Reassortment between these viruses reassortant viruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

TRswH3N2, triple reassortant swine H3N2. (cdc.gov)
Triple reassortant (H3N2) influenza viruses containing gene segments derived from human, swine, and avian influenza viruses, have become endemic in the U.S. turkey population. (usda.gov)
In this study, we performed genetic, antigenic and pathobiological characterization of selected H3N2 virus isolates. (usda.gov)
Because the TR H3N2 viruses in turkeys are endemic and of economic importance, there is the need for continuos monitoring and improvement of vaccination to provide better protection and lower economic losses in turkey production. (usda.gov)
Triple reassortant (TR) H3N2 avian influenza viruses have become endemic in the United States turkey population. (usda.gov)
Antigenically, all turkey isolates were similar, showed lesser cross-reactivity to swine origin viruses and did not react with avian origin H3N2 viruses that were not triple reassortants. (usda.gov)
The TR H3N2 viruses exhibited poor replication and transmissibility in 4-week-old chickens and 2-week-old ducks, indicating their possible species specific preferences in replication and transmission. (usda.gov)
The endemicity of the TR H3N2 viruses in turkeys and associated economic importance underscore the need for their enhanced monitoring and surveillance. (usda.gov)
In addition, H3N2 vaccine strains should be updated to offer a better antigenic match with endemic turkey TR H3N2 avian influenza viruses to provide better protection and lower economic losses in turkey production. (usda.gov)
Before 1998, mainly H1N1 SI viruses (SIV) were isolated from swine in the U.S. Since then, antigenetically distinct reassortant H3N2 and H1N1 SIVs have been identified as causative agents of respiratory disease in pigs on U.S. farms. (usda.gov)
Monovalent vaccines based on various H3N2 cluster viruses were not able to induce protective immunity against all H3N2 SIVs used for challenge. (usda.gov)
Since the N6 neuraminidase (NA) genes were clustered with the H5N6 AIV, there is a high possibility that these H3N6 CIVs were generated from a H3N2 CIVs and H5N6 AIVs reassortment case. (flu.org.cn)
Even though isolated 3 months later, the March 2019 isolated H3N2 viruses replicated more efficiently than the November 2018 isolated viruses. (flu.org.cn)
Since avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) was first identified in South Korea in 2008, the novel influenza virus has been reported in several countries in Asia. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we describe the viral dominance of 23 CIV reassortants between pH1N1 and canine H3N2 influenza viruses from a naturally co-infected dog. (biomedcentral.com)
These results indicate that the M gene of pandemic H1N1 and the HA gene of canine H3N2 are predominant in the reassortants. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, unlike the original canine H3N2 virus, some reassortants showed high pathogenicity in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
We aimed to detect intra-subtype reassortment among Africa pandemic H1N1pdm09 (2009-10), seasonal H1N1pdm09 (2011-20), and seasonal H3N2 viruses and characterize the genomic architecture and temporal and spatial distribution patterns of the resulting reassortants. (bvsalud.org)
Next-generation sequencing was used to generate whole genomes (WGs) from 234 H1N1pdm09 (n = 116) and H3N2 (n = 118) viruses sampled between 2010 and 2018 from seven districts in Uganda. (bvsalud.org)
We combined our newly generated WGs with 658 H1N1pdm09 and 1131 H3N2 WGs sampled between 1994 and 2020 across Africa and identified reassortants using an automated Graph Incompatibility Based Reassortment Finder software. (bvsalud.org)
We observed a high frequency of intra-subtype reassortment events, 12 · 4 per cent (94/758) and 20 · 9 per cent (256/1,224), and reassortants, 13 · 3 per cent (101/758) and 38 · 6 per cent (472/1,224), among Africa H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 viruses, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
H1N1pdm09 reassorted at higher rates (0.1237-0.4255) than H3N2 viruses (0 · 00912-0.0355 events/lineage/year), a case unique to Uganda. (bvsalud.org)
78 · 2 per cent (79/101) of H1N1pdm09 reassortants acquired new non-structural, while 57 · 8 per cent (273/472) of the H3N2 reassortants had new hemagglutinin (H3) genes. (bvsalud.org)
Africa H3N2 viruses underwent more reassortment events involving larger reassortant sets than H1N1pdm09 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
The Eastern (Uganda and Kenya) and Western Africa harboured 84 · 2 per cent (85/101) and 55 · 9 per cent (264/472) of the continent's H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 reassortants, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Since 1977, influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and influenza B viruses have co-circulated and have been widespread globally, varying in frequency temporally and geographically. (health.gov.au)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza viruses are broadly categorized by their two surface glycoproteins - hemagglutinin ( HA ) and neuraminidase ( NA ) - hence we often talk about seasonal H1N1 or H3N2, or avian H5N1 or H9N2 viral subtypes. (blogspot.com)
Probable and confirmed cases of A(H3N2)v virus infection were defined by serology and genomic sequencing results, respectively. (blogspot.com)
Viruses resulting from reassortment of swine influenza A (H3N2) virus and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) virus have emerged among US swine ( 4 - 6 ), and similar viruses have been identified among swine outside the United States ( 7 , 8 ). (blogspot.com)
During August 2011, the first known human infection with influenza A (H3N2) variant [A(H3N2)v] virus containing the pH1N1 matrix (M) gene was reported in the United States ( 9 ). (blogspot.com)
The pH1N1 M gene is implicated in increasing influenza transmissibility in animal models ( 10 , 11 ), and there was concern that this new A(H3N2)v virus could be efficiently transmitted among humans. (blogspot.com)
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed infection with A(H3N2)v virus in the child 6 days after Fair A closed and immediately began an investigation with the Pennsylvania Department of Health (PA DOH), the Allegheny County Health Department, and the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) to determine the extent of A(H3N2)v virus transmission and to identify illness risk factors among Fair A attendees. (blogspot.com)
the vaccine had 47% efficacy against the predominant influenza A H3N2 subtype and 67% efficacy against influenza B virus infections. (medscape.com)

