• N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate receptors particularly important in long-term potentiation in neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the striatum, CB1 receptors have been shown to be localized on the same neurons as G i -coupled dopamine D2 receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • In striatal neurons in primary culture, both the CB1 receptor agonist [3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-11-hydroxy-Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol] (HU210) and the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation when applied separately. (jneurosci.org)
  • Pertussis toxin treatment of striatal neurons prevented the inhibition of cAMP accumulation by D2 receptors but unmasked a cannabinoid receptor-mediated stimulatory effect on cAMP accumulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • CB1 receptors have been identified on both subpopulations of medium spiny neurons ( Mailleux and Vanderhaeghen, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • When they blocked the receptor for these neurotransmitters on the sensory neurons, the neurons no longer responded to the hair follicle cell stimulation. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Neurons can also adjust the amount of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) they release as well as the number of membrane proteins (receptors) that receive messages. (brainfacts.org)
  • In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have shown that Purkinje cells (PCs), the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are the neuron type with the highest levels of GABA B receptors (Bowery et al. (springer.com)
  • 2006 ). The majority of CB1 receptors is localized on striatal glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons and projection neurons. (springer.com)
  • The presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neurotransmitters enable neurons to communicate with each other. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neurons that release neurotransmitters are called presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neurons that receive neurotransmitter signals are called postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Retrograde transmission can inhibit presynaptic neurons from releasing additional neurotransmitters and help control the level of activity and communication among neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The two populations also contain different populations of dopamine receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors also couple to adenylate cyclase via G-proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • whereas dopamine D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via G i -proteins ( Sibley and Monsma, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • In animals, lead has been shown to alter a number of neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and gamma- aminobutyric acid systems (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • The major antiparkinson drugs are levodopa , dopamine - receptor agonists, amantadine , and the so-called COMT (catechol- O -methyltransferase) inhibitors, MAO-B (monoamine oxidase B) inhibitors, and muscarinic receptor antagonists . (britannica.com)
  • Levodopa is the precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine, a marked decrease in which is the primary neuropathological feature of parkinsonism. (britannica.com)
  • The ability to regulate release of noradrenaline, dopamine and GABA is one of the most important roles of the nicotinic receptors. (helsinki.fi)
  • The release of neurotransmitters following stimulation of nicotinic receptors is addressed in the thesis, with focus on dopamine and noradrenaline. (helsinki.fi)
  • The primary focus in the thesis, was the characterization of [3H]dopamine release following stimulation of nicotinic receptors with varenicline and acetylcholine, using synaptosomes from mouse striatum. (helsinki.fi)
  • 3H]Dopamine release was mediated through a6b2*- and a4b2*-receptors from striatal synaptosomes. (helsinki.fi)
  • Neurotransmitters such as dopamine and the receptors where they create their actions help regulate an individual's sensation of reward-the "high" that keeps the cycle of drug use going. (sfn.org)
  • Blocking the dopamine D3 receptor in animals diminishes the rewarding effects of marijuana and may be a possible therapy for marijuana abuse, report Zheng-Xiong Xi, MD, PhD, of the National Institute on Drug Abuse in Baltimore, MD, and his colleagues. (sfn.org)
  • The investigators used the compound SB-277011A to block dopamine D3 receptors in rats and looked at how this affected the brain areas that register reward. (sfn.org)
  • When rats were given the dopamine blocker, the rewarding effect of marijuana was significantly lowered or abolished, so these animals needed more electrical stimulation to create the rewarding effect. (sfn.org)
  • These findings strongly suggest the dopamine D3 receptor is a potential target for therapies to fight drugs of abuse," Xi says. (sfn.org)
