• Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and contains two extracellular α subunits (including the ligand-binding site) and two β subunits (with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity) ( 22 , 23 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are major targets of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) tyrosine kinase activated by IGFs, and are known to play important roles in the activation of downstream signaling pathways, such as the Erk1/2 pathway. (oncotarget.com)
  • The intact receptor lacks tyrosine kinase activity, but binding of GH and dimerization results in association with JAK2, a member of the Janus kinase family, which results in self-phosphorylation of the JAK2 and a cascade of phosphorylation of cellular proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) catalyze the dephosphorylation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and are negative regulators of tyrosine kinase receptor mediated signaling. (ajptonline.com)
  • Synthesis of Novel Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases 1b inhibitors 2, 5-disubstituted oxadiazole. (ajptonline.com)
  • GSK3 is inactivated by other growth factors or hormones that, like insulin, signal through receptor tyrosine kinases. (justia.com)
  • rather it specifically perturbs endosome-to-trans Golgi network (TGN) transport of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). (nih.gov)
  • IGF binding involves 3 basic types of receptors: the structurally homologous insulin receptor and type 1 IGF receptor and the distinctive type 2 IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor. (medscape.com)
  • 13. The MC4 receptor agonist RO27-3225 inhibits NLRP1-dependent neuronal pyroptosis via the ASK1/JNK/p38 MAPK pathway in a mouse model of intracerebral haemorrhage. (llu.edu)
  • MK-677, or Ibutamoren, is a potent, long-acting, orally active, selective, and non-peptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor and a growth hormone secretagogue, mimicking the growth hormone (GH)-stimulating action of the endogenous hormone ghrelin . (medium.com)
  • Ibutamoren (mk-677) is a growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin receptor agonist. (alifba.co.uk)
  • Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, used as treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to increase insulin sensitivity. (longdom.org)
  • Growth hormone and IGF-I also influence metabolism, including how the body uses and stores carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from food. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Changes in metabolism caused by insensitivity to growth hormone and the resulting shortage of IGF-I cause many of the other features of the condition, including obesity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Whole blood-based transcriptional risk score for nonobese type 2 diabetes predicts dynamic changes in glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • SARMs work by selectively binding to androgen receptors in the body. (medium.com)
  • This is where SARMs come in handy as they work to mimic testosterone and bind with these same androgen receptors. (alifba.co.uk)
  • We further identified that the 301-600 residues, as a self-association region (SAR), is essential to the formation of IRS-1 droplets and the transduction of insulin/IGF signaling. (nature.com)
  • It is of note that rather than mediating intracellular signaling transduction elicited by IGF2, the IGF type 2 receptor (IGF2R) acts as a IGF2 scavenger. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, we detected an association (P=0.04) between the expression of AP-2γ and the presence of an additional signal transduction molecule implicated in breast cancer, the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • IGF-I deficiency can be the result of GH resistance or insensitivity due to genetic disorders of the GH receptor causing GH receptor deficiency (growth hormone receptor deficiency [GHRD], Laron syndrome) or postreceptor defects, including the principal transduction agent STAT5b, the IGF-I/IGFBP3 stabilizer acid labile subunit (ALS), the IGF-I gene, or the IGF-I receptor. (medscape.com)
  • these mutations may affect ACTH signal transduction, expression of the ACTH receptor, or differentiation of the adrenal cortex. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia, and have found evidence that insulin resistance (IR) occurs in the brain of patients with T2DM and Alzheimer disease (AD). (nature.com)
  • Clinical studies suggest a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR) and cognitive dysfunction, but there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this relationship. (nature.com)
  • Insulin resistance, an important feature of type 2 diabetes, is manifested as attenuated insulin receptor (IR) signaling in response to insulin binding. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Pioglitazone has been shown to increase eye protrusion, a symptom linked both to disturbed thyroid hormone levels and orbital edema secondary to increased IGF-I. Aims: We investigated whether attenuation of insulin resistance with pioglitazone affects thyroid hormone status and IGF-I. Methods: 48 patients with T2D were treated with pioglitazone for 26 weeks. (longdom.org)
