Receptor cytokinins. Medical search. Frequent questions

We used loss-of-function mutants to study three Arabidopsis thaliana sensor histidine kinases, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, known to be cytokinin receptors. (nih.gov)
Leaves of ahk2 ahk3 mutants formed fewer cells, had reduced chlorophyll content, and lacked the cytokinin-dependent inhibition of dark-induced chlorophyll loss, indicating a prominent role of AHK2 and, particularly, AHK3 in the control of leaf development. (nih.gov)
Together, the analyses reveal partially redundant functions of the cytokinin receptors and prominent roles for the AHK2/AHK3 receptor combination in quantitative control of organ growth in plants, with opposite regulatory functions in roots and shoots. (nih.gov)
Using map-based cloning, the rock3 mutant allele was identified as missense mutation in the AHK3 cytokinin receptor gene, and the rock4 mutant allele was identified as a missense mutation in the cytokinin synthesis gene IPT3. (fu-berlin.de)
The results obtained showed differential regulation of the chloroplast genome transcription by cytokinin and the leading role of AHK3 in this process. (rudn.ru)

Putative auxin receptors in tobacco callus. (kau.in)
Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
2017). Extra lately, a study in Arabidopsis reported that KLUH participates in the cytokinin instead of auxin pathway (Jiang et al. (angiotensinreceptor.com)

Research with maize and Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some cytokinin sensor kinases bind multiple types of cytokinins while other cytokinin sensor kinases are specific for distinct cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
AHK4, a cytokinin histidine kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana, is a cytokinin sensor that allows binding of multiple types of cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
In Arabidopsis thaliana, most histidine phosphotransfer proteins are redundant, positive regulators in cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
The type A cytokinin response regulator family in Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 10 genes. (wikipedia.org)
Suppressor mutagenesis of CKX1 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (CKX1ox) led to the identification of the dominant mutants rock2 CKX1ox, rock3 CKX1ox and rock4 CKX1ox (Bartrina 2006), which showed a partial reversion of the cytokinin-deficient phenotype. (fu-berlin.de)
By means of run-on transcription assay we studied the role of membrane receptors of cytokinin in the regulation of the chloroplast genes transcription in Arabidopsis thaliana. (rudn.ru)

This review covers the recent advances in research of the molecular basis for the perception and transduction of the cytokinin signal. (actanaturae.ru)

AHK4 has been shown, through three-dimensional modeling, to completely surround bound cytokinin in the binding pocket. (wikipedia.org)

Cytokinin cause a rapid increase in the expression of response regulator genes Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones that promote cell division in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinins act in a restricted region of the root meristem, and their signaling and regulation of genes occurs through a multi-step phosphorelay mediate by cytokinin histidine sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and cytokinin response regulator proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Plant breeders typically focus on immune receptors or impaired susceptibility genes to develop resistant crops, but these can present challenges in terms of strength, durability or pleotropic effects. (elifesciences.org)
Monogenic resistance caused by dominant resistance ( R ) genes, typically encoding immune receptors that belong to the class of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are successfully employed by plant breeders to develop varieties with strong qualitative disease resistance. (elifesciences.org)

In the CZ, WUS activates the CLV3 gene, encoding a short signaling peptide perceived by a series of leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like complexes, among which are complexes containing CLV1 and CLV2. (nature.com)

The research in Yu lab is focusing on the molecular mechanisms of assembly, function and regulation of ion channels and membrane receptors. (stjohns.edu)

The cytokinin signaling pathway consists of sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Histidine phosphotransfer proteins transfer the phosphate in the multistep phosphorelay signaling pathway from cytokinin sensor kinases to their final target, cytokinin response regulators. (wikipedia.org)

It demonstrated phosphorylation by the intracellular kinase domain of the cytokinin receptor MtCRE1. (rcsb.org)
Strikingly, expression of theMtCEP7 and MtCLE13 peptide hormone encoding genesregulating antagonistically nodulation similarly involves the MtCRE1 cytokinin receptor and the MtNIN transcription factor. (u-psud.fr)

This rejection mechanism is initiated by a ligand-receptor interaction and is genetically controlled by a single polymorphic locus, called the S -locus [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A distinct ZmFCP1-FEA3 ligand-receptor combination, originally identified in maize, prevents WUS gene expression in the region below the OC (also called rib zone, RZ), thus confining WUS expression within the OC of meristems 6 . (nature.com)

