• The presence of suramin and prazosin were not significantly increase the inhibition caused by the FE extract, while Ca 2+ and ATP significantly increased the inhibition by the FE extract. (arccjournals.com)
  • The translocation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) from the cytosol to the membrane is functionally coupled to the activation of N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors at synapses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the selective P2X 3 /P2X 2/3 antagonist A-317491 inhibited nNOS activation assessed by NO formation in spinal slices prepared from neuropathic pain model mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATP is involved in nNOS translocation mediated by protein kinase C via activation of P2X and P2Y receptors and nNOS translocation may be an action mechanism of ATP in nocieptive processing in the spinal cord. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Co-localization of nNOS with NMDA receptors at the postsynaptic density (PSD) suggests that NMDA-receptor activity may be coupled to nNOS activation by a close spatial interaction [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATP causes smooth muscle contractions in rat and guinea pig prostates by activation of purinergic receptors. (arccjournals.com)
  • In addition, the increase in the nNOS translocation by ATP was blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists and inhibitors of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and Src kinase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to lack of any known antagonist for P2X4 it is unlikely that native P2X4 has previously been recognized as a P2X purinoceptor. (nih.gov)
  • ATP (EC 50 ~44.5 μM) evoked transient inward currents in Hd P2X with millisecond rates of activation and desensitisation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hd P2X is antagonised by pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4' disulfonic acid (IC 50 15.0 μM) and suramin (IC 50 22.6 μM) and zinc and copper inhibit ATP-evoked currents with IC 50 values of 62.8 μM and 19.9 μM respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Introduction: The P2X3 receptor (P2X3R), an ATP-gated non-selective cation channel of the P2X receptor family, is expressed in sensory neurons and involved in nociception. (bvsalud.org)
  • In summary, we demonstrate the inhibition of the human P2X3 receptor by various NSAIDs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Orthologs of the vertebrate ATP gated P2X channels have been identified in Dictyostelium and green algae, demonstrating that the emergence of ionotropic purinergic signalling was an early event in eukaryotic evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The phylogenetic analysis performed in our study also clearly demonstrates that the emergence of the family of seven P2X channels in human and other mammalian species was a relatively recent evolutionary event that occurred subsequent to the split between vertebrates and invertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vertebrate P2X receptors comprise a family of ligand gated ion channels activated by extracellular ATP [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)