  • So it is a potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. (ajptonline.com)
  • Insulin resistance is associated with the capillary permeability of thigh muscles in patients with type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for colorectal adenomas and cancer because of endogenous hyperinsulinemia. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 50 and 80 years who completed full colonoscopies. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Chronic insulin therapy is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenomas in patients with type 2 diabetes. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We are also interested in differentiating iPS cells into mature cells that are involved in complications observed in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (joslin.org)
  • Glucagon-like peptide 1 Analogues as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: an Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Metabolites as Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a 12-year Follow-up Study. (medscape.com)
  • One study found that glucose ingestion reduced the rate of dauer formation and shortened the life-spans of DAF-2 knock-downs to resemble that of normal C. elegans, suggesting that DAF-16 mediated gene expression associated with longevity is suppressed by glucose ingestion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wild type C. elegans fed a diet that included 2% glucose showed reduced Daf-16 activity and lifespan was shortened by 20% compared to worms fed on glucose-free media. (wikipedia.org)
  • With regard to glucose homeostasis, genetic variants in the IGF2R gene have been shown to be associated with both type 1 [ 5 ] and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • TLK16998 also increased the potency of insulin in stimulating 2-deoxy- d -glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, with a detectable effect at 8 μmol/l and a 10-fold increase at 40 μmol/l. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In contrast, only small effects were observed on IGF-1-stimulated 2-deoxy- d -glucose uptake. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The combination of these defects results in an inability of the body to maintain glucose homeostasis leading to hyperglycemia and other metabolic disturbances ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • It is the basic principle behind positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose analog 2-( 18 F)fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose (FDG). (springer.com)
  • GH also stimulates production of IGF-1 and increases the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids. (paptidesmarketing.com)
  • The lab has used conditional knockouts to complement in vitro models using primary islets from humans/rodents to dissect cross-talk between insulin/IGF-I, glucose, and incretin (glucagon like-peptide-1) signaling pathways in islet cells. (joslin.org)
  • We have recently demonstrated that neonatal astrocytes derived from mice lacking beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β 2 AR) possess higher proliferation rates, as compared to wild-type cells, an attribute that was shown to involve insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling. (medsci.org)
  • A deficit of β 2 AR on astrocytes, as previously reported in multiple sclerosis, may influence cell proliferation, an action which could have implications in processes involved in astrogliosis. (medsci.org)
  • More importantly, we found that HSV-2-infected keratinocytes stimulated the proliferation of lymphocytes in co-cultivation system. (elis.sk)
  • We propose that insulin/IGFs regulate beta cell proliferation by relieving Foxo1 inhibition of Pdx1 expression in a subset of cells embedded within pancreatic ducts. (nih.gov)
  • Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have been shown to induce proliferation of many types of cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Sex steroid receptors (SSRs), which are involved in BC etiology and progression, promote BCSC proliferation, dedifferentiation and migration. (wjgnet.com)
  • It's been shown to increase the secretion of several hormones including GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and produces sustained increases in the plasma levels of these hormones without affecting cortisol levels. (medium.com)
  • It increases the endogenous secretion of gh and igf-1. (alifba.co.uk)
  • Two metabolic defects that seem to be central to the pathology of type 2 diabetes are impaired insulin secretion and the reduced ability of insulin to act on the major insulin-sensitive tissues ( 2 - 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glucagon secretion, insulin and IGF-IR autophosphorylation, and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI3K) (p85 alpha), and serine-threonine protein kinase (Akt) phosphorylated (active) forms were measured. (unict.it)
  • As a critical node for insulin/IGF signaling, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is essential for metabolic regulation. (nature.com)
  • Our findings delineate a mechanism in which LLPS of IRS-1-mediated signalosomes serves as an organizing center for insulin/IGF-1 signaling and implicate the role of aberrant IRS-1 LLPS in metabolic diseases. (nature.com)