Unchanged red light sensitivity of mutant hypocotyl elongation suggests that previously reported modulation of red light signaling by A-type response regulators may not depend on cytokinin. (nih.gov)
Cytokinin response regulators proteins are the final target of the two-step phosphorelay. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators serve as negative regulators for cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin causes the rapid induction of type A response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Expression of type A cytokinin response regulators decreases sensitivity to cytokinins, and a lack of type-A cytokinin response regulators leads to increased sensitivity to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators can act as negative regulators of cytokinin signaling by either competing with type-B positive regulators or by regulating the pathway through direct and indirect interactions with other pathway mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators are also likely involved in other processes. (wikipedia.org)
Type B cytokinin response regulators are the positive regulators that oppose the negative regulation of type A cytokinin response regulators in the two-component cytokinin signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
These regulators play a critical role in early response to cytokinin. (wikipedia.org)
Differing expression of type-B cytokinin response regulators likely play a role in controlling cellular response to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
The major family of type-B cytokinin response regulators are expressed in locations on the plant that are heavily influenced by cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Besides the long-standing role of cytokinins (CKs) as growth regulators, their current positioning at the interface of development and stress responses is coming into recognition. (frontiersin.org)
Overexpression of ZmWUS1-B is due to multimerized binding sites for type-B RESPONSE REGULATORs (RRs), key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling. (nature.com)

Cytokinin oxidase from Zea mays kernels and Vinca rosea crown-gall tissue. (kau.in)

Several types of Xoo virulence factors have been identified, including proteins associated with exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and motility, outer membrane (OM) proteins and TonB-dependent receptors, hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) proteins, and type III (T3) effectors [ 2 ]. (researchsquare.com)
Ion channels and ion-channel-coupled receptors are cell membrane proteins that sense physical and chemical signals and couple them with ionic flux through the cell membrane. (stjohns.edu)
Currently we are interested in the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, proteins which are essential for sensory physiology and have been shown to play crucial roles in human diseases. (stjohns.edu)

It appeared that plants found ways to adapt a two-component signal transduction system borrowed from prokaryotic organisms for cytokinin signalling. (actanaturae.ru)

This causes upregulation of endogenous opioid receptors and production. (centerforpain.net)
It is postulated that when the drug decouples from receptors, there is a rebound increase release of met 5 -encephalin(opioid growth factor, OGF), that is metabolized to endorphins and encephalin, our endogenous pain killers. (centerforpain.net)

Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). (beds.ac.uk)

Increased cytokinin content of receptor mutants indicates a homeostatic control of steady state cytokinin levels through signaling. (nih.gov)
Phenotypic analysis of the rock2, rock3, and rock4 mutants in the CKX1 overexpressing background revealed that the mutations caused a partial to full reversion of the cytokinin deficiency syndrome in matters of rosette diameter, shoot height, number of siliques, and root growth, and caused delayed leaf senescence in a dark-induced senescence assay. (fu-berlin.de)
In addition, the characterisation of the gain-of-function cytokinin mutants rock2, rock3, and rock4 revealed that an enhanced cytokinin status causes several effects on plant development, which are of potential interest for agricultural breeding purposes, for example an enhanced organ growth and delayed senescence. (fu-berlin.de)

This result supports a negative regulatory role for cytokinin in root growth regulation. (nih.gov)
A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The current model of cytokinin signaling and response regulation shows that it works as a multi-step phosphorelay two-component signaling system. (wikipedia.org)

Cytokinins control the differentiation of meristem cells in plant development, particularly in shoots and roots where plants undergo growth. (wikipedia.org)
Taken together, the rock2, rock3, and rock4 mutations are interesting tools to research the effects of an enhanced cytokinin status during plant development and gave new insight into cytokinin regulated processes. (fu-berlin.de)
Cytokinins belong to one of the most important and well-known classes of plant hormones. (actanaturae.ru)
Discovered over half a century ago, cytokinins have retained the attention of researchers due to the variety of the effects they have on the growth and development of vegetable organisms, their participation in a plant adaptation to external conditions, and the potential to be used in biotechnology, agriculture, medicine and even cosmetics. (actanaturae.ru)
The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen × cytokinin on plant height, number of branches, leaf, stem and whole plant dry weights, essential oil percentage and yield was significant (p ≤0.01). (ac.ir)
The highest plant height and number of branches were obtained in the treatment of 100 kg N/ha × 400 μM cytokinin. (ac.ir)

Romanov G.A., Schmülling, T. (2022) On the biological activity of cytokinin free bases and their ribosides. (fu-berlin.de)

In this system, cytokinin sensor kinases are activated by the presence of cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin sensor kinases are the initial sensors that detect and are bound by cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)

The expression level increased after treatment with exogenous cytokinin,and decreased after treatment with the cytokinin synthesis inhibitor lovastatin. (ahs.ac.cn)