Introductions of these viruses from humans and swine into southeast Mexico are indicated as groups of 8 horizontal lines, and each line represents 1 of 8 segments of the virus genome. (cdc.gov)
If any of a virus's genome segments is damaged in such a way as to prevent replication or expression of an essential gene, the virus is inviable when it, alone, infects a host cell (single infection). (wikipedia.org)
However when two or more damaged viruses infect the same cell (multiple infection), the infection can often succeed (multiplicity reactivation) due to reassortment of segments, provided that each of the eight genome segments is present in at least one undamaged copy. (wikipedia.org)
The genome of influenza viruses consist of eight RNA gene segments. (usda.gov)
The segmented nature of the virus genome permits genetic reassortments to occur during co-infection of a host with different influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
This was possible in the lab because the molecular biology of replication is well characterised and that measles virus is polyploid allowing the engineering of a tri-segmented genome that can replicate and be packaged into virions. (virology.ws)
I think beside the benefit of genetic reassortment, having a segmented genome in influenza would probably mean all 8 segments can be made into proteins at the same time, shortening replication time. (virology.ws)
Genome reassortment is an important mechanism through which epidemiologically novel influenza viruses emerge and a core step in the safe reassortment-incompetent live-attenuated influenza vaccine development. (bvsalud.org)
Our findings highlight Africa as part of the global influenza ecology and the advantage of implementing routine whole-over partial genome sequencing and analyses to monitor circulating and detect emerging viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Using a data set of 71 representative complete genome sequences sampled between 1918 and 2006, we show that segmental reassortment has played an important role in the genomic evolution of A/H1N1 since 1918. (pitt.edu)
IAV is an enveloped virus carrying a segmented genome that comprises eight negative-sense and single-stranded RNA segments. (biomedcentral.com)
The virus had genome characteristics most similar to influenza C viruses (ICV) but, due to the extent of sequence divergence, was proposed as a new genus, influenza D virus (IDV). (uthsc.edu)
The genome of this pathogen, consisting of 11 segments of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA), is characterized by genetic variability including point mutations, genomic reassortment, and genome rearrangements that lead to its considerable diversity. (news-medical.net)
Notably, the majority of the emerging viruses enclose RNA genome and these are more prone for insertions/mutation in their genome, leading to evolving viral variants. (benthamopen.com)
The prominent gastroenteric virus is rotavirus, which is a double-stranded RNA virus with a segmented nature of genome enabling higher reassortment events and generates unusual strains with unique genomic constellations derivative of parental rotavirus strains. (benthamopen.com)

If a single host (a human, a chicken, or other animal) is infected by two different strains of the influenza virus, then it is possible that new assembled viral particles will be created from segments whose origin is mixed, some coming from one strain and some coming from another. (wikipedia.org)
In the 1957 "Asian flu" and 1968 "Hong Kong flu" pandemics, flu strains were caused by reassortment between an avian virus and a human virus. (wikipedia.org)
The reptarenavirus family, responsible for inclusion body disease in snakes, shows a very high degree of genetic diversity due to reassortment of genetic material from multiple strains in the same infected animal. (wikipedia.org)
It is thought that during these outbreaks in poultry some LPAI H7N9 virus strains mutated to become HPAI H7N9 viruses because markers for HPAI viruses were found in the second wave of infections, though the majority of confirmed H7N9 human cases reported were LPAI H7N9. (cdc.gov)
With the goal of identifying genetic changes that could lead to greater person-to-person transmissibility, a number of researchers have introduced mutations in the virus and studied how the mutant strains behaved in animals. (flutrackers.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
Strains of this clade, and novel reassortants thereof, were transferred to North America ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)
Transcontinental spread of these strains and an earlier HPAI virus (HPAIV) of the goose/Guangdong lineage of subtype H5N1 has been linked to dissemination by migratory wild birds ( 4 ). (blogspot.com)
The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. (health.gov.au)
Clades can be further divided into sub-clades , and subclades (e.g. 2.3.4.4b ) into genotypes ( and variants within genotypes ), producing a myriad of quasi-similar viruses - sometimes with differing characteristics (see Differences In Virulence Between Closely Related H5N1 Strains ) - but still often referred to (outside of scientific journals ) as a single subtype. (blogspot.com)
To investigate the origin of these Chinese isolates and understand their genetic relationship with the globally circulating H5N1 viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 233 representative H5N1 strains that were isolated from 28 countries. (blogspot.com)
H5N1 viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene have become the predominant strains causing global avian influenza outbreaks since October 2021. (blogspot.com)
The G1 viruses are the most widely circulating strains having been detected in wild birds or domestic poultry in 22 countries across Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America. (blogspot.com)
The 13 H5N1 viruses isolated in China belong to the G1, G7, G9, and G10 genotypes, and viruses of all four of these genotypes replicated efficiently in multiple organs of mice, although their pathogenicity varied among strains. (blogspot.com)
Due to the ability of the virus to overcome the barriers between species, it is also clear that animal strains may act as a natural source of viral genomes, thus promoting mutations and creating new viral genotypes with unknown virulence. (news-medical.net)
Ample data is available in support of the emergence of new viruses or virus strains which have established in uncommon host species or exhibiting species jumping, making their survival in the bionetwork conceivable. (benthamopen.com)
Whole-gene analysis of inter-genogroup reassortant rotaviruses from the Dominican Republic: Emergence of equine-like G3 strains and evidence of their reassortment with locally-circulating strains. (cdc.gov)

