Receptor calcium metabolism disorders. Medical search. Frequent questions

The rise in intracellular calcium triggers activation of calcium-dependent phospholipid protein kinase which, via intermediary phosphorylation steps, leads to fusion of the insulin-containing granules with the cell membrane and exocytosis of the insulin-rich granule contents. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Among the latter are the group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu1 and mGlu5) receptors that upon activation elevate intracellular calcium levels through activation of the phospholipase C pathway. (nih.gov)
Disorders of oxidative metabolism are involved in the metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA cleavage through regulating RNA editing, thereby altering the calcium permeability of neuronal metabotropic glutamate receptors, causing intracellular calcium dysregulation and leading to neuronal cell death. (wellness2010.com)
The ratio of fluorescence emission at 410 nM to that at 490 nM is used as an index of free intracellular calcium. (abdominalkey.com)

Historically, vitamin D had been linked to skeletal disease including calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism, 1 2 osteoporosis, 3 fractures, 4 5 muscle strength, 6 and falls. (bmj.com)
This is because aluminum can interfere with the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for healthy bones. (taborplace.co)

The new study published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, may have found that people with lower levels of Vitamin D are more likely to have diabetes regardless of their weight. (medicalguardian.com)
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2021 6 106 (11): e4565-e4579. (cdc.gov)
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2021 12 107 (5): e2021-e2026. (cdc.gov)

Rocaltrol is indicated for the correction of the abnormalities of calcium and phosphate metabolism in patients with renal osteodystrophy. (medicines.org.uk)
The Endocrine Unit focuses on metabolic bone diseases and mineral metabolism and ranges from trials of novel therapies for osteoporosis to use of genetically altered mice and cell biology to understand calcium and phosphate metabolism. (massgeneral.org)

The overarching goal of the research of Deeptha Sukumar, PhD is to understand the interplay between bone metabolism and energy metabolism. (drexel.edu)
Her current interests are in understanding whether novel dietary interventions can influence bone-regulating hormones, bone mineral density, pro-inflammatory cytokines and energy metabolism. (drexel.edu)
It quickly became apparent that this is only one of many processes controlled by this micronutrient - others include detoxification, energy metabolism, and innate immunity. (scienceinpoland.pl)
Initially, vitamin D regulated physiological processes, the first of which was detoxification and energy metabolism. (scienceinpoland.pl)

When parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on these cells, the osteocytic membrane pumps calcium ions from the bone fluid into the extracellular fluid. (medscape.com)
If a sulfonylurea binds to its receptor, this also closes potassium channels. (basicmedicalkey.com)
FGF23 binds to FGF receptor 1c (FGFR1c) with its N-terminal region, while the C-terminal region is capable of interacting with the co-receptor αKlotho to confer high-affinity binding to the receptor. (tecomedical.com)
T3 binds to the nuclear receptor (TR) and combines with another receptor (RXR) then combines with a receptor element on DNA. (cdc.gov)
This new enzyme binds to the cells of hair follicles at special receptor sites and decreases the growth stages of hair and increases the resting phase. (womenfitness.net)

Obesity, a global concern affecting one billion people, is linked to many metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. (polymerelektronik.org)
Correlation analysis showed that DOX-induced HF mainly affected phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolic pathways, suggesting abnormal amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
Dr. KE found that disorders of oxidative metabolism, increased production of oxygen free radicals, and immune-inflammatory responses are important pathophysiological processes of neuronal death caused by oxidative metabolic disorders, in which endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded, and misfolded protein accumulation are involved in the main cellular mechanism of neuronal death caused by oxidative metabolic disorders. (wellness2010.com)
Objectives: Dietary γ -glutamyl peptides (γ -GPs) found in dry edible beans exhibit biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory) with potential benefits against chronic metabolic disorders. (unl.edu)
7 In the 2000s, growing scientific attention turned to non-skeletal chronic diseases as vitamin D deficiency was linked to cancer, 8 cardiovascular diseases, 9 10 metabolic disorders, 11 infectious diseases, 12 and autoimmune diseases, 13 14 15 as well as mortality. (bmj.com)
I sincerely hope all of us will continue to work hard on finding practical solutions for all of these metabolic disorders. (endocrineconferences.com)
Although circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversions, estradiol is the principal intracellular human estrogen and is substantially more potent than its metabolites, estrone and estriol at the receptor level. (nih.gov)