More robust resistance can be obtained by combining NLRs with different recognition specificities ( 15 - 18 ), or by including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved (microbe- or pathogen-derived) molecular patterns. (elifesciences.org)
The molecular mechanism by which cytokinins function remained unknown for a long time. (actanaturae.ru)
We use cultured mammalian cells, Xenopus oocytes and zebrafish as model systems, and study structure and function of ion channels and receptors with a combined molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, x-ray crystallography, and electrophysiology approach. (stjohns.edu)

The cell surface immune receptors (CSIRs) and intracellular immune receptors (IIRs) directly or indirectly recognize apoplastic or cytoplasmic "invasion molecules" to induce weak or strong immune responses [ 3 ]. (researchsquare.com)

MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins, Kn (0.1-1.0 mg L-1) and BA (0.1-1.0 mg L-1), individually and in combination was used to study the bud proliferation and shoot induction responses in ivy gourd. (kau.in)

Factors included nitrogen levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha) and cytokinin concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 μM). (ac.ir)

With increasing the amount of nitrogen and cytokinin, all the studied traits (except harvest index) increased significantly compared to the control. (ac.ir)
Thus, cytokinin-regulated traits can alter the offspring sex ratio of the specialist T. notatus. (mpg.de)

Low Dose Naltrexone binds to the endorphin receptors for about 1 - 1/2 hours, and the blockade lasts about 4 - 6 hours. (centerforpain.net)
Dextro-naltrexone binds to toll-like receptors (TLR) and causes an antagonist effect. (centerforpain.net)
Levo-naltrexone binds to opioid receptors. (centerforpain.net)

Effect of Nitrogen and Cytokinin on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. (ac.ir)
In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of thyme, a three-year factorial experiment was conducted at Razi University based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. (ac.ir)
In general, the results of this experiment showed that the quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme can be increased by consuming the appropriate amount of nitrogen and cytokinin. (ac.ir)
The combined use of nitrogen and cytokinin improved quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme. (ac.ir)

Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)

AHP4, however, might play a negative role in cytokinin responses. (wikipedia.org)
The cytokinin trans-Zeatin plays a role in long distance nitrogen signaling. (plantae.org)
These results indicated that VlRR5 can respond to cytokinin and plays an important role in participating in cytokinin to improve the fruiting rate of grape. (ahs.ac.cn)

The effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on Thymus vulgaris was evaluated on the farm whitin 3 years. (ac.ir)

Grafting and split root studies revealed that MtCEP7 systemically increases nodule number in roots through the activity of the MtCRA2 receptor in shoots. (u-psud.fr)

These receptors activate dehydration tolerance response within one hour of dehydration and continue activation through eight hours. (wikipedia.org)

It is a pure antagonist at various opioid receptors, Delta Kappa, Mu, and Opioid Growth Factor (OGF) receptors. (centerforpain.net)

The type-B cytokinin response regulator family consists of two subfamilies and one major subfamily. (wikipedia.org)
In this study,a cytokinin response regulator VlRR5 was cloned from Kyoho grapevine,which has a phosphoric acid receptor domain（REC）and a MYB-like DNA binding domain. (ahs.ac.cn)

It could be shown in a yeast experiment that the rock2 and rock3 mutations cause the formation of constitutively active cytokinin receptors. (fu-berlin.de)

Cytokinins participate in short and long-distance signaling and are transported for this signaling through the xylem of plants. (wikipedia.org)
In most cases, transgenic pAHK2:rock2 and pAHK3:rock3 lines showed more prominent phenotypes compared to rock2 and rock3 mutant plants, indicating a higher cytokinin status in the transgenic lines. (fu-berlin.de)
We found that the sex ratio shift occurred on plants deficient in two cytokinin receptors (irCHK2/3). (mpg.de)

have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology in rice to selectively mutant subsets of the 13-member PYL family of ABA receptors. (plantae.org)

The main difference is that as the dosage is very low, about 50 times less than the regular dose, receptor occupancy is significantly reduced and the duration of action is shorter. (centerforpain.net)

Application of appropriate concentration of cytokinin was very important. (ac.ir)

Genetic analysis indicated a cytokinin-dependent endospermal and/or maternal control of embryo size. (nih.gov)

Anatomy11

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs22

Phenomena and Processes5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

AHK35

Auxin3

Arabidopsis6

Perception and transduction1

AHK41

Genes4

Leucine-rich r1

Membrane receptors1

Histidine2

MtCRE12

Ligand-receptor2

Regulators13

Oxidase1

Proteins3

Signal Transduction1

Endogenous2

Gibberellins1

Mutants3

Regulation3

Plant6

20221

Kinases2

Synthesis1

Molecular3

Intracellular1

Proliferation1

Concentrations1

Traits2

Binds3

Quantitative4

Stem1

Role3

Nitrogen1

Shoots1

Activate1

Growth1

Response2

Mutations1

Plants3

Rice1

Significantly1

Important1

Analysis1