  • Like the dopamine D3 receptors, these receptors for cannabinoid-like neurotransmitters, called CB1 receptors, are known to be involved in addiction to marijuana, opiates, nicotine, and alcohol. (sfn.org)
  • The first experiment was similar to work with the dopamine D3 receptor. (sfn.org)
  • The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
  • Acute ethanol exposure, a brief period of ethanol use, inhibits Ca2+ flow through NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, the brain structure particularly important in memory formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A specific subunit of NMDA receptors, NR2B, shows particularly high sensitivity to ethanol as exemplified by increased NR2B expression in response to ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is consistent with the fact that activation of GABA-A receptors counteracts the activation of NMDA receptors and generation of nitric oxide. (life-enhancement.com)
  • The NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) classes of glutamate receptors are ion channels. (brainfacts.org)
  • NMDA receptor blockage protects against permanent noise -induced hearing loss but not its potentiation by carbon monoxide. (cdc.gov)
  • While a clear role has been proposed for glutamate as a putative neurotransmitter at the inner hair cell type I spiral ganglion cell synapse, the possible role of excessive glutamate release in cochlear impairment and of NMDA receptors in such a process is uncertain. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study compares the protective effects of (+)-MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and the relatively inactive isomer (-)-MK-801 against permanent noise -induced hearing loss (NIHL). (cdc.gov)
  • The data suggest that NMDA receptor stimulation may play a role in NIHL resulting from fairly mild noise exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) target a specific part of the brain and may increase a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The levels of SV creatine were higher than those of other known neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and serotonin, but lower than glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (elifesciences.org)
  • Interestingly, taurine has been reported to interact with neurotransmitter receptors involved in sleep regulation, including GABA-A, GABA-B, and glycine. (life-enhancement.com)
  • in many instances taurine exerted its cytoprotective effects against excitotoxic and/or energy depriving insults in vitro by a mechanism involving interaction with GABA-A receptors. (life-enhancement.com)
  • As of the time of the publication of this paper, however, the interaction of endogenous taurine with GABA-A receptors in vivo remained uncertain. (life-enhancement.com)
  • However, they also noted that, "exogenous taurine has in many instances turned out to have profound neuroprotective effects, many of which can be ascribed to interaction with GABA-A receptors. (life-enhancement.com)
  • To investigate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and GABA receptors within the arcuate nucleus (ARC). (molvis.org)
  • To assess the expression of GABA-A/B receptors within the ARC under persistent high IOP, we performed immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. (molvis.org)
  • Furthermore, we treated the ARC with GABA-A/B receptor antagonists separately, and IOP was evaluated, as well as retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in the chronic high IOP rat model. (molvis.org)
  • In the following induced high IOP animal model, the expression of GABA-A/B receptors within the ARC was evaluated in DBA/2J mice which developed progressive eye abnormalities spontaneously that closely mimic human hereditary glaucoma. (molvis.org)
  • GABA-A/B receptors in the ARC may be involved in regulation of IOP, and pathologically high IOP affects the expression of GABA-A/B receptors in the ARC. (molvis.org)
  • There are two types of GABA receptors. (molvis.org)
  • Metabotropic GABA B receptors mediate slow inhibitory effects presynaptically and postsynaptically through the modulation of different effector signalling pathways. (springer.com)
  • Here, we analysed the distribution of GABA B receptors using highly sensitive SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labelling in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. (springer.com)
  • To understand the spatial relationship of GABA B receptors with two key effector ion channels, the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channel and the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel, biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches were performed. (springer.com)
  • Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that GABA B receptors co-assembled with GIRK and Ca V 2.1 channels in the cerebellum. (springer.com)
  • Thus, GABA B receptors are associated with GIRK and Ca V 2.1 channels in different subcellular compartments. (springer.com)
  • These data provide a better framework for understanding the different roles played by GABA B receptors and their effector ion channels in the cerebellar network. (springer.com)