In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and the calcium sensing receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone). (wikipedia.org)
activation and proliferation appear to be stimulated by cytokines released by activated osteoblasts and osteocytes or by differentiation of immature osteoclast precursors that possess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D receptors. (medscape.com)
Compared to parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D exerts a much slower regulatory effect on calcium balance. (medscape.com)
Your bones need calcium to stay strong and your body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. (mskcc.org)
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation is recommended to patients on AEDs, however clinical studies do not consistently report reductions in fracture risk and/or improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) with these. (drexel.edu)
This study will examine Mg status (Serum Ionized Mg concentrations, Red Blood cell Mg concentrations) in patients on EIAEDs and Non EIAEDs, and we propose that magnesium status is an important contributor of vitamin D and bone metabolism in patients on AEDs and should be routinely monitored in patients on AED therapy. (drexel.edu)
Chang B, Schlussel Y, Sukumar D, Schneider S, Shapses SA, Influence of vitamin D and estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms on calcium absorption: BsmI predicts a greater decrease during energy restriction. (drexel.edu)
The researchers then measured the participants' levels of Vitamin D in the blood streams and vitamin D receptor gene expression in adipose tissue. (medicalguardian.com)
The researchers found that the obese participants with higher levels of vitamin D did not have diabetes or any other glucose metabolism disorder. (medicalguardian.com)
They also found that the lean participants with diabetes were more likely to have lower levels of Vitamin D. "Our findings indicate that Vitamin D is associated more closely with glucose metabolism than obesity," said Manuel Marcia-Gonzalez, another author of the study. (medicalguardian.com)
This vitamin helps in the body's absorption of calcium and ultimately, maintains bone and muscle health. (medicalguardian.com)
Rickets is also a developmental disorder in children, and many studies have linked vitamin D to calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling. (scienceinpoland.pl)
In Prof. Carlberg's paper, we read that one such adaptation was the development in animals ca. 550 million years ago, the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), which transports proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism. (scienceinpoland.pl)
Vitamin D took on the additional role of a master regulator of calcium homeostasis, essential for a stable skeleton. (scienceinpoland.pl)
This work by Prof. Carlberg sheds new light on the evolutionary mechanisms that led to the development of the VDR receptor, enabling vitamin D uptake. (scienceinpoland.pl)
Background & Purpose: Vitamin D is essential for bone and calcium metabolism, and a deficiency of this nutrient can lead to rickets and hypocalcemia. (eurospe.org)
Yes, but vitamin D is a hormone with a receptor on every cell of the body! (coxchiropracticfwcrc.com)
So vitamin D (along with calcium) supplementation is obviously important for brain health. (coxchiropracticfwcrc.com)
These include smoking cessation, weight loss (if indicated), limiting or avoiding alcohol, maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D and calcium, eating a healthy diet, and regular physical activity. (medscape.com)

Regulation of Calcium Metabolism Calcium (Ca) is required for the proper functioning of muscle contraction, nerve conduction, hormone release, and blood coagulation. (msdmanuals.com)
Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity of cellular membranes, neuromuscular activity, regulation of endocrine and exocrine secretory activities, blood coagulation, activation of the complement system, and bone metabolism. (abdominalkey.com)
The complex pathogenesis of SIC involves a combination of dysregulation of inflammatory mediators, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, disorder of calcium regulation, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, and endothelial dysfunction. (frontiersin.org)
The CaSR allows regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and renal tubular calcium reabsorption in response to alterations in extracellular calcium concentrations. (ox.ac.uk)
For example, a study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives found that BPS can disrupt the endocrine system and lead to changes in the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of estrogen and androgen receptors. (taborplace.co)

Her research focuses on how hormones and proteins inherent to bone metabolism influence obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. (drexel.edu)
This can lead to a range of health problems, including reproductive disorders, obesity, and cancer. (taborplace.co)

Metabolism of glucose within the beta cell generates ATP. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
Conclusions: γ -EV improved the diabetic condition of db/db mice via modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. (unl.edu)

Since bone and calcium metabolism disorders are closely linked with dementia and osteoporosis is a disease of bone and calcium metabolism leading to fractures and falls, treating dementia patients for osteoporosis is imperative . (coxchiropracticfwcrc.com)

