Receptor for brain. Medical search. Frequent questions

Fast receptor systems, such as the GABAA receptor and the nicotinic receptor at the neuromuscular junction, involve the direct binding of a neurotransmitter to a ligand-gated channel, which opens or closes the channel. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
On the basis of its ability to bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in electric tissue and at the neuromuscular junction, α-bungarotoxin has been widely used to identify central nicotinic receptors. (northwestern.edu)
However, the suitability of this ligand as a probe for nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the central nervous system has been questioned. (northwestern.edu)
The alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor , also known as the α3β4 receptor and the ganglion-type nicotinic receptor , [1] is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor , consisting of α3 and β4 subunits . (wikipedia.org)
As with other nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the α3β4 receptor is pentameric [(α3) m (β4) n where m + n = 5]. (wikipedia.org)
We have studied if Pm affects nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), since they play broad functional roles, both in the nervous system and non-neuronal tissues. (mdpi.com)

These receptor subtypes had marked differences in regional and cellular localization as shown by immunocytochemistry. (jneurosci.org)
Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
The brain contains both the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor subtypes which are well-characterized guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (nova.edu)
The 5-HT receptor family includes at least 7 classes (5-HT 1−7 receptor) and 15 subtypes with different functional and transduction properties. (frontiersin.org)
fBB 4 -R expression in cells widely used for other Bn receptor subtypes was unsuccessful as was expression in two frog cell lines. (acs.org)

The muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine, scopolamine and PZ inhibited the binding of [3H]QNB and [3H]PZ to solubilized receptors with Hill slopes of 1, as did the muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine. (unboundmedicine.com)
The muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol competed for [3H]QNB and [3H]PZ binding with a Hill slope of less than 1 in cerebral cortex, but not in cerebellum. (unboundmedicine.com)
In general, Hill coefficients were significantly less than unity which is consistent with an agonist interaction with 5-HT2 receptors. (erowid.org)
The intravenous co-infusion of labradimil, a metabolically stable bradykinin B2 receptor agonist, has been shown to temporarily enhance the transvascular delivery of small chemotherapy drugs, such as carboplatin, across the blood-brain tumor barrier. (biomedcentral.com)
Baseline blood and brain tumor tissue pharmacokinetics were imaged with the 1st bolus of Gd-DTPA over the first hour, and then re-imaged with a 2nd bolus of Gd-DTPA over the second hour, during which normal saline or a bradykinin B2 receptor agonist was infused intravenously for 15 minutes. (biomedcentral.com)
The decrease in systemic blood pressure correlated with the known metabolic stability of the bradykinin B2 receptor agonist infused. (biomedcentral.com)
Ramelteon is a melatonin receptor agonist with high selectivity for human melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. (medscape.com)
The present pharmacological data and our previous studies suggested that bromocriptine (Bro), which acts as an agonist on the DA D2 receptors and also interacts with various serotonin and adrenergic receptors in vertebrates , is an agonist that also acts specifically on BmDopR3, with little effect on BmDopR1 and BmDopR2 in silkworms . (bvsalud.org)
There was a close correlation between agonist the receptor occupation and the receptor activation. (acs.org)

To characterize the family of proteins, a panel of subtype-selective antibodies was generated against recombinant muscarinic receptor proteins and shown to bind specifically to each of the cloned receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Using immunoprecipitation, three receptor proteins (m1, m2, and m4) accounted for the vast majority of the total solubilized muscarinic binding sites in rat brain. (jneurosci.org)
These results clarify the roles of these genetically defined receptor proteins in cholinergic transmission in brain. (jneurosci.org)
Effector proteins interacting with the Fc portion of immunoglobulin M (IgM) include complement and complement receptors. (medscape.com)
Partial or complete deficiencies of the components of the complement system, including its receptors and regulatory proteins, are now described in humans and may be of a genetic or familial origin or acquired. (medscape.com)
Defects in the expression of complement or complement receptors may result in loss of tolerance to self-proteins and the development of immune complex-mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medscape.com)
After being released, it attaches (binds) to specific receptor proteins. (medlineplus.gov)