  • GABA B receptors are the G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and through coupling to different intracellular signal transduction mechanisms they mediate slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (Bettler et al. (springer.com)
  • Functional GABA B receptors are obligate heterodimers composed of GABA B1 and GABA B2 subunits, and they are implicated in a number of disorders, including cognitive impairments, nociception, anxiety, depression and epilepsy (Bettler et al. (springer.com)
  • Stimulation of postsynaptic GABA B receptors generally triggers inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channels, leading to cell hyperpolarisation (Kaupmann et al. (springer.com)
  • ATP (3-30 microm) and BzATP (0.6-6 microm) elicited concentration-dependent [14 C]glutamate efflux, and blockade of the kainate receptor-mediated transmission by CNQX (10-100 microm) and gadolinium (100 microm), decreased ATP evoked [3 H]GABA efflux. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Brilliant blue G and PPADS also reduced electrical field stimulation-induced [3 H]GABA efflux. (ox.ac.uk)
  • They adapted a technique known as fast scan cyclic voltammetry to analyze cells in culture and found that the hair follicle cells were releasing the neurotransmitters serotonin and histamine in response to touch. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Subtypes of serotonin receptors may differentially mediate impulsive aggressive behaviors. (nih.gov)
  • Psychedelic drugs stimulate serotonin release, and sedative-hypnotic drugs potentiate the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor. (aafp.org)
  • Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
  • Two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors have been identified. (jneurosci.org)
  • β-Adrenergic receptor stimulation with norepinephrine (1 μmol/L) attenuated alternans by 60 [52-65]% [interquartile range] and this was reversed with metoprolol (10 μmol/L, p = 0.008). (frontiersin.org)
  • The locus coeruleus is a structure in the brainstem that produces the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. (proteopedia.org)
  • Those neurotransmitters from the "sending," or presynaptic, neuron diffuse across the synaptic gap to the "receiving," or postsynaptic, neuron. (brainfacts.org)
  • Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • SNARE proteins (string-like structures) then mediate the release of the vesicles containing the creatine molecules into the synaptic cleft in a calcium-dependent manner, and the creatine molecules go on to bind to an as-yet unidentified creatine receptor (CreaR) on the postsynaptic neuron. (elifesciences.org)
  • Neurotransmitter switching is the gain of one neurotransmitter and the loss of another in the same neuron in response to chronic stimulation. (deepdyve.com)
  • First, an electrical signal in a neuron triggers the release of chemical messengers - called neurotransmitters - from its axon terminals. (brainfacts.org)
  • There, they interact with receptors embedded in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)
  • The receptors then release the neurotransmitters, which are recycled back into the presynaptic terminal or broken down enzymatically, allowing postsynaptic receptors to receive new signals from the presynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)
  • In general, LTP involves an increase in the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)
  • A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neurotransmitters that are released bind to receptors on another neuron. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Usually I think of synaptic transmission in terms of a single action potential or other event that releases neurotransmitter, so I don't end up in the frequency domain. (gnxp.com)
  • calcium inflow releases neurotransmitter molecules from many vesicles by fusing the vesicle membranes to the nerve terminal membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
  • Anticholinergic drugs antagonize acetylcholine receptors. (aafp.org)
  • The toxin in these mushrooms is muscarine, a thermostable muscarinic receptor agonist that binds to acetylcholine receptors in the peripheral nervous system. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • at the cellular level they will identify the neurotransmitter pathways and transmitter reuptake mechanisms that mediate cocaine's disruptive effects on clock function. (kent.edu)
  • Oxytocin receptors in the uterus and the mammary glands mediate the hormone's stimulation of contraction and milk ejection. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Yale team discovered this stimulation requires the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to activate a specific protein in the nicotinic family of receptors -- the alpha7 nicotinic receptor. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Research using receptor specific antagonists have provided information regarding the stoichiometry of nicotinic receptor in different regions of the brain. (helsinki.fi)