For example, exposure to high levels of aluminum has been associated with bone disorders, such as osteoporosis and osteomalacia. (taborplace.co)

The normal concentration of cytosolic calcium is 100 nM/L, which is 10,000-fold lower than the concentration of extracellular calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
Cloning and characterisation of these genes will help to further elucidate the mechanisms regulating extracellular calcium. (ox.ac.uk)

It is worth noting that we have found the key upstream target of DOX-induced HF, PTP1B, which inhibits the expression of HIF-1α by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRS, leading to disorders of fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis, which together with the decrease of Nrf2, SOD, Cytc, and AK4 proteins lead to oxidative stress. (frontiersin.org)

Estrogens act through binding to nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. (nih.gov)
To date, two estrogen receptors have been identified. (nih.gov)
One goal is to develop selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs, such as the original drug in this class, tamoxifen) that will not only help prevent breast cancer but also decrease bone resorption and prevent fractures and improve VVA symptoms. (medscape.com)

These hormones act on cells in virtually every body tissue by combining with nuclear receptors and altering expression of a wide range of gene products. (msdmanuals.com)
XLH is considered to be a systemic disorder, from mutation of the phosphate-regulating gene homologous to endopeptidases on the X chromosome ( PHEX ). (medscape.com)
The human CaSR gene is located on chromosome 3q13.3- q21, and loss of function CaSR mutations have been reported in the hypercalcaemic disorders of familial benign (hypocalciuric) hypercalcaemia (FBH or FHH) and neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT). (ox.ac.uk)
Five patients with disorders of calcium metabolism presented with GCM2 gene variants. (cdc.gov)

Calcium homeostasis is a complex process involving the following 4 key components: serum calcium, serum phosphate, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). (medscape.com)
A schematic diagram of calcium homeostasis can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Schematic diagram of calcium homeostasis. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Various factors regulate the homeostasis of calcium and maintain serum calcium within a narrow range. (medscape.com)

This review analyzes recent evidence on the safety of SGLT2i with respect to bone and mineral metabolism in people with CKD, and discusses potential underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. (lww.com)
The molecular mechanisms underlying excitotoxicity involve alterations of Glu and ionic calcium metabolism, Glu receptor -particularly N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs)- and Glu transporter functioning, activation of downstream enzymes including phospholipases and proteases, and activation of pro-apoptotic mechanisms such as the conformation of mitochondrial permeability pores and release of pro-apoptotic factors. (itmedicalteam.pl)
Individuals working in commercial hog confinement facilities have elevated incidences of headaches, depression, nausea, skeletal muscle weakness, fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, and the molecular mechanisms for these nonrespiratory ailments remain incompletely undefined. (cdc.gov)

Introduction: Osteopetrosis (OP) is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by abnormal osteoclast function resulting in dense bones and marrow failure. (eurospe.org)

While calorie restriction initially leads to weight loss, the body's metabolism eventually slows this process down, reducing its effectiveness. (polymerelektronik.org)

It may be caused by secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide by the tumor (which has the same action as parathyroid hormone), or may be a result of direct invasion of the bone, causing calcium release. (wikipedia.org)
The primary response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the kidney is to increase renal calcium resorption and phosphate excretion. (medscape.com)
In the kidney, parathyroid hormone (PTH) blocks reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubule while promoting calcium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tubule. (medscape.com)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes absorption of calcium from the bone in 2 ways. (medscape.com)
Feedback inhibition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release occurs primarily by direct effect of calcium at the level of the parathyroid gland. (medscape.com)
Thyroid hormone is required for normal brain and somatic tissue development in the fetus and neonate, and, in people of all ages, regulates protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
Graves disease is characterized by the occurrence of antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor that stimulate the gland to produce T4 and T3. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
The cloning of cDNA and genomic DNA encoding the PTH/parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) receptor. (massgeneral.org)
It is metabolized so one iodine atom is removed to produce T3 - about 10 times as active as T4 in binding to a receptor that exerts the action as receptor to the thyroid hormone. (cdc.gov)
The iodine hormone exerts its action on receptors on the nucleus in cells. (cdc.gov)
The thyroid hormone regulates energy and fat metabolism and protein synthesis by regulating different enzymes that are involved in those processes. (cdc.gov)