  • DAF-2 is part of the first metabolic pathway discovered to regulate the rate of aging. (wikipedia.org)
  • Age-related and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) represent a source of cellular stress due to their disruptive effect on normal physiological processes and, therefore, can induce premature senescence ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, represent major health risks in industrialized countries. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Our findings suggest that the activation of the AMPK pathway might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • PPARs and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) induce intracellular effects through similar molecular mechanisms, and the former may inhibit activation of the latter. (longdom.org)
  • Thus, even a small insulin-like effect of IGF-I could be more important than that of insulin itself, were it not for the IGFBPs that control the availability and activity of IGF-I. In fact, intravenous infusion of recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) can induce hypoglycemia, especially in the IGFBP3 deficient state. (medscape.com)
  • The DAF-2 gene encodes for the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a 2007 episode of WNYC's Radiolab, Kenyon called DAF-2 "the grim reaper gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this study is to investigate the insulin-like growth factor type 2 (IGF2R) gene and circulating soluble IGF2R in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). (hindawi.com)
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the growth hormone receptor . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers are working to determine how mutations in the GHR gene may protect people with Laron syndrome from developing cancer and type 2 diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 8. Viral-mediated gene delivery of TMBIM6 protects the neonatal brain via disruption of NPR-CYP complex coupled with upregulation of Nrf-2 post-HI. (llu.edu)
  • Taken together, these data strongly support a role for the AP-2 gene family in the control of cell growth and differentiation in breast cancer. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The most critical of these proteins is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), which couples GH binding to the activation of gene expression that leads to the intracellular effects of GH, including synthesis of IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and ALS. (medscape.com)
  • These findings are associated with a reduced gene expression of osteoprotegerin, sclerostin, calcitonin receptor (CTR), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and RUNX2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IGF-I replacement therapy normalized CTR gene expression and reduced markers of osteoclastic activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Molecular defects of the ACTH receptor gene, consisting of point mutations, are described in approximately 25-40% of patients with FGD. (medscape.com)
  • Small Indels in the Androgen Receptor Gene: Phenotype Implications and Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetes is caused by an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency of insulin-producing beta cells. (nih.gov)
  • In the present work, a model of partial IGF-I deficiency was used in order to provide insight into the mechanisms of the beneficial actions of IGF-I replacement therapy in bone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several proteins involved in osteoblastic/osteocyte and osteoclastic differentiation and activity were studied in the three experimental groups: control (CO) group (wild type mice, Igf +/+ , n = 10), heterozygous Igf +/- group with partial IGF-I deficiency (Hz, n = 10), and heterozygous Igf +/- mice treated with IGF-I for 10 days (Hz + IGF-I, n = 10). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Data in this paper confirm that the simple partial IGF-I deficiency is responsible for osteopenia, determined by densitometry and histopathology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to gain more insight into the mechanisms underlying the osteopenia related to low levels of IGF-I, we appealed to an animal model of "IGF-I partial deficiency" recently characterized and proposed as a more suitable animal model to mimic recognizable syndromes associated to human conditions of IGF-I deficiency [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Three experimental groups were included in the present study: control (CO) group (wild type mice Igf +/+ treated with vehicle for 10 days), Hz (heterozygous group, Igf +/- mice with partial IGF-I deficiency treated with vehicle for 10 days) and Hz + IGF-I group (heterozygous Igf +/- mice treated with 2 μg/100 g body weight/day, for 10 days). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disabling DAF-2 arrests development in the dauer stage which increases longevity, delays senescence and prevents reproductive maturity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insulin signaling through the insulin receptor increases linear growth through effects on bone and the GH-IGF-1 axis. (medscape.com)
