaguideline.com)
  • Construction of a tunable promoter library to optimize gene expression in Methylomonas sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The tunable promoter library provides standard and tunable components for gene expression, thereby facilitating the use of methanotrophs, specifically Methylomonas sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In cell engineering fields, such as synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, gene expression is fine-tuned for the robust operation of artificially designed genetic systems and enhanced production of a desired substance via manmade metabolic pathways [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results highlight the significance of 3D organization of regulatory elements and suggest that the topology of long-range genetic variations may affect gene expression as well as phenotype variation. (nature.com)
  • Many genetic variations outside protein-coding regions are associated with maize phenotypes. (nature.com)
  • As a precautionary measure, we strongly recommend that all transgenic crops containing CaMV 35S or similar promoters which are recombinogenic should be immediately withdrawn from commercial production or open field trials. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • That is all the more urgent as CaMV promoter is in practically all transgenic crops already released commercially or undergoing field trials. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The rat PB gene promoter (454 bp) contains ARE [ 11 ] and directs a hormonal and developmental regulated expression, of a heterologous gene, specifically to the prostate in transgenic mice [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Transgenic mice bearing PB promoter fused to simian virus 40 large tumor antigen gene all consistently develop prostate adenocarcinoma [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, upstream deletions within the enhancer region between -207 and -56 were tolerated even though complete removal of this fragment caused loss of infectivity. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • This method was successfully applied to identify five deletions in the 3′ region of BRCA1 . (bmj.com)
  • The gene/parasite could not be changed/generated by the genetic modification. (pberghei.eu)
  • hence the edit is targeted to a particular genomic region. (wikipedia.org)
  • In persons with autosomal dominant DKC and in terc-/- knockout mice, genetic anticipation (ie, increasing severity and/or earlier disease presentation with each successive generation) has been reported. (medscape.com)
  • The resulting maps are analyzed to identify and assess the roles of promoter proximal-proximal interaction (PPI) and proximal-distal interaction (PDI). (nature.com)
  • The roles of the different 35S promoter domains in pathogenesis of CaMV have only been studied fairly recently (4, 9). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The first ORF (ORF1) encodes a polypeptide with regions of similarity to helicase, cysteine proteinase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)-encoding regions of picornaviruses ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, our data does not show a clear correlation between size of trypanosome host range and either number of BESs or extent of ESAG genetic diversity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • For example, do adaptations involve many genetic changes or only a few? (unc.edu)
  • One understudied opportunity is using feral crops-plants that have escaped and persisted without cultivation-as a source of genetic diversity, which could build resilience in domesticated conspecifics. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Recombination may repair severe DNA damages such as pyrimidine dimers and gaps, as discussed in General recombination, but there are numerous additional repair methods. (pharmaguideline.com)
  • Our results demonstrated that singleton SNPs distribute across various functional groups and more interestingly a higher proportion of SNPs that have potentially higher importance (such as nonsynonymous SNPs, SNPs in splicing sites, etc) are singletons than of SNPs in introns and intergenic regions. (nature.com)
  • We examined the genetic relatedness of isolates and assessed associations between clades and various genotypic and phenotypic combinations. (cdc.gov)
  • These questions, which emerged from the colloquium "Darwins' reversals: What we now know about Feralization and Crop Wild Relatives" at the BOTANY 2021 conference, fall into seven categories that span both basic and applied research: (1) definitions and drivers of ferality, (2) genetic architecture and pathway, (3) evolutionary history and biogeography, (4) agronomy and breeding, (5) fundamental and applied ecology, (6) collecting and conservation, and (7) taxonomy and best practices. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Currently, I am using molecular markers and QTL mapping techniques to precisely map regions harboring adaptive alleles. (unc.edu)
  • Through three different approaches, we constructed a tunable promoter library comprising 33 promoters that can be used for the metabolic engineering of Methylomonas sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To examine the role of each ligand in supporting activation of the Htl FGFR, we utilize genetic approaches that focus on the earliest stages of embryonic development. (biologists.com)
  • The library had an expression level of 0.24-410% when compared with the strength of the lac promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Region A (-90 to -46) is mainly required for expression in roots, and region B (-343 to -90) for expression in leaves (see (7, 8) and references therein). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • However, the complete B region allows a more general constitutive expression than expected from the combinations of subdomains. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • By using an expression vector, a 680 bp PSA promoter isolated from a prostate cancer patient demonstrated the prostate-specific expression of the reporter gene [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Transient over-expression of Fortune Cstps1 promoter in sweet orange showed notable GUS activity, but the Murcott Cstps1 promoter did not. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, transgenes inserted in order to be expressed from either the native PPP1R12C or an exogenous promoter displayed consistent levels of expression over many cell divisions. (genecopoeia.com)
  • We also searched for spermatogonium-specific promoters and found that the Rcd-1r promoter was able to drive specific expression at this stage. (plos.org)
  • Contrary to expectations, a fragment containing the entire region between the TBPH gene and the bgcn translational start drove strong HEG expression only during late spermatogenesis rather than in the germline stem cells and spermatogonia as expected. (plos.org)
  • In this approach, unphased SNP genotypes are compared to pairs of canonical haplotypes to identify potentially hemizygous regions. (bmj.com)
  • Two of the 9 independent recombinant NoV were closely related to other recombinants only in the polymerase region, and in a similar fashion 1 recombinant NoV was closely related to another only in the capsid region. (cdc.gov)