Rheumatic manifestations of endocrine disorders may present as a definite rheumatic disease (such as pseudogout in hyperparathyroidism), as rheumatic symptoms such as arthralgia and myalgia, as positive immune serology, or may mimic rheumatic diseases (e.g., skeletal abnormalities in hypoparathyroidism can mimic ankylosing spondylitis). (springer.com)
Rheumatic diseases are associated with endocrine disorders which may have an impact on the clinical aspects of those diseases. (springer.com)
The impact of endocrine disorders on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is reviewed. (springer.com)

The primary action of 1,25-(OH) 2 D3 is to promote gut absorption of calcium by stimulating formation of calcium-binding protein within the intestinal epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
Total serum calcium is divisible into protein-bound and ultrafiltrable (diffusible) calcium ( Fig. 6-1 ). (abdominalkey.com)
Variations in serum protein alter proportionately the concentration of the protein-bound and total serum calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
An increase in serum albumin concentration of 1 g/dL increases protein-bound calcium by 0.8 mg/dL, whereas an increase of 1 g/dL of globulin increases protein-bound calcium by 0.16 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
Marked changes in serum sodium concentration also affect the protein binding of calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
Hyponatremia increases, whereas hypernatremia decreases protein-bound calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
Changes in pH also affect protein-bound calcium, and an increase or decrease of 0.1 pH increases or decreases protein-bound calcium by 0.12 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
The human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a 1,078 amino acid cell surface protein which is expressed in the parathyroids, thyroid cells and the kidney, and is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
Kalcitoninski receptor , lokaliziran u osteoklastima , [16] bubregu i regiji mozga su G-protein spregnuti receptori . (wikipedia.org)

Safety of SGLT2i with regard to bone and mineral metabolism. (lww.com)
Emerging evidence suggests that SGLT2i may also affect bone and mineral metabolism. (lww.com)
Although SGLT2i are associated with abnormalities of bone and mineral metabolism, they have not been linked to a higher risk of fracture among patients with CKD. (lww.com)
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. (medscape.com)

It is confirmed that the monocyte chemotactic factors expressed by neurons are the molecular switch that induces an immune-inflammatory response caused by oxidative metabolism disorders. (wellness2010.com)
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns released by infecting organisms not only bind immune receptors on inflammatory cells but also bind receptors on cells in the heart ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Toll-like receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins, which recognize many PAMPs with extracellular domains and aggravate the exaggerated inflammatory response to bacterial infection through activating nuclear factor (NF)-κB ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Local (intra-articular or intralesional) injection of [CV004 trade name] may be given as part of the short-term management of inflammatory joint and tendon disorders, and localised inflammatory and hypertrophic skin lesions including those of lichen simplex, lichen planus, granuloma annulare, discoid lupus erythematosus, and keloids. (who.int)
The incidence of autism, like that of learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), asthma, diabetes, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and other autoimmune and neurological disorders, has risen dramatically in the U.S. and other technologically advanced countries, while high vaccination rates have caused the incidence of childhood infectious diseases to fall just as dramatically in these countries. (nvic.org)

Long term of calcium deficiency can lead to oestoporosis in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased rise of fractures. (researchgate.net)
Eating a well-balanced diet can provide all the necessary nutrients and help prevent calcium deficiency. (researchgate.net)

It was found that disorders of oxidative metabolism can increase the production of β -amyloid by enhancing the activity of β -secretase, thereby accelerating neurodegeneration. (wellness2010.com)
The link between aluminum and these disorders is due to the accumulation of aluminum in the brain, which can lead to the formation of amyloid plaques, oxidative stress, and inflammation. (taborplace.co)

Calcium is very essential in muscle contraction, oocyte activation, building strong bones and teeth, blood clotting, nerve impulse, transmission, regulating heart beat and fluid balance within cells. (researchgate.net)
We have discovered that in mice, GDF15 blocks the slowing of metabolism that occurs during dieting by ramping up calcium futile cycling in muscle. (polymerelektronik.org)
Part of cellular calcium is sequestered in intracellular organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle cells and in mitochondria. (abdominalkey.com)

Hormones, bone proteins and cytokines that play an important role in bone metabolism are also altered in MetS, suggesting that both of these conditions share a common etiology. (drexel.edu)
The endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction probably depends on the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-induced cytokines release as a delay in onset of myocardial depression after endotoxin administration ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)