  • Another family of receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), may also contribute by activating MAPK pathways and increasing intracellular Ca2+. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results could be reproduced by computer modeling of the border zone based on our knowledge of β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways and their influence on intracellular calcium handling and ion channels. (frontiersin.org)
  • To keep information in the conscious mind, these pyramidal cells must stimulate each other through a special group of receptors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Arnsten said that new medications that stimulate alpha-7 nicotinic receptors may hold promise for treating cognitive disorders. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Additionally, OX1R and OX2R stimulate the release of neurotransmitters through presynaptic actions, and OX1R and OX2R modulate synaptic plasticity. (proteopedia.org)
  • Among the many proteins produced are neurotrophins , which stimulate the growth of the synapse and structural elements, stabilizing increased sensitivity to neurotransmitters. (brainfacts.org)
  • The signal may stimulate or inhibit the receiving cell, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved. (msdmanuals.com)
  • And in other work, researchers suggest through animal studies that applying electrical stimulation to the brain could help prevent drug addiction and relapse. (sfn.org)
  • The rats were allowed to administer electrical stimulation through the electrode, which delivers a strong rewarding effect. (sfn.org)
  • Rats receiving marijuana needed less electrical stimulation to sustain the feeling of reward than those not on marijuana because the marijuana reward and electrical stimulation reward combined to produce the overall reward effect. (sfn.org)
  • Rats were implanted with an electrode in their medial forebrain bundle and allowed to self-administer rewarding electrical stimulation. (sfn.org)
  • Animals on cocaine needed less electrical stimulation to sustain the brain's reward system, because the overall reward effect was the sum of the cocaine and electrical stimulation effects. (sfn.org)
  • Our technologies are beginning to reveal the differential effects of subsystems of neurotransmitter regulation. (nih.gov)
  • Involvement of P2X7 receptors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in the rat hippocampus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • On the other hand, the investigation can be aimed at verifying the effects of direct or indirect stimulation or inhibition of a given neurotransmitter system on the establishment or spreading of an epileptic event. (scielo.br)
  • In the second experiment, rats were injected with marijuana and samples of neurotransmitters were collected from the nucleus accumbens, one of the brain's major reward centers. (sfn.org)
  • The rewarding effect of cocaine was diminished or abolished when rats were given AM 251, a compound that blocks the CB1 receptor. (sfn.org)
  • Glutamate is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system, and it binds to several different kinds of receptors. (brainfacts.org)
  • This augmentation was blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A or the D2 antagonist sulpride. (jneurosci.org)
  • Using this approach, we obtained structures of neurotensin 1 receptor bound to antagonist SR48692, mu-opioid receptor bound to alvimopan, apo somatostatin receptor 2 and histamine receptor 2 bound to famotidine. (stanford.edu)
  • PPADS, the non-selective P2-receptor antagonist (3-30 microm), Brilliant blue G (1-100 nm) the P2X7 -selective antagonist and Zn2+ (0.1-30 microm) inhibited, whereas lack of Mg2+ potentiated the response by ATP. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Essentially, by providing excessive cholinergic stimulation throughout fetal life, nicotine discoordinates the numerous events in cell replication, differentiation and synaptic development that are necessary to the proper assembly of the mammalian brain. (nature.com)
  • The cannabinoid receptor-stimulated accumulation of cAMP was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by SR141716A, suggesting that the response was regulated through the CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Stimulation of cAMP accumulation was not observed after pertussis toxin treatment of CHO cells expressing the human CB2 receptor, suggesting that this novel signaling pathway is unique to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Xi's laboratory took a similar approach to show that blocking certain cannabinoid-like receptors in the brain inhibits cocaine's rewarding effects. (sfn.org)
  • CamK Rapid changes in Ca2+ concentration, influenced by receptors such as those described above, regulate the activity of CaMKs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research using synaptosomes have provided valuable information regarding nicotinic receptors and their ability to regulate neurotransmitter release. (helsinki.fi)
  • Release of neurotransmitters, mediated through nicotinic receptors, has been researched using various methods, including brain slices, microdialysis and synaptosomes. (helsinki.fi)