In addition, the H1N1 virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic has an unusual mix of swine, avian and human influenza genetic sequences. (wikipedia.org)
This term refers to human influenza viruses that have haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens that are distinct from seasonal influenza viruses and have the potential to cause a pandemic. (who.int)
An example of the evolutionary importance of reassortment is the exchange of RNA segments between mammalian and avian influenza viruses that give rise to pandemic influenza. (virology.ws)
The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain is a reassortant of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
Eurasian-origin gene segments contribute to the transmissibility, aerosol release, and morphology of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
The epidemiological success of pandemic and epidemic influenza A viruses relies on the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person via respiratory droplets. (cdc.gov)
The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus originated by reassortment of a North American triple reassortant swine (TRS) virus with a Eurasian swine virus that contributed the neuraminidase (NA) and M gene segments. (cdc.gov)
Reverse zoonotic transmission of pandemic H1N1 (2009) influenza virus (pH1N1) has been observed in a broad range of animal species. (biomedcentral.com)
Speakers focused on experiences not only from the COVID-19 pandemic but also from outbreaks of other pathogens, including the Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Nipah virus. (bvsalud.org)
The H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus has caused substantial morbidity and mortality in humans, first documented in the global pandemic of 1918 and continuing to the present day. (pitt.edu)
These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
His primary areas of investigation include Virology, Virus, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Pandemic and Influenza A virus. (research.com)
We know the current pandemic flu virus has entirely swine genetic components, although some of those components had been in human and bird viruses further back in time. (scienceblogs.com)
After the pandemic of 1918 the H1N1 virus circulated widely in the human population until 1957. (health.gov.au)
Reassortment of orthomyxoviruses is a known mechanism of pandemic emergence of IAV and an informal proxy for genus distinction with viruses from distinct genera considered unable to successfully reassort. (uthsc.edu)
During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread worldwide to 30 countries (as of May 11) by human-to-human transmission, causing the World Health Organization to raise its pandemic alert to level 5 of 6. (duke.edu)
This virus has the potential to develop into the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century. (duke.edu)
Our results highlight the need for systematic surveillance of influenza in swine, and provide evidence that the mixing of new genetic elements in swine can result in the emergence of viruses with pandemic potential in humans. (duke.edu)
If this virus acquires the ability to spread efficiently from human to human, all of the prerequisites for an influenza pandemic will be fulfilled. (who.int)
The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
2 Co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs in shared habitats provides opportunities for these viruses to reassort and acquire a genetic composition that could facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission with potential pandemic consequences. (who.int)
The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)

The new reassortant strain will share properties of both of its parental lineages. (wikipedia.org)
H5N2, H5N3, H5N6, H5N8 and H5N9) following reassortment (gene swapping) with wild bird lineages among wild birds and/or domestic poultry 24 . (cdc.gov)
Reassortment (gene-swapping) of H5 viruses with wild bird lineages led to the emergence and detection of H5N6 and H5N8 virus subtypes belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 in 12 countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. (cdc.gov)
Surveillance of swine influenza virus in Hanoi, Vietnam, during 2013-2019 revealed gene pool enrichment from imported swine from Asia and North America and showed long-term maintenance, persistence, and reassortment of virus lineages. (cdc.gov)
A phylogenetic estimate of the gaps in genetic surveillance indicates a long period of unsampled ancestry before the S-OIV outbreak, suggesting that the reassortment of swine lineages may have occurred years before emergence in humans, and that the multiple genetic ancestry of S-OIV is not indicative of an artificial origin. (duke.edu)