The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. (wikipedia.org)

γ -GPs are responsible for the desirable Kokumi flavor through allosteric activation of the Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR) present in multiple mammalian tissues. (unl.edu)

Thus, it is obvious that changes in total serum calcium concentration cannot be used for the assessment of the effect on bound calcium concentration unless the changes in albumin and globulin concentrations also are determined. (abdominalkey.com)
In children, hypocalcemia is defined as a total serum calcium concentration less than 2.1 mmol/L (8.5 mg/dL). (medscape.com)
In term infants, hypocalcemia is defined as total serum calcium concentration less than 2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) or ionized fraction of less than 1.1 mmol/L (4.4 mg/dL). (medscape.com)
In preterm infants, hypocalcemia is defined as total serum calcium concentration less than 1.75 mmol/L (7 mg/dL) is defined as hypocalcemia in infants weighing less than 1500 g birthweight. (medscape.com)

The patients, commonly complicated with cardiovascular diseases and neurologic disorders, are at high risk to progress into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death. (hindawi.com)

Closure of potassium channels predisposes to cell membrane depolarization, allowing calcium ions to enter the cell via calcium channels in the cell membrane (b) . (basicmedicalkey.com)

The ionized calcium level varies based on the level of serum albumin, blood pH, serum phosphate, magnesium, and bicarbonate levels, the administration of transfused blood containing citrate and free fatty acid content in total parenteral nutrition. (medscape.com)

The biologically active component of diffusible calcium is ionized calcium. (abdominalkey.com)

Total calcium of more than 10.6 mg/dL is hypercalcaemia, with levels over 3.753 mmol/L (15.12 mg/dL) generally fatal. (wikipedia.org)
An abrupt increase in calcium intake as a result of changes in diet (e.g. increased consumption of dairy products) or uncontrolled intake of calcium preparations may trigger hypercalcaemia. (medicines.org.uk)

The primary goal of this study is to assess whether bone metabolism is altered in the South Asian population, specifically the SAI population, in the United States and whether hormones or other proteins regulating bone influence MetS outcomes in SAIs. (drexel.edu)

Approximately 40% of total calcium is bound to serum proteins, and 80% to 90% of this calcium is bound to albumin. (abdominalkey.com)

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common coexisting autoimmune disorder in patients with Grave's disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. (springer.com)

Although the function of AEG‑1 has been demonstrated in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the underlying mechanism of neuronal AEG‑1 function remains unclear. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, AEG-1 as a key modulator regulates aberrant cellular processes within the central nervous system (CNS), where it is involved in neurological diseases such as Huntington's chorea, migraine and HIV-induced neurological disorders ( 7-9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

It regulates the receptor for cholesterol, takes it out of the blood stream and puts it into the cells. (cdc.gov)

It has been linked to various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. (taborplace.co)

Introduction: Cushing s syndrome results from increased or aberrant expression of ACTH, CHR, or neuroendocrine receptors that leads to uncontrolled hypersecretion of cortisol. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Davy was trying to isolate calcium along with magnesium, strontium and barium.Out of alkaline earth group, Ca has achieved the greatest use and tonnage. (researchgate.net)

Intestinal absorption of calcium doubles in pregnancy. (medscape.com)

Anatomy3

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs16

Phenomena and Processes2

Intracellular calcium4

Phosphorus2

Endocrinology3

Phosphate metabolism2

Energy metabolism4

Binds5

Metabolic7

Vitamin20

Regulation7

Obesity2

Glucose3

Bone and calcium metabolism1

Osteoporosis1

Extracellular calcium2

Fatty acid metab1

Estrogen3

Gene4

Homeostasis4

Mechanisms3

Abnormal1

Body's1

Hormone11

Endocrine disorders3

Protein9

Mineral4

Inflammatory5

Deficiency2

Oxidative2

Muscle3

Cytokines2

Closely1

CaSR1

Total serum calcium concentration4

Renal1

Potassium1

Serum albumin1

Biologically active1

Hypercalcaemia2

Hormones1

Proteins1

Autoimmune disorder1

Neurological disorders2

Regulates1

Alzheimer's1

Hypersecretion1

Magnesium1

Absorption of calcium1