CGMPProteinsSynthaseGuanosine monophosphatePhosphodiesteraseNucleotide-gatedBreakdown of cyclicCGAMPCGASNeuronsStimulatesSmall moleculeAntagonistNitric oxideKinaseDownstreamMuscarinic receptorsMoleculesMonophosphateMoleculeThromboxaneGuanylylNucleotidesSecond messengersInhibitorIncreasesNicotinicDegradationInnate immune responsesBronchial smoothVasodilationNatriuretic peptideSTINGCURRENTSNMDASensoryMembraneActivationGenesMobilizationIntrinsicResponsesMechanismsARBsSignalingCellsConcentrationMetabolismLigandPhotoreceptorsPotentImmune
CGMP16
- Recently, signaling by GCC and its downstream effector, cyclic GMP (cGMP) has emerged as a principal regulator of proliferation in human colon cancer cells. (jefferson.edu)
- In sea urchin sperm, a cyclic nucleotide-gated K + channel (CNGK) mediates a cGMP-induced hyperpolarization that evokes Ca 2+ influx. (elifesciences.org)
- Cyclic GMP (cGMP), produced in response to either nitric oxide (NO) or certain peptides, controls important neuronal functions. (nova.edu)
- We find that these cells contain exclusively neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) isoforms as well as both NO- (soluble guanylyl cyclase, sGC) and natriuretic peptide- (natriuretic peptide receptor-A, NPR-A) responsive cGMP-producing enzymes. (nova.edu)
- These findings support roles for NPR-A, the common receptor of atrial (ANP) and B-type (BNP) natriuretic peptide in mature neurons and provide evidence for pronounced changes in neuronal submembrane cGMP signalling during neuronal differentiation. (nova.edu)
- Intracellular photorelease of cGMP and cyclic ADP-ribose mimicked the responses to mGluR receptor activation. (elsevierpure.com)
- The cyclic ADP-ribose receptor antagonist 8-amino cyclic ADP-ribose attenuated responses to (1S,3R)-ACPD, cGMP and cyclic ADP-ribose, but some Ca2+-activated inward currents were still observed in the presence of this antagonist. (elsevierpure.com)
- In conclusion, mGluR receptor activation, cGMP and cyclic ADP-ribose release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. (elsevierpure.com)
- GTP-bound GαT subunits then interact with their effector protein, the cyclic GMP (cGMP) phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6), a tetrameric enzyme with two catalytic subunits (PDEα, PDEβ) and two subunits (PDEγ) that bind GαT. (cornell.edu)
- Binding of GTP-bound GαT subunits to PDE6 activates its ability to hydrolyze cGMP to GMP, thus closing cGMP-gated ion channels in retinal rod membranes and sending a signal to the optic nerve. (cornell.edu)
- Increasing evidence has suggested the possibility that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors modulates spinal nociceptive transmission via a nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. (silverchair.com)
- The authors hypothesized that the activation of NMDA receptors stimulates an NO/cGMP pathway, and this pathway evokes glutamate release within the spinal cord, modulating spinal nociceptive transmission. (silverchair.com)
- The results of this study support the hypothesis that the activation of NMDA receptors modulated pain-related behavior via an NO/cGMP/glutamate release cascade within the spinal cord. (silverchair.com)
- 2,3 NO increases cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) through the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). (silverchair.com)
- On the horizon, novel insights into metabolism and energy homeostasis reveal guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling circuits as emerging targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. (eddoctor24h.com)
- Vericiguat stimulates sGC, the intracellular receptor for endogenous NO, which catalyzes cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. (medscape.com)
Proteins6
- Fig. 1: Photochemistry of light-oxygen-voltage receptors and sequences of proteins under study. (nature.com)
- However, as the oocyte grows, these proteins are synthesized, and meiotic arrest becomes dependent on cyclic AMP . (wikipedia.org)
- NPR-B is activated by a small protein called CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide) and it, in turn, activates other proteins including PRGK2 (cyclic GMP dependent protein kinase 2). (childrenshospital.org)
- Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins ( RECEPTORS, ODORANT ) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
- Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons , that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons . (lookformedical.com)
- How do three dozen insulin-like proteins regulate one tyrosine kinase receptor to control complex events in dauer, metabolism and aging? (biomedcentral.com)
Synthase6
- The major sensor of cytosolic double stranded (ds)DNA is the enzyme cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase). (monash.edu)
- The cellular enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an immune sensor protein that detects pathogen- or tumor-derived DNA. (cancerresearch.org)