  • Genetic analysis reveals that the presence of functioning DAF-16 is required to produce the extended lifespan observed in DAF-2 knock-downs. (wikipedia.org)
  • First, the lab is investigating the significance of growth factor signaling mechanisms in the regulation of islet biology by creating genetic models to examine the roles of insulin/IGF-1 receptors and their substrate proteins. (joslin.org)
  • To determine whether genetic variations of IGF modify pancreatic cancer risk, we compared the frequency of six single nucleotide polymorphisms of IGF1 and IGF2 in a large-scale case control study. (aacrjournals.org)
  • However, both human insulin and insulin coded for by orthologous genes in C. elegans inhibit DAF-2 receptors in C. elegans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The AP-2 genes are expressed in many human breast cancer cell lines, and critical AP-2-binding sites are present in both the ERBB-2 (HER2/neu) and estrogen receptor promoters. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In contrast, nonpathogenic SIVagm infection induced DNA methylation in genes coding for regulatory proteins such as LAG-3, arginase-2, interleukin-21 and interleukin-31. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The polymorphic variants of the IGF genes may serve as a susceptibility factor for pancreatic cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Sorting nexins (SNXs) are phox homology (PX) domain-containing proteins thought to regulate endosomal sorting of internalized receptors. (nih.gov)
  • SNX1 is associated with early endosomes, from where it has been proposed to regulate the degradation of internalized epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors through modulating endosomal-to-lysosomal sorting. (nih.gov)
  • DAF-2 is also known to regulate reproductive development, resistance to oxidative stress, thermotolerance, resistance to hypoxia, and resistance to bacterial pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, AP-2 proteins may directly regulate the transcription of this growth factor receptor. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • DAF-2 is the only member of the insulin receptor family in C. elegans but it corresponds, in form and function, to multiple pathways in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • This study investigated in a pancreatic alpha-cell line the effects of chronic exposure to palmitate on the insulin and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and intracellular insulin pathways. (unict.it)
  • Finally, we are studying pathways utilized by lymphocytes that allow regeneration of beta cells in type 1 diabetes. (joslin.org)
  • Affected individuals appear to develop these common diseases much less frequently than their unaffected relatives, despite having obesity (a risk factor for both cancer and type 2 diabetes). (medlineplus.gov)
  • [ 2 ] However, it is known that millions of US individuals have obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus . (medscape.com)
  • The known and suspected risk factors for pancreatic cancer include cigarette smoking, type II diabetes, obesity, family history of pancreatic cancer, and diet ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • A drug that promotes the initiation of IR signaling by enhancing IR autophosphorylation should, therefore, be useful for treating type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Moreover, IRS-1 was found to form high-molecular-mass complexes in different types of cells 30 . (nature.com)
  • This signaling also leads to the production, primarily by liver cells, of another important growth-promoting hormone called insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). (medlineplus.gov)
  • As a result, even when growth hormone is available, cells are unable to respond by producing IGF-I and stimulating growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the present study, we demonstrate that basal cAMP levels in β 2 AR knockout astrocytes were significantly lower than in wild type cells. (medsci.org)
  • Keratinocytes are the primary cells involved in clinical lesions caused by HSV-2. (elis.sk)
  • They secrete inflammatory cytokines to resist the HSV-2 infection directly and recruit the immune cells to eliminate the primary infection indirectly and enhance the adaptive immunity to prevent subsequent infections. (elis.sk)
  • In doing so, your cells become flooded with androgens, ensuring all of your available receptors become fully saturated, before sending a message to your muscle cells to grow, recover and develop quickly. (alifba.co.uk)
  • Finally, IGF‑1R protein, phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling pathway‑associated proteins and cyclin pathway‑associated proteins were differentially expressed between miR‑497‑overexpressing cells and miR-497-silenced cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Because age-related cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recognised as risk factors for CRC development, the recent finding that type 2 diabetic patients present an elevated circulating volume of senescent cells raises the question whether type 2 diabetes facilitates the process of CRC tumorigenesis by inducing premature cell senescence. (frontiersin.org)