Brains were is lated, from male Sprague-Dawley rats (7-12 wk old). (erowid.org)
Our preliminary study found that CCL2 was mainly co-localized with the astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), while the CCL2 receptor chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) was mainly co-localized with the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN in TBI model rats, suggesting that CCL2‒CCR2 signaling is a major driver of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and concomitant motor and cognitive dysfunction following TBI [9]. (researchsquare.com)
In this study, we evaluated whether the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs198585630 of 5-HT 1A receptor is associated with cognitive alterations in rats after microwave exposure with a frequency of 2.856 GHz and an average power density of 30 mW/cm 2 . (frontiersin.org)
Rats carrying rs198585630 C allele exhibited increased mRNA and protein expression of 5-HT 1A receptor and were more susceptible to 30 mW/cm 2 microwave exposure, showing cognitive deficits and inhibition of brain electrical activity. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence that atrazine and diaminochlorotriazine inhibit the estrogen/progesterone induced surge of luteinizing hormone in female Sprague-Dawley rats without changing estrogen receptor action. (cdc.gov)
In contrast, ATRA, administered to female rats under dosing conditions which suppressed the LH surge, neither changed the levels of unoccupied ER nor altered the estrogen induced up-regulation of progesterone receptor mRNA. (cdc.gov)
5. Carlezon, W.A. Jr. & Wise, R.A. Rewarding actions drug to its receptor, but rather by the rats, treatments associated with aversive of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus ac- failure of an expected drug injection to states such as severe drug withdrawal cumbens shell and frontal cortex. (lu.se)

A team of researchers led by Dr. Sonoko Ogawa at Tsukuba University revealed that expression of an estrogen receptor (ERα) in the medial amygdala (MeA) of the limbic system during puberty is essential for the testosterone-regulated expression of adult male social behaviors. (medicalxpress.com)
A research team led by Dr. Sonoko Ogawa at the University of Tsukuba showed that activation of an estrogen receptor in a region of the limbic system during the pubertal period is needed for adult mice to express typical male social behaviors. (medicalxpress.com)
Testosterone binds and activates estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) after it is converted into estradiol by a process known as aromatization. (medicalxpress.com)
Pubertal activation of estrogen receptor α in the medial amygdala is essential for the full expression of male social behavior in mice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2016). (medicalxpress.com)
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ATRA and DACT on the estradiol benzoate (EB)/progesterone (P) induced LH surge and to determine if such changes correlate with impaired estrogen receptor (ER) function. (cdc.gov)
Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals. (cdc.gov)

Essentially, by providing excessive cholinergic stimulation throughout fetal life, nicotine discoordinates the numerous events in cell replication, differentiation and synaptic development that are necessary to the proper assembly of the mammalian brain. (nature.com)
In the presence of a cholinesterase inhibitor to prevent hydrolysis and atropine to block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, [ 3 H]acetylcholine bound rapidly, reversibly, and with high affinity to rat brain membranes (K(D) = 12.3 ± 0.8 nM, B(max) = 4.6 ± 0.1 pmoles/g of tissue). (northwestern.edu)
The 5-HT 1A receptors can influence the activity of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus to affect the declarative and non-declarative memory. (frontiersin.org)

Most of the d-LSD- binding sites may be associated with a post-synaptic serotonin receptor, instead of presynaptic recepors with serotonergic inputs. (erowid.org)
Clozapine binds to dopamine D2 receptor with 20 times lower affinity than for serotonin-2 receptor. (medscape.com)

The Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain (SREB) family are a group of related G-protein coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
GABA B receptors are the G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and through coupling to different intracellular signal transduction mechanisms they mediate slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (Bettler et al. (springer.com)

When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, an extracellular signal is transduced into an intracellular one, causing a functional change inside target neurons. (psychiatrictimes.com)
The CR1 receptor preferentially binds C3b that is covalently attached to immune complexes, and it has a weaker affinity for bound C4b and iC3b. (medscape.com)

