Receptors oncogene protein p21 ras. Medical search. Frequent questions

Functional studies indicate that this protein may be an important cofactor for BRCA2 in tumor suppression, and a modulator of CDK2 kinase activity via p21. (wikipedia.org)
A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. (uchicago.edu)
This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
Canonical Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto‑oncogene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and transcription factor 7 in a cellular context‑dependent manner, while non‑canonical Notch signaling activates NF‑κB and Rac family small GTPase 1. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, TNF α and Fas induced the cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase kinase (MEKK)1, resulting in generation of a constitutive active form of MEKK1 leading to JNK activation in c-FLIP knockdown cells. (nature.com)
Bae KM, Wang H, Jiang G, Chen MG, Lu L, Xiao L. Protein kinase C epsilon is overexpressed in primary human non-small cell lung cancers and functionally required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells in a p21/Cip1-dependent manner. (famri.org)
In primary mammalian cells oncogenic induces premature senescence depending on an active MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (molecularcircuit.com)
Relationship between Ras and Raf-1 qualified AP24534 prospects towards the sequential activation from the MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) MEK1 and MEK2 as well as the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2. (molecularcircuit.com)
A-kinase interacting protein 1 [Source. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Growth factors that signal through tyrosine-kinase receptor families include the epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming-growth factor-α (TGF-α). (janechin.net)
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) signals through a serine/threonine-kinase receptor pathway. (janechin.net)
Vimentin phosphorylation by a protein kinase causes the breakdown of intermediate filaments and activation of an ATP and myosin light chain dependent contractile event. (thermofisher.com)
Proliferation is upregulated through two mechanisms: (1) ATP binding to the G-protein-coupled receptor P2Y2, commencing a kinase signaling cascade that activates the serine-threonine kinase Akt, and (2) the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leading to a series of protein signals that activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. (encyclopedia.pub)
Protein kinase Cd and c-Abl kinase are required for transforming growth factor ß induction of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro. (jefferson.edu)
It has also been demonstrated that TGF-β induced cell cycle arrest can be partially attributed to the regulatory effects of TGF-β on both the expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors [CDKI] such as p21 and p27. (biomedcentral.com)
They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)

Dysregulation of PI3K/AKT can be triggered by activating mutations in a variety of genes, including RAS, PIK3CA , and AKT1, as well as by inactivation of PTEN . (medscape.com)
In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. (mdpi.com)
Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. (edu.au)
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the C-ABL GENES. (rush.edu)
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the rel gene (GENES, REL). (childrensmercy.org)
Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
The normal versions of genes in the first group are called proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
The mutated or otherwise damaged versions of these genes are called oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
Numerous genes have been identified as proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)

Coordinated activation of candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens via promoter demethylation in head and neck cancer and lung cancer. (duke.edu)
BACKGROUND: Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of solid tumors, however, proto-oncogenes activated by promoter demethylation have been sporadically reported. (duke.edu)
The proto-oncogenes would be in control of the movement of a car (the gas pedal in the animation below). (cancerquest.org)
Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
The proto-oncogenes that have been identified so far have many different functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)

Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
these appear to be mutually exclusive with RAS mutations. (medscape.com)
Moreover, the models also predict that mutations of RAS, ARF and P21 in the context of HMGB1 signaling can influence the cancer cell's fate - apoptosis or survival - through the crosstalk of different pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
In this paper, we ask the following questions: How do these proteins and their mutations change the cell's fate - apoptosis or survival - when HMGB1 signal transduction is activated? (biomedcentral.com)
Different cancer types tend to depend on a limited number of 'driver' oncogene mutations. (cancerquest.org)
As a result of such mutations, p21-RAS becomes locked in its active conformation, leading to the constitutive activation of the protein and tumor development. (medscape.com)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
Signaling specificity is conferred by receptors and mediated through associated-kinases. (janechin.net)
HMGB1 can activate a series of signaling components, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT, which play an important role in tumor growth and inflammation, through binding to different surface receptors, such as RAGE and TLR2/4. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent studies denoted that alterations in growth factors and growth factor receptors seem to influence the biologic behaviour of pancreatic cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Neutrophils release serine proteases such as neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G. These proteolytic enzymes activate protease-activated receptors (PARs) to induce intracellular signaling. (scientificarchives.com)
B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Our simulations show that, if HMGB1 is overexpressed, then the oncoproteins CyclinD/E, which regulate cell proliferation, are overexpressed, while tumor suppressor proteins that regulate cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), such as p53, are repressed. (biomedcentral.com)
The protein p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins: its activation can lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
The crosstalk is regulated by tumor suppressor proteins, including ARF, P21 and FBXW7, which are also frequently mutated in many cancers. (biomedcentral.com)

HER2/neu (also called ERB B2 ) is the gene that encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2. (cancerquest.org)

adenosine A1 receptor [Source:HGNC Sym. (gsea-msigdb.org)

F11 receptor [Source:HGNC Symbol;Ac. (gsea-msigdb.org)

What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
The cell cycle is strictly regulated and controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways [ 1 ], comprised of hundreds of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, a number of extracellular proteins can bind to their receptors and activate signaling pathways that promote the proliferation of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The HMGB1 signal transduction can influence the cell's fate by two important processes - apoptosis and cell proliferation - which are regulated respectively by the proteins p53 and CyclinE, acting in two different signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
The opening of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ligand-gated ion channels facilitates transmembrane Ca 2+ and Na + entry, which modifies the delicate balance between apoptotic and proliferative signaling pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)

Small-molecule inhibitors, antagonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies or biologics (bsAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts) targeting Notch signaling components have been developed as investigational anti-cancer drugs ( 10 - 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
BRCA2 and CDKN1A-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCCIP gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene product was isolated on the basis of its interaction with BRCA2 and p21 proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. (edu.au)
Ear2 is an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that belongs to the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factors (COUP-TF) gene family [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate gene and protein expression levels. (wjgnet.com)
Note that by convention gene names are italicized and the proteins they make are not. (cancerquest.org)
As an example TP 53 refers to the gene and p53 refers to the protein. (cancerquest.org)
We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)

Recent studies have found that overexpression of the High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, in conjunction with its receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs), is associated with proliferation of various cancer types, including that of the breast and pancreatic. (biomedcentral.com)
Previous reports indicate that the mechanisms of DN involve a multifactorial interaction of metabolic and hemodynamic factors such as high blood glucose, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). (hindawi.com)

Accidental (not diagnostic) x-ray exposure may influence both occurrence and pattern of ras mutation. (medscape.com)

Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
It is believed to be involved with the intracellular transport of proteins between the nucleus and plasma membrane. (thermofisher.com)

We have recently shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α induces caspase-dependent and -independent JNK activation and ROS accumulation in cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-Flip) −/− murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). (nature.com)
The inhibitor of death receptor signaling, FLICE-inhibitory protein defines a new class of tumor progression factors. (nature.com)
The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)

The present invention envisions phosphorylated forms of any one of these GEF-H1 peptides, polypeptides and proteins. (justia.com)

Small‑molecule γ‑secretase inhibitors (AL101, MRK‑560, nirogacestat and others) and antibody‑based biologics targeting Notch ligands or receptors [ABT‑165, AMG 119, rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova‑T) and others] have been developed as investigational drugs. (spandidos-publications.com)

When GTP is bound, for instance, Ras proteins can interact with effectors and other molecules to affect cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (justia.com)
Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)

In order to determine whether prognosis of laryngeal dysplasia is related to expression of p53, H-ras. (100md.com)
Conclusion: The study results indicate that the overexpression of p53 protein was closely related to the prognosis of laryngeal dysplasia. (100md.com)