- Several dinucleotide cyclases, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, and their involvement in STING-mediated immunity have been extensively studied. (unav.edu)
- The suppression of this repair pathway increases the abundance of micronuclei that trigger the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and subsequent interferon-ß (IFN-ß) production. (bvsalud.org)
- Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes Y-form cDNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and initiates antiviral immune response through cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-TBK1-IRF3-type I interferon (IFN-I) signalingcascade. (bvsalud.org)
- 1 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent enzyme that is stimulated by the activation of NMDA receptors and synthesizes nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. (silverchair.com)
Guanosine monophosphate2
- Anticholinergics prevent the increases in intracellular concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) which are caused by interaction of acetylcholine with the muscarinic receptor on bronchial smooth muscle. (theodora.com)
- This agent causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by stimulating intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate production. (medscape.com)
Phosphodiesterase2
- Photoactivated rhodopsin (R) catalyses, by repetitively interacting with many copies of a guanosine nucleotide binding protein (transducin), the amplified binding of GTP to transducin molecules which then activate cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. (nih.gov)
- In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleotide-gated1
- It blocks the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel responsible for the cardiac pacemaker I(f) "funny" current, which regulates heart rate without any effect on ventricular repolarization or myocardial contractility. (medscape.com)
Breakdown of cyclic1
- acts as a bronchodilator by inhibiting the breakdown of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. (derangedphysiology.com)
CGAMP3
- 2'3'-cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a second messenger that activates the antiviral stimulator of IFN genes (STING), elicits an antitumoral immune response. (tcdb.org)
- Upon binding of dsDNA, cGAS produces a cyclic di-nucleotide molecule, cGAMP. (monash.edu)
- Upon binding DNA, cGAS activates an innate immune pathway by rapidly synthesizing a small signaling molecule called cGAMP (cyclic GMP-AMP), which binds to the receptor STING to drive expression of immune-related genes. (cancerresearch.org)
CGAS1
- He has over 12 years of experience in the field of innate immunity with specific expertise in Toll-like receptor (TLR), inflammasome and cGAS-STING signalling pathways. (monash.edu)
Neurons9
- ATP-gated P2X3 receptors of sensory ganglion neurons are important transducers of painful stimuli and are modulated by extracellular algogenic substances, via changes in the receptor phosphorylation state. (shengsci.com)
- Specific isoforms of PKC were inhibited by using inhibitors of the receptors for activated C-kinase (RACK), and in vivo viral-mediated gene-transfer was used to transfect neurons with dominant negative mutants (DNMs) of specific G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). (bath.ac.uk)
- Olfactory receptor neurons. (lookformedical.com)
- These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia . (lookformedical.com)
- The ability to detect scents or odors , such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS . (lookformedical.com)
- It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB . (lookformedical.com)
- A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
- Snyder, a professor of neuroscience and former director of the eponymous Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience at the Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was recognized for groundbreaking discoveries ranging from the discovery of opiate receptors in the brain to proof that gases such as nitric oxide can serve as messengers between neurons. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Many advances in molecular neuroscience have stemmed from Snyder's identification of receptors that neurons have for messenger molecules and some medications, a find which led to clarification of how these drugs work in the brain. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Stimulates3
- Hence, ANP, via its guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor and intracellular cyclic GMP as second messenger, stimulates endothelial albumin permeability. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Dopamine stimulates adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. (medscape.com)
- It stimulates beta1- and alpha-adrenergic receptors, resulting in increased cardiac muscle contractility, heart rate, and vasoconstriction. (medscape.com)
Small molecule1