The peptide apelin, recently isolated from bovine stomach tissue extracts, has been identified as an endogenous ligand of the human putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT(1) (APJ). (nih.gov)
The sequence shares 90% identity with the human APJ receptor and 31% with the rat AT(1A) angiotensin receptor. (nih.gov)
Subsequently a stable CHO cell line expressing the receptor fused at its C-terminal part with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was established, allowing to verify its cell surface distribution and to determine the affinity of various apelin and angiotensin fragments on the cloned receptor. (nih.gov)
Rose, J.M. and Audus, K.L. (1999) AT1 receptors mediate angiotensin II uptake and transport by brain microvessel endothelial cells in primary culture. (ku.edu)
This review addresses classical and novel aspects of the brain angiotensin system. (nova.edu)
For brain AT1 receptors, there is a controversy regarding the identity of the active angiotensin peptide in the brain which is addressed in this review. (nova.edu)
This review also summarizes a recent discovery of a novel, membrane-bound, non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site for angiotensin peptides that appears to be brain-specific. (nova.edu)
The possible functional significance of this novel non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site for angiotensin peptides as a mediator of non-traditional actions of Ang II in the brain, e.g., stimulation of dopamine release from the striatum, as a peptidase, or as a clearance receptor, and the importance of the state of the internal environment of the brain to its function is reviewed. (nova.edu)

In a first-of-its-kind effort to illuminate the biochemical impact of trauma, researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center have discovered a connection between the quantity of cannabinoid receptors in the human brain, known as CB1 receptors, and post-traumatic stress disorder, the chronic, disabling condition that can plague trauma victims with flashbacks, nightmares and emotional instability. (neurosciencenews.com)
The presence of cannabinoid receptors in invertebrates has been controversial, due to conflicting evidence. (researchgate.net)
we therefore tested for cannabinoid receptors in seven representative species, using tritiated ligand binding assays with [3H]CP55,940 displaced by the CB1-selective antagonist SR141716A. (researchgate.net)
Our discovery of cannabinoid receptors in some nematodes, onychophorans, and crustaceans does not contradict the Ecdysozoa hypothesis, but gives it no support. (researchgate.net)
We hypothesize that cannabinoid receptors evolved in the last common ancestor of bilaterians, with secondary loss occurring in insects and other clades. (researchgate.net)
No cannabinoid receptors are expressed in sponges, which probably diverged before the origin of the eumetazoan ancestor. (researchgate.net)

The main pathological features of AD are characterised by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques caused by the progressive deposition of Aβ peptides in the brain, composed mainly of 39-43 peptides generated by proteolytic cleavage of the Aβ precursor protein (APP). (bmj.com)

In 1979, Kebabian and Calne determined that at least two dopamine receptors mediated this system, and for the next decade the actions of dopamine were viewed as being mediated by two dopamine receptors, D1 and D2. (psychiatrictimes.com)
There has been an explosion of interest and information regarding dopamine receptors in the human brain. (psychiatrictimes.com)
In the last three years, seven distinct dopamine receptors have been identified. (psychiatrictimes.com)
This article is intended as the clinician's practical guide to the current understanding of dopamine receptors and their role in neuropsychiatric illness. (psychiatrictimes.com)
For a comprehensive review of dopamine receptors, see Niznik and Van Tol, and Gingrich and Caron. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Generally the lower the initial number of dopamine receptors, the higher the rate of cocaine use, the researchers found. (sciencedaily.com)

Peimine (Pm), an anti-inflammatory compound from Fritillaria , is known to inhibit some voltage-dependent ion channels and muscarinic receptors, but its interaction with ligand-gated ion channels remains unexplored. (mdpi.com)
DPhe 6 ,βAla 11 ,Phe 13 ,Nle 14 ]Bn(6−14) was found to have high affinity ( K i = 0.4 nM) for the fBB 4 receptor and 125 I-[DTyr 6 ,βala 11 ,Phe 13 ,Nle 14 ]Bn(6−14) to be an excellent ligand for this receptor. (acs.org)

Metabotropic GABA B receptors mediate slow inhibitory effects presynaptically and postsynaptically through the modulation of different effector signalling pathways. (springer.com)
The study suggests that "other factors, perhaps involving other neurotransmitter systems, mediate the recovery of D2 receptor function. (sciencedaily.com)

We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the non-peptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist Anatibant in the treatment of patients with traumatic brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study we investigated the systemic actions of labradimil, as well as other bradykinin B2 receptor agonists with a range of metabolic stabilities, in context of the local actions of the respective B2 receptor agonists on the blood-brain tumor barrier of rodent malignant gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolically stable bradykinin B2 receptor agonists, methionine-lysine-bradykinin and labradimil, enhance the transvascular delivery of small chemotherapy drugs across the BBTB of malignant gliomas by increasing the blood half-life of the co-infused drug. (biomedcentral.com)