The team created 127 reassortant viruses between a duck isolate of H5N1 and a highly transmissible human H1N1 virus. (genomeweb.com)
Despite this disease burden, the evolutionary history of the A/H1N1 virus is not well understood, particularly whether there is a virological basis for several notable epidemics of unusual severity in the 1940s and 1950s. (pitt.edu)
Specifically, we demonstrate that an A/H1N1 isolate from the 1947 epidemic acquired novel PB2 and HA genes through intra-subtype reassortment, which may explain the abrupt antigenic evolution of this virus. (pitt.edu)
Similarly, the 1951 influenza epidemic may also have been associated with reassortant A/H1N1 viruses. (pitt.edu)
Intra-subtype reassortment therefore appears to be a more important process in the evolution and epidemiology of H1N1 influenza A virus than previously realized. (pitt.edu)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
the virus resulted from reassortment of a swine influenza virus with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. (blogspot.com)
In March and early April 2009, a new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) emerged in Mexico and the United States. (duke.edu)

H5 viruses with various NA genes continue to be detected, including in US wild birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
In this process genes from two or more influenza viruses are mixed in different combinations, resulting in hybrid viruses with genetic characteristics of each parent virus. (who.int)
We have demonstrated that the viruses are released into exhaled air to varying degrees and a constellation of genes influences the transmissibility of the pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
The real time RT-PCR targeted specific sequences of HA and NA genes for pH1N1 or cH3N2 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The frequent reassortment involving multi-genes observed among Africa IAVs showed the intracontinental viral evolution and diversification possibly sustained by viral importation from outside Africa and/or local viral genomic mixing and transmission. (bvsalud.org)
In all reassortants, nonstructural genes were derived from sublineage C with 2 characteristic amino acids (compared with sublineage A). If the high prevalence of reassortants was typical for West Africa in 2007, the absence of such reassortants anywhere else suggests that reintroductions of influenza A (H5N1) from Africa into Eurasia must be rare. (lih.lu)
Contradictory to published data using conventional approaches we found that, using reverse genetics to force reassortment, D/OK genes could complement each of the corresponding genes from ICV and viable reassortants were produced. (uthsc.edu)
Because these viruses contain a novel combination of genes, little is known about the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of human infections. (blogspot.com)
There is now increasing evidence that animal rotaviruses can infect humans, either through direct transmission of the virus or by contributing one or several genes to reassortants with essentially a human strain genetic background. (news-medical.net)

Triple reassortant swine influenza A viruses have circulated in swine herds in North America since 1998 ( 1 - 3 ). (blogspot.com)

During 2018, HPAI H5N6 and H5N8 viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b become the predominant type of bird flu circulating among birds in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe 24 . (cdc.gov)
Clade 2.3.4.4 virus was closely related to viruses detected at the Russia-Mongolia border in 2016 but had new polymerase acidic and nucleoprotein segments. (blogspot.com)
During 2014-2015, after massive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) on the Korean Peninsula, subtype H5N8 viruses (group A clade 2.3.4.4) caused outbreaks among wild birds and domestic poultry in central Asia, Russia, and central Europe ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
We describe a novel reassortant of HPAIV A(H5N8) within group B clade 2.3.4.4, which causes lethal infections in hundreds of wild birds and domestic poultry in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. (blogspot.com)
In late May 2016, a group B clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 virus was detected in dead and hunted wild birds at Lake Uvs-Nuur, at the Russia-Mongolia border ( 5 ). (blogspot.com)
Although Germany has been spared by larger epidemics since then, a novel reassortant of clade 2.3.4.4B H5N8 was newly introduced to Europe in December 2019 which caused several hundred outbreaks in domestic birds in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine and Germany until May 2020. (vetline.de)
All of which brings us to a fascinating, and detailed, look at the growing diversity of avian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses around the world. (blogspot.com)
H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 70 million domestic poultry in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. (blogspot.com)