  • They also found that SLC6A8 can move creatine into synaptosomes (isolated synaptic structures that contain a machine that helps release neurotransmitters and large numbers of synaptic vesicles). (elifesciences.org)
  • This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)
  • Each drug of abuse causes the release of one or more neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
  • Here we studied the effect of P2X7 R activation on the release of neurotransmitters from superfused rat hippocampal slices. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Impulse transmission is chemical, caused by release of specific neurotransmitters from the nerve ending (terminal). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although originally cloned from rat brain, the P2X7 receptor has only recently been localized in neurones, and functional responses mediated by these neuronal P2X7 receptors (P2X7 R) are largely unknown. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A range of experiments suggests that creatine, a molecule known for recycling ATP in muscle and brain tissue, may also function as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. (elifesciences.org)
  • WASHINGTON, DC, November 15, 2005 - Novel approaches to blocking the activity of certain neurotransmitters-chemicals that carry signals from brain cell to brain cell-could help users of illegal drugs quit the habit and prevent relapses to drug use after they have stopped, scientists report. (sfn.org)
  • When the bladder becomes full, the stretch receptors of the detrusor muscle send a signal to the pons, which in turn notifies the brain. (medscape.com)
  • The involvement of other receptors could not be ruled out, but based on these results and results from previous studies, the involvement of other nicotinic receptors is supposedly low. (helsinki.fi)
  • Antagonism of 5-HT 2 receptors appears to decrease aggression, and this effect may explain the ability of newer antipsychotic agents (which, unlike older antipsychotic medications, block 5-HT 2 receptors) to produce a dramatic reduction in aggression and agitation independent of effects on psychotic symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Rather, all known abused drugs affect a limited number of neurotransmitters by agonism or antagonism of a specific receptor site 2 ( Table 1 ) . (aafp.org)
  • The vasopressin (VP) magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the supraoptic and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei are regulated by estrogen and exhibit robust expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-β. (jneurosci.org)
  • Since the cloning of estrogen receptor (ER)-β, many studies have demonstrated ER-β expression in MNCs (Shughrue et al. (jneurosci.org)
  • Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • I suggest a consensus effect of each neuromodulatory molecule on Drosophila aggression, as well as effects of receptor proteins where relevant data are available. (deepdyve.com)
  • In addition, continued stimulation through repetitive experience activates a molecule called cAMP-response binding element, or CREB. (brainfacts.org)
  • Several receptors directly interact with ethanol to promote a cascade of signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cannabinoids exert many of their effects through activation of G i -protein-coupled receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the decrease in ER-β mRNA was translated into depletion of receptor protein content in hyper-osmotic animals. (jneurosci.org)
  • Animal studies suggest that 5-HT 1A receptor stimulation results in a decrease in aggressive behavior. (nih.gov)
  • As their name suggests, nicotinic alpha-7 receptors are also activated by nicotine, which may may help to explain why smoking can focus attention and calm behavior, functions of the prefrontal cortex. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Studies over the past several years suggest such neurotransmitters may play a role in addiction to marijuana, opiates, nicotine, or alcohol. (sfn.org)
  • Neurotransmitter switching often appears to change the sign of the synapse from excitatory to inhibitory or from inhibitory to excitatory. (deepdyve.com)
  • Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Therefore, the anorexigenic effect exerted by the CBD could be the result of a multitarget mechanism, involving the whole endocannabinoid receptor system, particularly in the hypothalamus. (researchgate.net)
  • The relationship between underlying mechanism and the neurotransmitter system is a two-way road and it has been investigated during the last decades. (scielo.br)
  • Imperial College London researchers discover hair follicles have a unique mechanism to sense touch, releasing neurotransmitters in response. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Moreover, neurotransmitters that act in peripheral tissues, like muscle, are easier to identify than those that act on the central nervous system (CNS). (elifesciences.org)