Interindividual variability and lateralization of μ-opioid receptors in the human brain. (iasp-pain.org)
Alterations in the brain's μ-opioid receptor (MOR) system have been associated with several neuropsychiatric diseases. (iasp-pain.org)
Zhou L, Guo X, Chen M, Fu S, Zhou J, Ren G, Yang Z and Fan W: [Retracted] Inhibition of δ‑opioid receptors induces brain glioma cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial and protein kinase C pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Electrical stimulation of CeA in rodents produces analgesic effects that are blocked either by lidocaine 'silencing' of PAG or by blocking opioid receptors in PAG, suggesting that CeA-to-PAG projections are critical for the role of CeA signaling in modulating the nocifensive response ( Oliveira and Prado, 2001 ). (nature.com)

The type-5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) has been shown to modulate brain plasticity and function, and is a therapeutic target in neurological diseases outside of stroke. (lu.se)
Ligands which inhibit the α3β4 receptor have been shown to modulate drug-seeking behavior, [6] making α3β4 a promising target for the development of novel antiaddictive agents. (wikipedia.org)

A rapid filration technique was used to determine high - affinity d-LSD binding in brain fractions. (erowid.org)
Three of the five classes of Bn receptor antagonists that interacted with higher affinity with the fBB 4 -R functioned as fBB 4 -R antagonists and two as partial agonists. (acs.org)
1991. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls with Ah receptor affinity on lymphoid development in the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius on chick embryos in ovo and in mouse thymus anlagen in vitro . (cdc.gov)

The m1-protein was present in cortex and striatum and was localized to cell bodies and neurites, consistent with its role as a major postsynaptic muscarinic receptor. (jneurosci.org)
Together, these data suggest that muscarinic receptor sites solubilized from rat brain retain their abilities to interact selectively with muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists. (unboundmedicine.com)

Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. (aspetjournals.org)
Previously, we achieved functional and pharmacological characterization of the three DA receptors in the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmDopR1-3). (bvsalud.org)

Stimulation of postsynaptic GABA B receptors generally triggers inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channels, leading to cell hyperpolarisation (Kaupmann et al. (springer.com)
Neuroinflammation is a major pathogenic mechanism for secondary brain injury following TBI [1-3], characterized by edema, microglial and astrocytic activation and migration, and the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [4-6]. (researchsquare.com)
The density of CR1 receptors on cell surfaces varies with the cell type and with the activation of the cell for neutrophils and monocytes. (medscape.com)
In addition, a trend was observed between the presence or absence of the +1073 C allele and the level of astrocytic activation in the brain of AD cases. (bmj.com)
The transcriptional activity of 5-HT 1A receptor promoter was stimulated by 30 mW/cm 2 microwave exposure, and rs198585630 C allele was more sensitive to microwave exposure, as it showed stronger transcriptional activation. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we examined the spatial acute effect of THC on human on regional brain activation or blood flow (hereafter called 'activation signal') in a 'core' network of brain regions that subserve a multitude of processes. (kcl.ac.uk)
Early activation of Toll-like receptor-3 reduces the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease in APP/PS1 mouse. (nih.gov)
These peripheral cold receptors, both Aδ- and C-fibers, have thermal thresholds (i.e., the temperature at which nerve impulses are generated) for cold activation between 30-20°C, temperatures considered to be innocuously cool [ 4 , 6 ]. (nih.gov)
In seminal studies conducted by Hensel and Zotterman in the 1950s, menthol elicited its "cool" sensation by increasing the threshold temperature for activation of cold receptors [ 13 ]. (nih.gov)
The impact of systemic rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 on IGF-1 receptor activation in the choroid plexus decreased with postnatal age, correlating with IGF-1 uptake in cerebrospinal fluid. (lu.se)

Thus, inhibition of these processes following TBI may significantly reduce the progressive deficits associated with secondary brain injury. (researchsquare.com)
Using optical intrinsic signal imaging, we observed brain-wide disruptions in resting-state functional connectivity after stroke that were prevented by mGluR5 inhibition in distinct areas of contralesional sensorimotor and bilateral visual cortices. (lu.se)

However, stable fBB 4 -R cell lines were obtained in CHO-K1 cells which were shown to faithfully demonstrate the correct pharmacology of the related Bn receptor, the GRP receptor, when expressed in these cells. (acs.org)