By 2011, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization considered six countries to be enzootic (regularly affecting animals) for HPAI H5N1 virus in poultry: Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam. (cdc.gov)
Sporadic outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 virus also occurred among poultry in non-enzootic countries 5 , 24 . (cdc.gov)
In January 2014, the first human infection with Asian lineage HPAI H5N1 virus in the Americas was reported in Canada in a traveler returning from China. (cdc.gov)
In January 2015 , an HPAI H5N1 virus was identified in a sample taken from a US wild bird in 2014. (cdc.gov)
No human infections with this reassortant HPAI H5N1 virus were reported. (cdc.gov)
Candidate influenza vaccine viruses (H5N1). (who.int)
It is used to render highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses less dangerous. (who.int)
The findings indicate that avian H5N1 subtype viruses have the "potential to acquire mammalian transmissibility by reassortment," the researchers write. (genomeweb.com)
A national biosecurity board that monitors 'dual use' research is apparently worried about an as-yet-published study in which a mutant form of H5N1 avian influenza virus was found to be easily transmissible in ferrets, which are considered good models for flu in humans. (flutrackers.com)
Dr. Paul S. Keim, acting chair of the NSABB, said today that the board is conducting a review of H5N1 virus transmission in mammals, but because of the board's confidentiality rules, he could not give any details. (flutrackers.com)
The H5N1 virus causes human illness relatively rarely, but it is often deadly when it does, with a case-fatality rate of about 60% among cases confirmed by the World Health Organization. (flutrackers.com)
While H9N2's involvement can be traced back two decades to the emergence of H5N1, since 2013 we've seen a sudden surge in the number of new avian reassortants appearing in China - nearly all carrying the incriminating fingerprints of H9N2. (flutrackers.com)
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
This page is dedicated to H5N1 Influenza A virus. (vadscorner.com)
His studies in Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 integrate themes in fields like Hemagglutinin and Orthomyxoviridae. (research.com)
His primary scientific interests are in Virology, Virus, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza A virus and Immunology. (research.com)
The various areas that Joseph S. M. Peiris examines in his Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 study include Zoology, Lineage, Clade and Flock. (research.com)
In his papers, Joseph S. M. Peiris integrates diverse fields, such as Virus and H5N1 genetic structure. (research.com)
In his study, which falls under the umbrella issue of Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Genetic analysis, Lung pathology and Chemotherapy is strongly linked to Clade. (research.com)
Joseph S. M. Peiris mainly investigates Virus, Virology, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza A virus and Outbreak. (research.com)
We are lucky this has not yet happened in industrial poultry operations with the highly lethal bird flu virus, H5N1. (scienceblogs.com)
Eight new full-length sequences from highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) from 4 states in southwest Nigeria were analyzed. (lih.lu)
Our results suggest that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) initially imported into Nigeria in 2006 have been gradually replaced by various reassortments. (lih.lu)
Among their findings, they report that H5N1 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals ( something we've discussed often, including here, here , and here ) , and could become more dangerous to humans over time. (blogspot.com)
During our routine surveillance, 13 H5N1 viruses were isolated from 26,767 wild bird and poultry samples that were collected between September 2021 and March 2022 in China. (blogspot.com)
Our study reveals the overall picture of H5N1 virus evolution and provides insights for the control of these viruses. (blogspot.com)
In this study, we performed phylogenic analyses of 220 H5N1 viruses that were reported in 27 countries together with 13 viruses we isolated in China, and found that the globally circulating H5N1 viruses have formed 16 different genotypes. (blogspot.com)
However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
Most of the infections were with A(H7N9) ( n = 1562, 85%) and A(H5N1) ( n = 238, 13%) viruses, and most ( n = 1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
6 Thereafter, the number of countries reporting human infections with A(H5N1) virus increased, especially between 2003 and 2008. (who.int)
As of September 2017, outbreaks associated with A(H5N1) viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds have occurred in more than 60 countries, and sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) viruses have been reported in 16 countries. (who.int)
7 In addition to A(H5N1), other novel zoonotic influenza viruses infecting humans have emerged, including A(H5N6), A(H7N9), A(H10N8), A(H6N1) and a novel A(H1N2) variant. (who.int)

Applications of modern biotechniques in deciphering the genomic data at a higher pace have added voluminous information on virus biology, although there is quiet perceptive paucity on knowing the connotation of virus evolutions. (benthamopen.com)

We evaluated the pH1N1 and its precursor viruses in a ferret model to determine the contribution of different viral gene segments on the release of influenza virus particles into the air and on the transmissibility of the pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
We found that the Eurasian-origin gene segments contributed to efficient RD transmission of the pH1N1 virus likely by modulating the release of influenza viral RNA-containing particles into the air. (cdc.gov)
All viruses replicated well in the upper respiratory tract of infected ferrets, suggesting that factors other than viral replication are important for the release of influenza virus particles and transmission. (cdc.gov)
Viral dominance and characterization of the reassortants of both viruses was undertaken in the present study. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we isolated 23 distinct viral genotypes of influenza reassortants by using a nasal swab of a co-infected dog and characterized the genotypes of the reassortants. (biomedcentral.com)
Viral reassortment rates were estimated using a coalescent reassortant constant population model. (bvsalud.org)
Phylogenetic analysis was used to assess the effect of reassortment on viral genetic evolution. (bvsalud.org)
Viral reassortants were sampled in 2009 through 2020, except in 2012. (bvsalud.org)
Five AIVs from Norway, including three from common gull ( Larus canus ), were analyzed along with 10 available AIV genomes from gulls in Eurasia to search for evidence of intracontinental and intercontinental reassortment of gene segments encoding the internal viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication of influenza A virus (IAV) from negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) requires the generation of positive-sense RNA (+RNA). (cdc.gov)
He interconnects Lineage, Viral replication and Tropism in the investigation of issues within Influenza A virus. (research.com)
The concepts of his Influenza A virus study are interwoven with issues in Viral replication and Microbiology. (research.com)
At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)

These are influenza viruses developed and modified by reverse genetics by WHO Collaborating Centres and the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) for influenza vaccine development. (who.int)
This process occurs in nature but can also be done in a laboratory using "classical" reassortment or reverse genetics. (who.int)
The establishment of the reverse genetics system for swine influenza viruses might allow us to develop novel live attenuated virus vaccines. (usda.gov)
Next, we determined the effects of single nucleotide variations on M splicing by generating mutant viruses harboring the 55C/T variant through reverse genetics. (biomedcentral.com)