  • Treatment of the pertussis toxin-treated cells with cholera toxin before CB1 receptor activation amplified the stimulatory pathway, suggesting that this response was mediated through a G s -type G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • Simulations also demonstrated that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in this specific region reduced the formation of conduction block and the probability of premature ventricular activation propagation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Activation of ß-adrenergic receptors (ß-ARs) not only enhances learning and memory but also facilitates the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity involved in memory formation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neurotransmitter switching produces up or down reversals of behavior. (deepdyve.com)
  • Self cleavage within the aGPCR auto-proteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain produces two protomers-N-terminal and C-terminal fragments-that remain non-covalently attached after receptors reach the cell surface1. (stanford.edu)
  • Accurately detecting candidate molecules within synaptic vesicles could represent a significant step towards identifying neurotransmitters with a higher certainty. (elifesciences.org)
  • Because of the eminent role of receptors for mediating the biological effects of steroid hormones, changes in receptor expression could alter responsiveness of the target cells and determine the physiological circumstances in which gonadal steroids become important regulators of cell function. (jneurosci.org)
  • By recognizing symptomatic changes related to particular neurotransmitters and their receptors, family physicians can accurately determine the drug class and intervene appropriately to counteract drug-induced effects. (aafp.org)
  • These neurotransmitters act on their respective neuroreceptor sites to produce the clinical effects of the particular drug. (aafp.org)
  • 1994. Ah receptor in embryonic mouse palate and effects of TCDD on receptor expression. (cdc.gov)
  • Opiates act on both opioid and adrenergic receptor sites. (aafp.org)
  • The results also intrigued researchers because alpha7 nicotinic receptors are genetically altered in schizophrenia, a disease marked by disorganized thinking. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These findings raise the possibility that neurotransmitter switching contributes to depression, schizophrenia, and other illnesses. (deepdyve.com)
  • The interaction is a bit like a lock and key - the right neurotransmitter (key) can unlock and activate the receptor (lock). (brainfacts.org)
  • The authors thus note, "[b]y far the strongest evidence speaks in favor of glycine receptors being the major and most specific target of endogenous taurine. (life-enhancement.com)
  • Specific signs and symptoms are associated with the neurotransmitters and receptors affected by each drug class. (aafp.org)
  • For clinical purposes, each receptor can be considered the site of action of only one specific neurotransmitter. (aafp.org)
  • In this model, the signs and symptoms of drugs of abuse ( Figure 1 ) are organized around the activity of six neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
  • A knowledge of the symptoms associated with each neurotransmitter can facilitate diagnostic evaluation in drug abuse and withdrawal states ( Table 2 ) . (aafp.org)
  • As newer drugs of abuse are identified, physicians only need to know the affected neurotransmitter and receptor site to recognize the resultant signs and symptoms. (aafp.org)
  • Both Orexin receptors have been shown to couple strongly with Ca2+ ion elevations and phospholipase C. Low concentrations of Orexin causes OX1R stimulation, activating a Ca2+ influx [3] . (proteopedia.org)
  • This stimulation of cAMP was not Ca 2+ -sensitive and was unaffected by a range of protein kinase inhibitors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Protein A is a highly stable cell surface receptor produced by several strains of Staphylococcus aureus. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Despite representing one of the largest classes of therapeutic targets, most inactive-state G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have remained inaccessible for cryo-EM because their small size and membrane-embedded nature impedes projection alignment for high-resolution map reconstructions. (stanford.edu)
  • Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are characterized by the presence of auto-proteolysing extracellular regions that are involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions1. (stanford.edu)
  • Muscarine competes with acetylcholine at cholinergic receptor binding sites, leading to excessive stimulation of postganglionic cholinergic fibers and the subsequent observed clinical signs (cholinergic excess). (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Mild to excessive cholinergic stimulation can result in salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, dyspnea, and emesis (the acronym SLUDDE is often used as a mnemonic for these parts of the cholinergic toxidrome). (msdvetmanual.com)