Since no endogenous ligands have yet been identified for these receptors, they are classified as orphan receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, many of these channels are receptors for ligands that elicit distinct psychophysical sensations, such as the heat associated with capsaicin and the cold felt with menthol. (nih.gov)

Stroke results in local neural disconnection and brain-wide neuronal network dysfunction leading to neurological deficits. (lu.se)
Central sensitization is a process whereby nociceptive neurons and circuits exhibit increased function in response to activity, inflammation, or injury through a variety of processes that include changes in receptor field size, increases in neuronal excitability, increases in synaptic efficiency/coupling, and changes in neuronal connectivity ( Latremoliere and Woolf, 2009 ). (nature.com)

The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in emotional processes suggests an interaction with the endocannabinoid system. (jneurosci.org)
CB1 receptors are part of the endocannabinoid system, a diffuse network of chemicals and signaling pathways in the body that plays a role in memory formation, appetite, pain tolerance and mood. (neurosciencenews.com)
Lead author Alexander Neumeister, MD, director of the molecular imaging program in the Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology at NYU School of Medicine, and colleagues are the first to demonstrate through brain imaging that people with PTSD have markedly lower concentrations of at least one of these neurotransmitters, an endocannabinoid known as anandamide, than people without PTSD. (neurosciencenews.com)
Therefore, the anorexigenic effect exerted by the CBD could be the result of a multitarget mechanism, involving the whole endocannabinoid receptor system, particularly in the hypothalamus. (researchgate.net)

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) begins with the application of mechanical force to the head or brain, which initiates systemic and cellular processes that are hallmarks of the disease. (figshare.com)

Prins GS, Birch L, Greene GL: Androgen receptor localization in different cell types of the adult rat prostate. (karger.com)

mRNAs encoding five genetically distinct muscarinic ACh receptors are present in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
Four distinct complement receptors, CR1, CR2, CR3, and CR4, have been described for the surface-bound complement fraction C3 and its cleavage fragments. (medscape.com)

In situ hybridization analysis of apelin receptor mRNA expression in the adult rat brain showed intense labeling in the hypothalamus, especially in the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei. (nih.gov)

Systemic blockade of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptors (CRFR1s) reduces stress-induced thermal hyperalgesia. (nature.com)
Using a preterm rabbit pup model, we investigated the uptake of systemic recombinant human (rh) IGF-1 in complex with its main binding protein IGF-binding protein 3 (BP-3) to the brain parenchyma via the choroid plexus. (lu.se)
Here, we characterize the uptake of systemic rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 to the preterm brain, and show that the interaction between systemic rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 and choroid plexus varies over time. (lu.se)

A decrease of D1 receptor mRNAs was observed in the olfactory tubercule (-22%) in MPTP-lesioned monkeys compared with control animals but no change was seen in the nucleus accumbens. (aspetjournals.org)
No variation of D2 receptor mRNAs was seen in the more rostral parts of the striatum and in the nucleus accumbens in MPTP-lesioned monkeys as well as in MPTP-lesioned monkeys treated chronically with L-DOPA. (aspetjournals.org)
We already have many examples ure of a discrete action (lever press) to in the sensitivity of nucleus accumbens of how brain biology can affect behav- produce the expected results (cocaine). (lu.se)
Extinction-induced upregula- the work of Sutton et al .3, it has consid- of calcium into nucleus accumbens neu- tion in AMPA receptors reduces cocaine-seeking behaviour. (lu.se)

The team used a technique called in-vitro receptor autoradiography to map the density of receptors from six different neurotransmitter systems in over 100 brain regions. (neurosciencenews.com)

The m4-receptor was enriched in neostriatum, olfactory tubercle, and islands of Calleja, indicating an important role in extrapyramidal function. (jneurosci.org)
D1 receptor mRNAs in olfactory tubercle and in cerebral cortex of L-DOPA-treated MPTP-lesioned monkeys were not significantly different from control animals. (aspetjournals.org)

It has been shown that the hallucinogenic potencies of LSD, the phenylisopropylamines, such as DOB (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine) and DOI (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine), and the indolealkylamines, such as DMT (dimethyltryptamine) and 5-OMe-DMT (5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine), strongly correlate with their in vitro 5-HT2 receptor binding affinities in rat cortical homogenates. (erowid.org)
Nuclear progestin receptors in guinea pig brain measured by an in vitro exchange assay after hormonal treatments that affect lordosis. (umassmed.edu)
Transcriptional activity of 5-HT 1A receptor promoter containing rs198585630 C/T allele was determined in vitro . (frontiersin.org)
Using an in vitro receptor binding assay, ATRA, but not DACT, inhibited binding of [(3)H]-estradiol to ER. (cdc.gov)