Also in January 2015, the first two human infections with Asian lineage LPAI H7N9 virus in North America were reported in travelers who became ill after a trip to China 45 . (cdc.gov)
However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
This research has demonstrated the importance of the migratory bird flyways in this region to the intercontinental movement of viruses between Europe and North America. (usgs.gov)

This study suggests that continuous monitoring of influenza infection in companion animals may be necessary to investigate the potential of the emergence of novel influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
These 'shifts' result in the emergence of a new influenza virus. (health.gov.au)
The present world is witnessing the emergence of new microbes where the evolution rate is much higher in viruses, making them a target of substantial interest among virologists and public health specialists. (benthamopen.com)

Genetic reassortment. (who.int)

Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
Like humans who unwittingly carried SARS-CoV-2 on airplanes from Wuhan to Seattle and from Wuhan and Italy to Belgium and soon from virtually everywhere else to virtually everywhere else in early 2020, infected wild birds are often asymptomatic, so they can migrate carrying the virus. (thebulletin.org)

The ongoing reassortment of swine influenza viruses with three subtypes of influenza virus presently circulating in the U.S. swine herd has important implications for the efficacy of current SIV vaccines. (usda.gov)

Furthermore, this study provides evidence and heightens our knowledge on IAV evolution, which is integral in directing vaccine strain selection and the update of master donor viruses used in recombinant vaccine development. (bvsalud.org)
Yamagata Clade 3 predominating in 2014 consisted of intra-clade reassortants that were closely related to a recent WHO vaccine candidate strain (B/Phuket/3073/2013), with the reassortment event occurred approximately 2 years ago based on Bayesian molecular clock estimation. (um.edu.my)
Moreover, we found that these viruses were antigenically similar to and well matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. (blogspot.com)
Hitherto reports confirm infection of humans through rotaviruses of animal origin, exclusively via direct transmission or through gene reassortments between animal and human strain of rotaviruses. (benthamopen.com)

HPAI H5N6 and H5N8 viruses emerged during 2014 24 . (cdc.gov)
In December 2014 , the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) reported HPAI H5N2 and H5N8 viruses in US wild birds in several states. (cdc.gov)
From January to June 2015, HPAI H5 virus outbreaks (including H5N2 and H5N8 viruses) were reported in commercial poultry flocks in 21 US states and in Canada. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza HPAI H5N8 virus was detected in two seals stranded on the Baltic coast of Poland in 2016 and 2017 57 . (cdc.gov)
In late 2016 and early 2017, there were outbreaks of HPAI H5N8 virus in domestic poultry and wild birds in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. (cdc.gov)
Little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of HPAI of virus type H5N8 owing to the absence of a previous epidemic. (ophrp.org)

Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by type A influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
Respiratory droplet (RD) transmission of influenza viruses requires efficient replication and release of infectious influenza particles into the air. (cdc.gov)
He and his team introduced various mutations into the virus and watched their effects on its ability to attach to human respiratory tract cells. (flutrackers.com)
From 2010 to 2012 in South Korea, we collected 213 nasal swabs from sick dogs showing clinical respiratory signs and tested the presence of canine influenza virus (CIV). (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza type-A viruses (IAVs) present a global burden of human respiratory infections and mortality. (bvsalud.org)
In 2014, in PLoS Path: Genetics, Receptor Binding, and Transmissibility Of Avian H9N2 researchers found evidence of Chinese H9N2 viruses binding preferentially to alpha 2,6 receptor cells - the type commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract - rather than to alpha 2,3 receptor cells which are found in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. (flutrackers.com)
Examining virus interference by specific respiratory viruses showed mixed results. (xn--rvz.wtf)
i am sharing that that the influenza vaccine can make seasonal non-influenza respiratory viruses more aggressive, an effect known as "vaccine derived virus interference" as is established in the scientific literature already as you can see from such example above. (xn--rvz.wtf)
During the study period, nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from adult outpatients experiencing acute upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were screened for influenza viruses using a multiplex RT-PCR assay. (um.edu.my)
Among 2,010/3,935 (51.1%) patients infected with at least one respiratory virus, 287 (14.3%) and 183 (9.1%) samples tested positive for influenza A and B viruses, respectively. (um.edu.my)
Several notifiable emerging viruses like influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, Hendra, Nipah and Zika viruses have become the leading causes of epidemics and losses thereto in both human and animals. (benthamopen.com)
a herd size of minimum 800 sows to ensure enough gilts for sampling in each unit, freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or PRRSV-stability (no clinical signs), presence of minimum one quarantine unit and purchase of gilts from an outside source. (biomedcentral.com)

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)
Using virus-like particles with mutant hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) proteins, we found that the differences in receptor binding of D/OK were at least partially attributable to residues F143, W201, and F256 that line the putative receptor binding pocket. (uthsc.edu)