- The granulosa cells produce a small molecule, cyclic GMP , that diffuses into the oocyte through the gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)
Antagonist5
- Moreover, l -citrulline inhibition of serum-stimulated DNA synthesis was abolished by HS-142-1 (10 −5 M), an ANP receptor antagonist. (aspetjournals.org)
- 4. The δ-receptor antagonist, naltrindole (30 nM), blocked the elevations of [Ca 2+ ](i) by DPDPE (100 nM) without affecting those caused by DAMGO while the μ-receptor antagonist, CTAP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Pen-Thr-NH 2 ) (100 nM-1 μM) blocked the elevations of [Ca 2+ ](i) caused by DAMGO (1 μM) without affecting those caused by DPDPE. (edu.au)
- The nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (10 μM), did not affect the elevations of [Ca 2+ ](i) caused by opioids in the presence of carbachol. (edu.au)
- The cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM-251 enhances the cerebrocortical hyperemic response to hypoxia/hypercapnia. (otka-palyazat.hu)
- A competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, completely blocked the NMDA-induced responses. (silverchair.com)
Nitric oxide3
- Cinaciguat activates the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) which is a receptor for nitric oxide. (wikipedia.org)
- Riociguat, another drug stimulating sGC, but with a different mechanism PDE5 inhibitors act further downstream in the nitric oxide signalling pathway, reducing cyclic GMP degradation. (wikipedia.org)
- In a previous study, we demonstrated that l -citrulline, the by-product of nitric oxide synthesis, could relax rabbit aortic rings by stimulating the guanylate cyclase-linked ANP receptor. (aspetjournals.org)
Kinase3
- A protein kinase C activator, 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate, had opposite effects on PGE1-mediated IP release and cyclic GMP formation (inhibitory) and cyclic AMP formation (stimulatory). (shengsci.com)
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is a new intracellular modulator of P2X3 receptors. (shengsci.com)
- The application of H-89 (10 μM), an inhibitor of protein kinase A, H-7 (100 μM), an inhibitor of protein kinase C, protein kinase A and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, or Bis I, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, did not alter the opioid mobilization of [Ca 2+ ](i). 10. (edu.au)
Downstream2
- in an operon with an upstream PurR/LacI-type transcriptional regulator gene, named amlR ( ACSP50_2475 ), and a gene downstream ( ACSP50_2473 ) encoding a GGDEF-EAL-domain-containing protein putatively involved in c-di-GMP signaling. (frontiersin.org)
- We ascribe these effects to ACSP50_2473 , which is localized downstream of amlE and presumably involved in the metabolism of the second messenger c-di-GMP. (frontiersin.org)
Muscarinic receptors2
- 5. Block of carbachol activation of muscarinic receptors with atropine (10 μM) abolished the elevation of [Ca 2+ ](i) by the opioids. (edu.au)
- Neonatal exposure to a Type-I pyrethroid (bioallethrin) induces dose-response changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in neonatal and adult mice. (cdc.gov)
Molecules2
- This channel is activated by signalling molecules inside cells, called 'cyclic nucleotides', and its activity ultimately leads to calcium ions flowing into the sperm cell's tail. (elifesciences.org)
- He discovered that two signaling molecules, calcium and cyclic GMP, convert light into electrical signals in the retina's rod and cone photoreceptor cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Monophosphate1
- Activation of beta 2 -adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). (theodora.com)
Molecule1
- The aim of this study was to investigate metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) mechanisms and evaluate a possible role for cyclic ADP-ribose as an intracellular signalling molecule. (elsevierpure.com)
Thromboxane1
- Interplay between cyclic GMP- and thromboxane receptor-mediated mechanisms in the rat middle cerebral artery (MCA). (otka-palyazat.hu)
Guanylyl3
- The most commonly lost gene products in colorectal carcinogenesis include guanylin and uroguanylin, the endogenous ligands for guanylyl cyclase C (GCC, GUCY2C), the intestinal receptor for diarrheagenic bacterial enterotoxins. (jefferson.edu)
- Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), the intestinal receptor for the paracrine hormones guanylin and uroguanylin whose early loss characterizes transformation, has emerged as a component of developmental programs organizing spatiotemporal patterning along the crypt-surface axis whose loss promotes tumorigenesis through hyperproliferation and genetic instability. (jefferson.edu)
- [8] The cyclic GMP is produced by the guanylyl cyclase NPR2. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleotides2
- It is located in the sperm head rather than the flagellum and is controlled by intracellular pH, but not cyclic nucleotides. (elifesciences.org)