The action of BDNF on CB 1 R (GABA) function was tyrosine kinase dependent and was complete even after receptor sensitization with cocaine or environmental manipulations activating the dopamine (DA)-dependent reward system. (jneurosci.org)

Recently we showed that 24 h after copulation to satiety, there is a reduction in androgen receptor density (ARd) in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), but not in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). (karger.com)
Analysis of receptor synthesis and degradation by the density-shift technique. (karger.com)
The main mechanism underlying the modulatory effects of 5-HT is an alteration in 5-HT receptor density during memory formation and in amnesic states ( 8 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)

In the brain, the principal dopamine systems arise from cells in the midbrain and the hypothalamus. (psychiatrictimes.com)

It has been thought that the primary mechanism by which labradimil does so is by acting selectively on tumor microvasculature to increase the local transvascular flow rate across the blood-brain tumor barrier. (biomedcentral.com)
The precise mechanism of action is unknown but is believed to involve interaction with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors at binding domains close to, or allosterically coupled to, benzodiazepine receptors. (medscape.com)

At the neuromuscular junction (where nerves connect to muscles), the impulse crosses from the motor nerve to receptors on the motor end plate of the muscle, where the impulse stimulates the muscle to move. (msdmanuals.com)

The receptor called mGluR5 has previously been researched as an important factor in other parts of the brain. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Other studies have linked mGluR5 receptors with addiction disorders, like Fragile X Syndrome and anxiety. (doctorshealthpress.com)
The goal was to find what happened once the mGluR5 receptor was erased from the paravalbumin cells after the brain had been initially formed. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Salk staff scientist Margarita Behrens suggests that the study is also a cautionary sign of pharmaceutical drugs that affect the mGluR5 receptor in the brain. (doctorshealthpress.com)

The hypothalamic and hypophyseal distribution of the receptor suggests an involvement of apelin in the control of neuro- and adenohypophyseal hormone release, whereas its presence in the pineal gland and in discrete higher brain structures points out to possible roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms and of water and food intake behavior. (nih.gov)
Involvement of a silkworm D2-like dopamine receptor in the promotion of feeding and related behaviors. (bvsalud.org)
Exploiting this subtype specificity of Bro, to offer clues on the involvement of DA and its receptors in silkworm feeding behavior , Bro was injected into fifth instar larvae and subsequent feeding and related behaviors ( feeding amount, excretion amount, mandibular movement , and feeding behavior observation ) were quantitatively evaluated. (bvsalud.org)

In mice lacking one copy of the BDNF gene ( BDNF +/− ), CB 1 R (GABA) responses were potentiated and were preserved from the action of haloperidol, a DA D 2 receptor (D 2 R) antagonist able to fully abolish CB 1 R (GABA) function in rewarded animals. (jneurosci.org)
The effect of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) on dopamine receptor gene expression in the brain of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys was investigated using in situ hybridization histochemistry with measures of changes in relative absorbance. (aspetjournals.org)
Our results show for the first time that L-DOPA can influence gene expression of D1 and D2 receptors in MPTP-lesioned monkeys and correct the lesion-induced increase in the expression of D2 receptors, whereas the correction of the D1 receptor expression decrease is only partial. (aspetjournals.org)
Furthermore, the changes in gene expression of D1 and D2 receptors in MPTP-lesioned monkeys are regional: they are restricted to the anterior striatum for the D1 receptors and the posterior striatum for the D2 receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-1β gene expression were evaluated in the cortex. (researchgate.net)

Like other GPCRs, novel signal transduction pathways and protein interactions are being described for Ang II receptors. (nova.edu)

Here, we addressed the functional interplay between BDNF and cannabinoid CB 1 receptors (CB 1 Rs) in the striatum, a brain area in which both BDNF and CB 1 s play a role in the emotional consequences of stress and of rewarding experiences. (jneurosci.org)
No lesion or drug-induced changes of D1 receptor mRNAs were observed in the more caudal parts of the striatum. (aspetjournals.org)