The red dotted vertical line represents the date of first isolation of pH1N1 virus in humans. (cdc.gov)
Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
Both the TRS and Eurasian swine viruses caused sporadic infections in humans, but failed to spread from person-to-person, unlike the pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
Though the virus has circulated in poultry in many countries since 2003, it has not gained the ability to spread easily in humans. (flutrackers.com)
Influenza A viruses that cause epidemics and pandemics in humans, mammals and domestic poultry evolve directly or indirectly from the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
On the rare occasions that these viruses infect humans, they are called influenza A variant viruses ( 4 ). (blogspot.com)
Different examples of identical or (almost identical) transfer of animal rotaviral segments of the virus to humans are described in the literature. (news-medical.net)
Most of these viruses refer to segments isolated from cattle or pigs, which have been detected primarily in developing countries with a close cohabitation of humans and animals. (news-medical.net)
Influenza A viruses are a One Health threat because they can spill over between host populations, including among humans, swine, and birds. (cdc.gov)
We show that it was derived from several viruses circulating in swine, and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. (duke.edu)
In humans the virus can cause several different syndromes. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
This mosquito-borne virus can also infect humans by arthropod blood-feeding or by contact with infected animal fluids and tissues. (the-medical-dictionary.com)

Novel (new) subtype of human influenza A virus. (who.int)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
Simply put, you can't tell an HxNx virus by its subtype alone. (blogspot.com)

In March 2013, human infections with LPAI H7N9 virus were reported in China. (cdc.gov)
These detections were linked to LPAI H7N9 virus in poultry in live poultry markets 5 . (cdc.gov)
While LPAI H7N9 virus infection does not generally cause observable illness in poultry 43 , these viruses caused severe illness and death in people 44 . (cdc.gov)
Also in January 2014, the Malaysian Ministry of Health reported a human infection with LPAI H7N9 virus. (cdc.gov)
In March 2017, an outbreak of HPAI H7N9 virus was detected in two commercial chicken breeder flocks in the United States 46 . (cdc.gov)
This North American lineage HPAI H7N9 virus was genetically unrelated to the Asian lineage HPAI H7N9 viruses reported in China and was not believed to pose the same risk to public health. (cdc.gov)
The deadly Asian H7N9 virus is a far cry from the relatively benign North American H7N9 virus that hit a few farms in 2017. (blogspot.com)

Additionally, the pleomorphic phenotype of the pH1N1 virus is dependent upon the Eurasian-origin gene segments, suggesting a link between transmission and virus morphology. (cdc.gov)

These are influenza viruses that have been cultured either in eggs or cells (i.e. isolated) directly from clinical specimens and have not been modified. (who.int)
Adult specimens were frozen in liquid nitrogen for later virus testing in Fort Collins, Colorado. (the-medical-dictionary.com)

The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)

This increase in reassortant avian viruses appears to coincide with recent evolutionary changes in H9N2, which include increased mammalian adaptation. (flutrackers.com)

Characterization of Novel Reoviruses [Wad Medani virus (Orbivirus) and Kundal (Coltivirus)] collected from Hyalomma antolicum ticks in India during CCHF surveillance. (cdc.gov)

Although the natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are wild birds, multiple subtypes of AIVs have established epidemics in numerous mammals due to their cross-species spillover. (flu.org.cn)
Wild aquatic birds constitute the natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIVs). (biomedcentral.com)
The similar temporal pattern in AIV prevalence found in dabbling ducks and gulls, the relatively high virus prevalence detected in gulls and the evidence of intracontinental reassortment in AIVs from gulls indicate that gulls that interact with dabbling ducks are likely to be mixing vessels for AIVs from waterfowl and gulls. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results support that intercontinental reassortment is rare in AIVs from gulls in Eurasia. (biomedcentral.com)
However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)

Avian rotaviruses represent a diverse group of intestinal viruses, which may induce subclinical manifestations. (news-medical.net)
Indications are that bats can also harbour rotaviruses, and help in virus spread. (benthamopen.com)

In the subsequent years (2017-2018) the low level but constant virus circulation of H5N8B resulted in a reassortment with other European low pathogenic viruses and caused sporadic outbreaks. (vetline.de)
The nocturnal bats have been accepted harbouring many pathogenic viruses and serving as natural reservoirs. (benthamopen.com)

We confirmed high levels of virus replication and abundant distribution of avian specific alpha2,3 sialic acid-galactose receptors in the oviduct of these turkeys. (usda.gov)
In this dissertation we assessed the zoonotic potential of D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (D/OK), a representative IDV, and conducted studies to investigate receptor binding specificity, temperature sensitivity of replication kinetics, and pH of inactivation, all factors known to affect influenza A virus (IAV) host range. (uthsc.edu)

They tested the viruses' virulence in mice and transmissibility to guinea pigs, which both have avian and mammalian types of airway receptors, and found that some reassortments were transmissible by airborne droplet, although they were not lethal. (genomeweb.com)
However, only one study, which identified 1.3% seroprevalence in a small cohort, has addressed the zoonotic potential of IDV to date, despite evidence that the virus can infect multiple mammalian species. (uthsc.edu)