- Electrophysiological experiments then revealed that the fish version of CNGK is not activated by cyclic nucleotides, but is activated when the inside of the cell becomes more alkaline. (elifesciences.org)
Second messengers1
- Subsequently, second messengers relay information from the receptor-ligand complex into the cell's interior. (axonmedchem.com)
Inhibitor2
- Intracellular application of ryanodine alone activated currents in this study and proved a difficult tool to use as a potential inhibitor of cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated responses. (elsevierpure.com)
- Sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto), an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), was approved by the FDA in July 2015 to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction. (medscape.com)
Increases1
- This increases biosynthesis of cyclic GMP, resulting in vasodilation. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinic2
- RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more severe disease in line W was associated with significant up-regulation of pathways involved in inflammation, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPases, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, and Wnt signaling in the bursa compared to line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
- In the coronary circulation prostacyclin was shown to act as a compensatory mediator in the absence of NO. We have shown that nicotinic acid-induced flushing is mediated by PUMA-G receptor-dependent production of prostaglandin D2 and E2 by bone marrow derived immune cells. (otka-palyazat.hu)
Degradation1
- Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) was recently identified as a cargo receptor in ferritin degradation. (bvsalud.org)
Innate immune responses1
- In addition to innate immune responses in circulation, AdV virions can also be trapped by splenic macrophages (MFs) of the MARCO subset via the binding of fiber knob of the capsid to integrin b3 receptor [60]. (genemedi.com)
Bronchial smooth1
- While it is recognized that beta 2 -adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, recent data indicate that there is a population of beta 2 -receptors in the human heart which comprise between 10% and 50% of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. (theodora.com)
Vasodilation1
- Lower doses primarily stimulate dopaminergic receptors that produce renal and mesenteric vasodilation. (medscape.com)
Natriuretic peptide2
- Natriuretic peptides present a potent antimitogenic action, mediating their biological effects via the binding of guanylate cyclase-linked atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor and the production of cyclic GMP. (aspetjournals.org)
- The NPR2 gene encodes the natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) protein, also called guanylate cyclase B (GC-B). NPR-B is expressed in many tissues, including cells in the growth plates of growing bones. (childrenshospital.org)
STING1
- Mechanistically, the glutamylated p6 at residue Glu6 inhibits the interaction between STING and tripartite motif protein 32 (TRIM32) or autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR). (bvsalud.org)
CURRENTS1
- Glutamate and the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (1S,3R)-ACPD-evoked transient depolarizations, Ca2+-activated inward currents and rises in intracellular Ca2+. (elsevierpure.com)
NMDA2
- SEVERAL lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the activation of spinal N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays a critical role in spinal mechanisms of pathologic pain states, such as hyperalgesia and allodynia. (silverchair.com)
- The activation of NMDA receptors in the central nervous system initiates an influx of Ca 2+ , inducing Ca 2+ -dependent intracellular processes. (silverchair.com)
Sensory1
- Our laboratory has used the phototransduction pathway in retinal rods, a beautifully designed sensory response system, to study how G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) propagate highly amplified signals. (cornell.edu)
Membrane4
- Electrophysiologists recently have shown that cyclic GMP keeps ion channels in the plasma membrane of the rod outer segment open in darkness, and that light-induced hydrolysis of cyclic GMP leads to closure of the channels and therefore to hyperpolarization of the rod cell. (nih.gov)
- [5] The cyclic AMP is generated by the oocyte by adenylyl cyclase in the oocyte membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The adenylyl cyclase is kept active by a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor known as GPR3 and a G-protein, Gs, also present in the oocyte membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Upon an environmental signal, Membrane receptors transfer information from the environment to the cell's interior. (axonmedchem.com)
Activation4