  • In fact, several studies have shown that T2D induces senescence in multiple types of cells, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • 1][2] It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to the receptors on certain types of cells. (paptidesmarketing.com)
  • Similar results were observed with IRS-1-P, PI3K (p85 alpha), and Akt-P. In contrast, with IGF-IR and IRS-2-P, the basal levels (i.e. in the absence of insulin stimulation) were higher in cells cultured with palmitate. (unict.it)
  • Dr. Kulkarni has been on the Joslin Staff and Harvard Medical School Faculty since 1999The research interests of the Kulkarni Lab are focused on two major complementary areas with the long term goal of designing therapeutic strategies to generate new beta cells to prevent and/or cure type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (joslin.org)
  • Mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2) develop beta cell failure, suggesting that insulin signaling is required to maintain an adequate beta cell mass. (nih.gov)
  • Low doses of IGF-I constituted a real replacement therapy that normalized IGF-I serum levels improving the expression of most of these proteins closely involved in bone-forming, and reducing bone resorption by mechanisms related to osteoprotegerin, RANKL and PTH receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nevertheless, the mechanisms of the beneficial actions of IGF-I replacement therapy on bone are not entirely known yet. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is why most guys are worried about low estrogen levels because of potential bone loss, type 2 growth using diabetes hormone with. (peruwest.com)
  • Its exact pathogenesis is still not fully understood, but it may have systemic origins associated with debilitating infections, endocrine disorders, bone disease (Paget's disease) or radiotherapy, but it can also be idiopathic 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins play essential roles in mediating insulin/IGF signaling by recruiting a series of downstream effectors 23 . (nature.com)
  • The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and its binding proteins play important roles in a number of biological processes, including growth and development as well as energy homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Since these intrinsically disordered regions, which are conformationally dynamic and do not adopt stable secondary or tertiary structures, are often essential for mediating the phase transition of proteins 9 , it is therefore of interest to consider if the C-terminus of IRS-1 is involved in phase separation and to further delineate such implications upon insulin/IGF signaling. (nature.com)
  • 1) Le Roith D. Insulin glargine and receptor-mediated signalling: clinical implications in treating type 2 diabetes . (bmj.com)
  • These results suggest, therefore, that small nonpeptide molecules that directly sensitize the IR may be useful for treating type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The GH molecule binds to its specific cell surface receptor (GHR), which dimerizes with another GHR molecule so that the single GH molecule is enveloped by 2 GHR molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Examples of such signaling molecules include IGF-1 and EGF as described in Saito et al. (justia.com)
  • It appears to stimulate IGF-1 receptors more than human insulin. (bmj.com)
  • Depending on their chemical structure, they can either block or stimulate these receptors, which can help to promote muscle growth, fat loss, and performance enhancement. (medium.com)
  • Growth hormone and IGF-I have a wide variety of effects on the growth and function of many parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The AP-2 transcription factors are required for normal growth and morphogenesis during mammalian development. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Analysis of the proximal promoter of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor revealed a novel AP-2-binding site. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • These species were identified in the process of characterizing mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II (M-6-P/IGF-II) receptor binding to the surface of B lymphoblasts. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The protein expression of one of the predicted common targets of miR‑497, insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R), was assessed using western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Taken all together, our findings indicate that USP9X is required for the promotion of prostate cancer growth by maintaining the activation of the Erk1/2 pathway through IRS-2 stabilization. (oncotarget.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the effector of growth induced by growth hormone (GH). (medscape.com)
  • A rare cause of such a clinical presentation is excess production of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) from a solitary fibrous tumor. (amjcaserep.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have been associated with risk of common human cancers, but the association between IGFs and pancreatic cancer risk is unclear. (aacrjournals.org)