This study describes the evolution of influenza B viruses in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and highlights the importance of continuous surveillance to inform influenza vaccination policies in this region. (um.edu.my)
Historically, influenza vaccine has had 50%-60% efficacy against infection with influenza A viruses and 70% efficacy against influenza B viruses. (medscape.com)

The Yanagi group in Japan managed to segment the naturally nonsegmented measles virus into three segments and the recovered viruses were viable in vitro. (virology.ws)
Aiding and abetting H9N2 in the creation of new viable avian reassortant viruses has been the common practice of housing together many different species of birds and poultry at live bird markets ( LBMs ), where viruses that might never meet up normally in the wild are provided an ideal environment to reassort. (flutrackers.com)

This virus resulted from reassortment of the Asian lineage H5 viruses with an N1 NA from North American wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
Direct or indirect contact with wild birds was the most likely route of virus introduction into the backyard holdings and zoos. (blogspot.com)

In particular, reassortment occurs among influenza viruses, whose genomes consist of eight distinct segments of RNA. (wikipedia.org)
These segments act like mini-chromosomes, and each time a flu virus is assembled, it requires one copy of each segment. (wikipedia.org)
In total 97 different plaques were purified, and then genotypes of the viruses were established based on the eight gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS) that originated from pH1N1 or cH3N2 virus. (biomedcentral.com)

In December 2016, two human infections with a North American lineage LPAI H7N2 virus were reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A virus infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and currently available prevention and treatment methods are suboptimal. (researchgate.net)
The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)
Vector-borne virus transmission in Africa is generally associated with periodic heavy rainfall during epizootics and attendant human infections (2). (the-medical-dictionary.com)

Currently, there are no data on the rate, spatial and temporal distribution, and role of reassortment in the evolution and diversification of IAVs circulating in Africa. (bvsalud.org)
Novel reassortant viruses emerged every year, and some persisted in different countries and regions, thereby presenting a risk of influenza outbreaks in Africa. (bvsalud.org)
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an important veterinary pathogen in Africa causing abortions and deaths in young animals, primarily goats and sheep (2). (the-medical-dictionary.com)

Light microscopy confirmed influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) antigen and variably distinct necrotizing lesions in liver, heart, lungs, brain, pancreas, spleen, and thymus ( Technical Appendix [PDF - 661 KB - 4 pages] Figure 1). (blogspot.com)

Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)

Lines and circles are shaded according to the virus lineage, similar to that in Figure 2 . (cdc.gov)
In January 2016, an outbreak of North American lineage HPAI H7N8 virus was detected in a commercial poultry flock in the United States, and subsequently North American lineage LPAI H7N8 was detected in eight additional nearby turkey flocks. (cdc.gov)
His studies deal with areas such as Lineage, Gene, Genetic diversity, Outbreak and Chemokine as well as Influenza A virus. (research.com)
Study of virus temporal dynamics revealed a lineage shift from Victoria to Yamagata (2012-2013), and a clade shift from Yamagata Clade 2 to Clade 3 (2013 2014). (um.edu.my)

Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralisation assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in Egypt, June 2013. (research.com)

His work carried out in the field of Virus brings together such families of science as Transmission, Cytokine, Outbreak and Microbiology. (research.com)

Current literature on IDV has largely focused on the agricultural significance of the virus and provided evidence for the agricultural impact via observation of widespread prevalence and pathology in laboratory infected cattle. (uthsc.edu)

Most are modified in seasonal vaccine virus reassortment laboratories by "classical" reassortment from WHO-recommended viruses. (who.int)

Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
These neurological symptoms are consistent with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and though it is late in the season for the virus to be circulating, Slaterus and his colleagues have noticed a disturbing number of sick and dead birds during their counts this year (and last year, too). (thebulletin.org)
Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)

Although most cases of reverse zoonoses have been reported in the pig population, the primary companion animals could be co-infected with pH1N1 and cH3N2 viruses due to their ecophysiological characteristics (synanthropicity). (biomedcentral.com)

To monitor the epidemiology of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) in Liaoning, China, we performed three surveillances in November 2018, March 2019, and April 2019. (flu.org.cn)

These studies also demonstrated the longer-term persistence of portions of these viruses within the North Atlantic avian community. (usgs.gov)

Anatomy10

Organisms124

Diseases27

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care6

Geographicals2

H3N237

Genome15

Strains20

Pandemic23

Lineages5

H1N19

Genes9

Triple reassortant swine1

Clade 2.3.4.48

H5N134

Genomic1

Viral13

Reverse genetics4

North America4

Emergence3

Genetic reassortment1

20202

Swine influenza viruses1

Strain4

H5N86

Respiratory12

Hemagglutinin3

Humans15

Subtype4

H7N97

Eurasian1

Specimens2

Pathogenicity1

Avian viruses1

Characterization1

AIVs6

Rotaviruses2

Pathogenic viruses2

Replication2

Mammalian2

Influenza B viruses2

Viable2

Wild birds4

Segments3

Infections4

Africa3

Distinct1

Epidemics2

Lineage4

High prevalence1

Outbreak1

Prevalence1

Vaccine virus1

Birds6

PH1N11

20181

Persistence1