Hyaluronan promotes CD44v3-Vav2 interaction with Grb2-p185(HER2) and induces Rac1 and Ras signaling during ovarian tumor cell migration and growth. (uchicago.edu)

The receptors appear to be preferentially located in epithelial sites and probably play a role in the recognition of bacterial antigens. (edu.au)
Transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β] is such an example, being a growth stimulator in fibroblastic cells with TGF-β receptors, but a negative regulator in epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Constitutive activation of the pathway induces p53 p21 and p16 and leads to early senescence. (molecularcircuit.com)

The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)
Factors mandating cellular consequence include cell surface-receptors, cytoplasmic proteins, and nuclear proteins. (janechin.net)
The mammalian cell is furnished with receptors linked to interactive series of cytoplasmic networks for controlling cellular processes. (janechin.net)
Unlike other IFP proteins, vimentin is expressed, along with desmin, during the early stages of cellular development. (thermofisher.com)
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. (edu.au)
This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)

Considering the signaling pathway of TGFβ1 (an inhibitor of iNOS mRNA expression), silencing of RNA for TAK-1 upregulates membrane-bound fractalkine tripartite motif 28 (TRIM28)/transcriptional intermediary factor 1β (TIF1β) functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and specificity protein 1 negatively regulate TGFβ1 levels to upregulate the generation of peroxynitrite, leading to increased shedding of membrane-bound fractalkine via SP/NK1R signaling. (scientificarchives.com)

NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are transmembrane receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of the delta‑like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2. (spandidos-publications.com)
The proto-oncogene family members encodes little GTP binding proteins that transduce development indicators from cell surface area receptors in response to extracellular stimuli (1 6 37 Prior studies have recommended that aberrant activation of is certainly a crucial stage during tumorigenesis. (molecularcircuit.com)

In normal cells, both internal and external signals control the activity of the oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)

Two major mechanisms of apoptosis are an extrinsic, death-receptor mediated mechanism, and an intrinsic, mitochondria-mediated mechanism [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

One protein that has been identified to bind to and regulate the renin enhancer is Ear2 [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A cardiac-enriched microRNA, miR-378, blocks cardiac hypertrophy by targeting Ras signaling. (uchicago.edu)
The Role of Membraneembedded DUOX2 on Ectodomain Shedding via G protein-coupled Receptor Signaling. (scientificarchives.com)
adrenergic receptor signaling. (umassmed.edu)
If some important proteins are mutated or there are defects in the signaling mechanisms, normal cell growth regulation will break down, possibly leading to the occurrence of cancer in the future. (biomedcentral.com)

Mdm2 Phosphorylation Regulates Its Stability and Has Contrasting Effects on Oncogene and Radiation-Induced Tumorigenesis. (umassmed.edu)
Each stage of the cell cycle is profiled by distinct protein complexes and phosphorylation events. (janechin.net)

It is an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein with multiple interacting domains. (wikipedia.org)
COM-1, candidate of metastasis-1, otherwise known as p8, is a primarily nuclear protein initially discovered within the last decade by the differential display of cDNA from breast cancer metastases within the brains of athymic nude rats. (iiarjournals.org)

It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
In doing so, this GEF-facilitated exchange of GDP for GTP is associated with structural changes in the GTP-binding protein which influence the degree to which the GTP-binding protein can interact with other molecules. (justia.com)

Method: The avidin biotin peroxidase method was used to detect the p53, H-ras protein in 63 cases of dysplasia (40 cases of whom developed into cancer after 4 years follow-up. (100md.com)
The positive H-ras staining rates were 0% , 52.5% , 52.2% and 73.2% in nomal tissues, malignant change group, nonmalignant one and cancer, respectivly. (100md.com)
In prostate tissues, we have shown that cancer tissues have significantly reduced expression of COM-1 protein compared to normal prostate tissue whereas prostate cancer cell lines widely expressed COM-1. (iiarjournals.org)
p27 expression is reduced in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and decreased protein levels of p27 may play a role in the differentiation of pancreatic cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Selected oncogenes that have been associated with numerous cancer types are described in more detail below. (cancerquest.org)

Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: alterations of the NF-kappaB expression and activity downstream of alpha7 nicotinic receptor in oral keratinocytes. (famri.org)
Thus it can be inferred from our findings that the alternative splicing exon IDX from H-Ras, coupled with the immediately downstream intron sequences, may contain an ncRNA. (lidsen.com)

However, the mechanisms underlying receptor-dependent regulation of Rho family members remain incompletely understood. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Rel frequently combines with other related proteins (NF-KAPPA B, I-kappa B, relA) to form heterodimers that regulate transcription. (childrensmercy.org)
The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell membrane receptors. (scientificarchives.com)
glycosylated integral membrane protein. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Resolved proteins were then transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Product # IB23001) by iBlot® 2 Dry Blotting System (Product # IB21001). (thermofisher.com)

Calcium entry through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channels modulates the delicate balance between proliferation and apoptosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
The Bcl-2 family of proteins, which includes the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, is implicated in the intrinsic mechanism of apoptosis [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Finally, alternative splicing microarrays containing apoptosis targets were incubated to verify whether pre-mRNAs other than H-Ras could also present a similar hairpin loop structure regulated by p68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)

Directed network wiring identifies a key protein interaction in embryonic stem cell differentiation. (uchicago.edu)
Receptor-facilitated antigen presentation requires the recruitment of B cell linker protein to Igalpha. (uchicago.edu)
Here, we show the association of Dbl with G protein betagamma subunits (Gbetagamma) in transient co-expression and cell-free systems. (embl-heidelberg.de)
CyclinE is a cell cycle regulatory protein which regulates the G1-S phase transition during cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, existing techniques and current knowledge have not used nor addressed the interactions of GEF-H1 with other proteins as a means by which cell proliferation can be controlled or the detection and treatment of cancerous, tumorigenic cells and tissues be developed. (justia.com)
Whole cell extracts (30 µg lysate) of HeLa (Lane 1), SH-SY5Y (Lane 2), A549 (Lane 3), A-431 (Lane 4) were electrophoresed using NuPAGE™ 4-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gel (Product # NP0321BOX). (thermofisher.com)
T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. (edu.au)
DNA sequences, in cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage, that code for T-cell receptors. (edu.au)
DNA sequences encoding the delta chain of the T-cell receptor. (edu.au)
Associations between expression levels of nucleotide excision repair proteins in lymphoblastoid cells and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (duke.edu)
But it is not associated with cell cycle proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

Conclusion: COM-1, although overexpressed at the messenger level, appears to be distributed in a cytoplasmic fashion at the protein level in tumours. (iiarjournals.org)

There are 39736 RhoGEF domains in 38458 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)

The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (CD3 COMPLEX). (edu.au)

Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl-heidelberg.de)

The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
In addition, Cyclin and CKI proteins are controlled at the level of their destruction. (intechopen.com)

C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 [Sou. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. (edu.au)

Anatomy7

Organisms2

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes19

Information Science3

Kinase18

Genes11

Proto-oncogenes5

Mutations6

Kinases3

Growth factor receptors1

Serine2

Tumor suppress3

Epidermal1

Adenosine A1 recep1

Source:HGNC Symbol1

Pathways5

Antigen receptor1

Gene10

Glycation end products2

Mutation1

Intracellular2

Inhibitory3

Peptides1

Inhibitors1

Effectors2

Prognosis2

HER21

Epithelial2

Induces1

Cellular7

Specificity1

Transduce2

Signals1

Death receptor1

Bind1

Signaling4

Phosphorylation2

Nuclear protein2

Interact2

Cancer5

Downstream2

Mechanisms1

Regulate2

Membrane3

Apoptosis3

Cell11

Cytoplasmic1

Domains2

Antigens1

Activation1

Cyclin2

Motif1

Bound1

Sequences1