Using positron emission tomography (PET), researchers have established a firm connection between a particular brain chemistry trait and the tendency of an individual to abuse cocaine and possibly become addicted, suggesting potential treatment options. (sciencedaily.com)
The research, in animals, shows a significant correlation between the number of receptors in part of the brain for the neurotransmitter dopamine - measured before cocaine use begins - and the rate at which the animal will later self-administer the drug. (sciencedaily.com)
It was already known that cocaine abusers had lower levels of a particular dopamine receptor known as D2, in both human and animal subjects, compared to non-users. (sciencedaily.com)
The present findings also suggest that more vulnerable individuals are even more likely to continue using cocaine because of the cocaine-induced reductions in D2 receptor levels. (sciencedaily.com)
This was the first study ever to measure the baseline D2 levels of animals that had never used cocaine and compare those levels to changes in D2 receptors after the animals had started using. (sciencedaily.com)
This kind of comparison is not possible with human subjects, and in previous monkey research, the brain chemistry of animals exposed to cocaine was compared only with non-using "controls. (sciencedaily.com)
Overall, these findings provide unequivocal evidence for a role of [dopamine] D2 receptors in cocaine abuse and suggest that treatments aimed at increasing levels of D2 receptors may have promise for alleviating drug addition," the researchers write. (sciencedaily.com)
Drug researchers hypothesize that it is this change that creates a craving for cocaine: once the receptor level drops, more dopamine is needed for the user even to feel "normal. (sciencedaily.com)
Like cocaine use, stress can also increase the dopamine levels and apparently cause a reduction in the D2 receptors. (sciencedaily.com)
The current study also observed differences in the time it took for the D2 receptors to return to normal levels once cocaine use ended. (sciencedaily.com)

In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have shown that Purkinje cells (PCs), the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are the neuron type with the highest levels of GABA B receptors (Bowery et al. (springer.com)
In the developing brain, this binding turns on (activates) a signaling pathway that triggers nerve cells (neurons) to migrate to their proper locations. (medlineplus.gov)
Abnormal communication between neurons can lead to seizure activity in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Without reelin, neurons are disorganized, the normal folds and grooves of the brain do not form, and brain structures do not develop properly. (medlineplus.gov)

The effect of BDNF was restricted to CB 1 Rs controlling GABA-mediated IPSCs (CB 1 R (GABA) ), whereas CB 1 Rs modulating glutamate transmission and GABA B receptors were not affected. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we analysed the distribution of GABA B receptors using highly sensitive SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labelling in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. (springer.com)
To understand the spatial relationship of GABA B receptors with two key effector ion channels, the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channel and the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel, biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches were performed. (springer.com)
Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that GABA B receptors co-assembled with GIRK and Ca V 2.1 channels in the cerebellum. (springer.com)
Thus, GABA B receptors are associated with GIRK and Ca V 2.1 channels in different subcellular compartments. (springer.com)
These data provide a better framework for understanding the different roles played by GABA B receptors and their effector ion channels in the cerebellar network. (springer.com)
Functional GABA B receptors are obligate heterodimers composed of GABA B1 and GABA B2 subunits, and they are implicated in a number of disorders, including cognitive impairments, nociception, anxiety, depression and epilepsy (Bettler et al. (springer.com)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely expressed, activity-regulated secretory protein with pleiotropic actions within the CNS. (jneurosci.org)

raising the possibility that BDNF and CB 1 Rs interact to regulate multiple functions in the brain. (jneurosci.org)

Past work has led to the simple hy- side--the less-studied side--of the training by implanting extra copies of pothesis that treatments that decrease mind-brain interaction. (lu.se)

The pathological cascade of secondary injury processes, including inflammation, can exacerbate brain injury-induced morbidities and thus represents a plausible target for pharmaceutical therapies. (figshare.com)
These meta-analytic findings shed new light on the localisation of the effects of THC in the human brain, suggesting that THC has neuromodulatory effects in regions central to many cognitive tasks and processes, with greater effects in regions with higher levels of CB1R expression. (kcl.ac.uk)
The biogenic amine dopamine (DA) regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in insects through binding with specific receptors. (bvsalud.org)
After birth, reelin likely plays a role in many brain processes, including the extension of axons and dendrites, which are specialized outgrowths from nerve cells that are essential for the transmission of nerve impulses. (medlineplus.gov)
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is essential for normal brain development and regulates essential processes of vascular maturation and stabilization. (lu.se)