  • IGF-IRβ, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor β. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Dysregulation of IGF signaling represents a central tumor promoting principle in human carcinogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • Our data support the hypothesis that the chronic elevation of fatty acids contribute to alpha-cell dysregulation frequently observed in type 2 diabetes. (unict.it)
  • There was also a significant correlation between the presence of the AP-2α protein and estrogen receptor expression (P=0.018) and between specimens containing both AP-2α/AP-2γ proteins and ERBB-2 expression (P=0.003). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Previous in vitro studies have also indicated that the AP-2 family of proteins may be involved in the etiology of human breast cancer. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Recently, an increasing number of studies have revealed that microRNA-497 (miR-497) levels are decreased in tumors, and that it functions as a tumor suppressor in a number of types of human cancer, including colorectal, gastric, cervical and breast cancers, adrenocortical carcinoma and melanoma ( 12 - 20 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We present the first reported case of a nonagenarian patient with hypoglycemia secondary to ectopic production of IGF-2 from a solitary fibrous tumor managed with surgical resection. (amjcaserep.com)
  • A rare cause of Whipple's triad is non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) associated with a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), commonly referred to as Doege-Potter syndrome [2]. (amjcaserep.com)
  • In 1975, Thistlethwaite et al reported 2 brothers with recurrent hypoglycemia precipitated by an infectious illness at age 21 months and age 19 months. (medscape.com)
  • In 1977, Spark and Etzkorn proposed an etiology involving a defect at the ACTH receptor or a postreceptor site. (medscape.com)
  • The principal BP, IGFBP3, binds approximately 90% of circulating IGF-I in a large (150-200 kD) ternary complex consisting of IGFBP3, ALS, and the IGF molecule. (medscape.com)
  • There is increasing evidence that the IGF system is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms according to which T2D induces cellular senescence and the role of type 2 diabetes-induced cellular senescence in the pathogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. (frontiersin.org)
  • Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are a class of therapeutic compounds that have similar properties to anabolic agents, but with reduced androgenic properties . (medium.com)
  • In contrast, the IRS-2/MAPKs pathway is stimulated, through an activation of the IGF-IR, leading to increased Pax6 and glucagon expression. (unict.it)
  • Knockdown of USP9X suppressed basal activation of the Erk1/2 pathway, which was significantly restored by exogenous expression of IRS-2 but not by IGF-IR, suggesting that the stabilization of IRS-2 by USP9X is critical for basal Erk1/2 activation. (oncotarget.com)
  • and 33% identical to the human insulin receptor-related receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroid hormones and IGF-I were analyzed before and after treatment. (longdom.org)
  • About 10 percent of the time, type 1 diabetes and thyroid are closely related. (rtyva.ru)
  • Untreated or poorly treated thyroid problems can affect blood sugar levels in people with type 1 diabetes. (rtyva.ru)
  • Knowledge of both diseases can help in the excellent management of both type 1 diabetes and thyroid. (rtyva.ru)
  • Sometimes people with DM type 1 gain weight when taking insulin, but unexplained weight gain can also be due to an underactive thyroid. (rtyva.ru)
  • It is know that the tendon tissue is poorly cellularized, with 5% of the normal tissue occupied by tenocytes that produce the extracellular matrix (ECM), based on type I collagen. (frontiersin.org)
  • Effects of bariatric surgery on blood and vascular large extracellular vesicles according to type 2 diabetes status. (medscape.com)
  • Studies suggest that people with Laron syndrome have a significantly reduced risk of cancer and type 2 diabetes . (medlineplus.gov)
  • For the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with diet and exercise. (pdr.net)
  • In C. elegans, the insulin/IGF-1/FOXO pathway is initiated by changes in IGF-1 levels which cause IGF-1 receptors to start a phosphorylation cascade that deactivates the FOXO transcription factor, DAF-16. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a human prostate carcinoma cell line, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of USP9X reduced IGF-IR as well as IRS-2 protein levels and increased their ubiquitination. (oncotarget.com)
  • In addition, both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 serum levels as well as serum parameters of osteoblastic or osteoclastic activities were also assessed in the three experimental groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serum MicroRNA-191-5p Levels in Vascular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatic IGF-I circulates almost entirely bound to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), with less than 1% being free. (medscape.com)
  • Epigenetic mechanisms, " the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states " [2] are fundamentally involved in the specification of cellular phenotype. (prolekarniky.cz)