- We discover that Mtb promotes lipid droplets by inhibiting DNA repair responses, resulting in the activation of the type-I IFN pathway and scavenger receptor-A1 (SR-A1)-mediated lipid droplet formation. (bvsalud.org)
- This binding process leads to the release of IL-1α and activation of IL-1 receptor, promoting chemokines production and attracting other innate immune cells to kill AdV infected MFs [61]. (genemedi.com)
- 6. Muscarinic receptor activation, not a rise in [Ca 2+ ](i), was required to reveal the opioid response. (edu.au)
- Thus, in SH-SY5Y cells, opioids can mobilize Ca 2+ from intracellular stores but they require ongoing muscarinic receptor activation. (edu.au)
Genes2
- In addition, many insulin-like ligand and novel genes with similarity to the extracellular domain of insulin/IGF receptors have altered expression. (biomedcentral.com)
- Up and down regulation of insulin-like ligands and novel genes with similarity to the extracellular domain of insulin/IGF receptors suggests opposing roles for several members of these large gene families. (biomedcentral.com)
Mobilization1
- These data suggest that there may be subtypes of the PGE1 receptor in this clone: a high-affinity receptor mediating cyclic AMP formation, and a low-affinity receptor mediating IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and intracellular calcium mobilization. (shengsci.com)
Intrinsic2
- PGE1 had more potent intrinsic activity in cyclic AMP formation, IP accumulation, and cyclic GMP formation than did PGE2, PGF2 alpha, or PGD2. (shengsci.com)
- Signaling without glutamine appears intrinsic to light-oxygen-voltage receptors, which pertains to biotechnological applications and suggests evolutionary descendance from redox-active flavoproteins. (nature.com)
Responses3
- In its absence, several light-oxygen-voltage receptors invariably retained productive, if often attenuated, signaling responses. (nature.com)
- Antibody-AdV complexes can provoke inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses in macrophages via the intracellular antibody receptor TRIM21 [56-59]. (genemedi.com)
- However, intracellular dantrolene did attenuate both (1S,3R)-ACPD and cyclic ADP-ribose responses. (elsevierpure.com)
Mechanisms2
- These findings suggest that l -citrulline decreases vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the A10 cell line by acting on DNA synthesis by mechanisms that involve the ANP receptor. (aspetjournals.org)
- The diversity of receptors known to impact cAMP-mediated signaling includes those known to affect cardiovascular and nervous systems, immune mechanisms, cell growth, differentiation, and general metabolism. (enzolifesciences.com)
ARBs1
- However, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or aldosterone antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) are often used to treat HFpEF and/or associated comorbidities (such as hypertension and renal dysfunction), although survival benefit has not been demonstrated in clinical trials and, therefore, are not considered a standard of care. (msdmanuals.com)
Signaling1
- Ho YJ, Burden LM, Hurley JH: "Structure of the GAF domain, a ubiquitous signaling motif and a new class of cyclic GMP receptor. (wheaton.edu)
Cells2
- Luteinizing hormone acts on receptors in the outer layers of granulosa cells of the follicle, causing a decrease in cyclic GMP in the granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
- [5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
Concentration2
- PGE1-mediated IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and [Ca2+]i increase depended on both the concentration of PGE1 and extracellular calcium ions. (shengsci.com)
- 1. In this study we have investigated δ and μ opioid receptor-mediated elevation of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ](i)) in the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. (edu.au)
Metabolism1
- SE50/110, but that its metabolism is coupled to the nucleotide messenger system of c-di-GMP. (frontiersin.org)
Ligand2
- This previously unrecognized role of GCC as a tumor suppressor by restricting proliferation and maintaining genomic integrity suggests that receptor dysregulation reflecting ligand insufficiency is a key event during early colorectal tumorigenesis. (jefferson.edu)
- Since then, several antibodies targeting another coinhibitory receptor, the programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1) or its main ligand CD274 (best known as PD-L1), have been approved for the treatment of multiple cancers ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Photoreceptors1
- Naturally occurring, glutamine-deficient light-oxygen-voltage receptors likely serve as bona fide photoreceptors, as we showcase for a diguanylate cyclase. (nature.com)
Potent1
- Norepinephrine is a naturally occurring catecholamine with potent alpha-receptor and mild beta-receptor activity. (medscape.com)
Immune1
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have evolved to sense microbial DNA and elicit protective immunity as part of the innate immune system. (monash.edu)