Note the image below, as well as the article Pediatric Complement Receptor Deficiency may be helpful. (medscape.com)

Opioids are natural or synthetic chemicals that bind to receptors in your brain or body to reduce the intensity of pain signals reaching the brain. (cdc.gov)
Atypical antipsychotics (eg, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine) bind to dopamine D2 receptors and may improve tardive dystonia when lower doses are used. (medscape.com)

Scholars@Duke publication: Monoclonal antibodies to growth factors and growth factor receptors: their diagnostic and therapeutic potential in brain tumors. (duke.edu)

Cerebral oedema is associated with significant neurological damage in patients with traumatic brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Adults with traumatic brain injury and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12 or less, who had a CT scan showing an intracranial abnormality consistent with trauma, and were within eight hours of their injury were randomly allocated to low, medium or high dose Anatibant or to placebo. (biomedcentral.com)
Cerebral oedema is associated with significant mortality and morbidity after traumatic brain injury (TBI). (biomedcentral.com)
Neuroinflammation contributes to delayed (secondary) neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). (researchsquare.com)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause of physical disability, cognitive dysfunction, and accidental death. (researchsquare.com)

The present study was designed to analyze whether the ARd changes in these and other brain areas, such as the medial amygdala (MeA) and lateral septum, ventral part (LSV), were associated with changes in sexual behavior following sexual satiety. (karger.com)

According to new research from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, the loss of an important inhibitory neuron receptor in the brain may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism in mice. (doctorshealthpress.com)

Also, human and rat brain 5-HT2 receptor affinities were strongly correlated (r = 0.99). (erowid.org)

In 1963, Carlsson first postulated that the effects of neuroleptics were secondary to dopamine receptor blockade. (psychiatrictimes.com)

Here, we describe an association of the 3′-UTR +1073 C/T polymorphism of the OLR1 (oxidised LDL receptor 1) on chromosome 12 with AD in French sporadic (589 cases and 663 controls) and American familial (230 affected sibs and 143 unaffected sibs) populations. (bmj.com)

We also plan to better integrate findings across species-linking detailed circuit-level neuroscience often conducted in rodents, to large-scale brain activity seen in humans. (neurosciencenews.com)
These results strongly support the hypothesis that the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs in humans are mediated in whole or in part via 5-HT2 receptors. (erowid.org)
The receptors are widely expressed in humans. (medscape.com)

We hypothesized the efficacy of novel TNF receptor (TNF-R) inhibitors could be screened using post-traumatic sleep and that these novel compounds would improve functional recovery following diffuse TBI in the mouse. (figshare.com)
This binding site is unmasked by a limited concentration range of the organometallic sulfhydryl-reactive agent p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) suggesting that functional expression of this binding site may depend on the redox state of the milieu of the brain. (nova.edu)
The exact subunit stoichiometry is not known and it is possible that more than one functional α3β4 receptor assembles in vivo with varying subunit stoichiometries. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy56

Organisms14

Diseases35

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment51

Psychiatry and Psychology17

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities1

Information Science9

Named Groups1

Health Care7

Nicotinic7

Subtypes5

Agonist9

Proteins7

Rats7

Estrogen receptor6

Cholinergic3

Serotonin2

Protein-coupled receptors2

Binds2

Angiotensin8

Cannabinoid receptors6

Peptides1

Dopamine receptors6

Ligand2

Mediate2

Bradykinin B2 receptor3

Opioid4

Shown to modulate2

Affinity3

Muscarinic receptor2

Characterization2

Activation10

Inhibition2

Pharmacology1

Ligands2

Neuronal2

Endocannabinoid4

Abstract1

Localization1

Distinct2

MRNA expression1

Systemic3

Nucleus accumbens4

Autoradiography1

Olfactory tubercle2

Vitro4

Tyrosine kinase1

Density3

Hypothalamus1

Mechanism2

Neuromuscular junction1

MGluR54

Involvement3

Gene5

GPCRs1

Striatum2

Cocaine10

Neurons4

GABA7

Neurotrophic factor1

BDNF1

Interaction1

Processes5

Deficiency1

Bind2

Growth Factor1

Traumatic brain5

Amygdala1

Inhibitory1

Human and rat brain1

Blockade1

Chromosome1

Humans3

Functional3