Reassortant virus. Medical search. Frequent questions

The virus likely resulted from a reassortment event between circulating human seasonal influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
While this can sometimes result in the emergence of new influenza viruses, genetic sequencing shows that the A(H1N2) virus in the Netherlands is a reassortant of human seasonal flu viruses containing the same hemagglutinin "H1" gene as circulating seasonal A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and the same neuraminidase "N2" gene as circulating seasonal A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Human infections with reassortant A(H1N2) viruses have occurred rarely in the past, but these were reassortants with the A(H1N1) virus that circulating prior to emergence of the 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus that triggered a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
This is the first reassortant of seasonal 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Previous laboratory experiments with past A(H1N1) reassortants has suggested that these have limited capacity for transmission. (cdc.gov)
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to influenza and influenza-like illness in general. (wikipedia.org)
The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu, as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, but from person to person through airborne droplets. (wikipedia.org)
Once I realized that the genome sequences from the H1N1 swine flu were in the NCBI's virus genome resources database, I had to take a look. (scienceblogs.com)
They all said the California swine virus is most closely related to a swine flu virus from Ohio and very different from other H1N1 viruses that have infected humans. (scienceblogs.com)
In fact, in some cases, it seems like the H1N1 virus is very similar to a virus that caused an outbreak in 2007 at an Ohio country fair (1). (scienceblogs.com)
The sum of the phylogenetic analyses are compelling and support the hypothesis that the California H1N1 swine flu virus may have come from Ohio. (scienceblogs.com)
Genetic Characterization of Triple Reassortant H1N1 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Ohio, unpublished. (scienceblogs.com)
H1N1 (referred to as "swine flu" early on) is a new influenza virus causing illness in people. (cdc.gov)
How severe is illness associated with this new H1N1 virus? (cdc.gov)
The team created 127 reassortant viruses between a duck isolate of H5N1 and a highly transmissible human H1N1 virus. (genomeweb.com)
The most recent 10 cases, including the three Iowa cases described in this report, were infections with S-OtrH3N2 viruses containing the matrix (M) gene from the pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1). (cdc.gov)
The H1N1, H3N2 and B Victoria lineage viruses are recommended for trivalent influenza vaccines for 2023 southern hemisphere season. (tga.gov.au)
Candidate Vaccine Viruses (CVV) recommended for H1N1 and H3N2 may differ for egg- and cell- or recombinant-based vaccines. (tga.gov.au)
The southern hemisphere 2023 vaccine will contain one new strain for the A(H1N1)pdm09-like virus. (tga.gov.au)
Influenza vaccine viruses and reagents for H1N1, H3N2 and B viruses. (tga.gov.au)
On September 15, 2009, four influenza vaccine manufacturers received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent influenza vaccines in the prevention of influenza caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza activity attributed to 2009 H1N1 viruses has increased during September 2009 and is expected to continue through the fall and winter influenza season. (cdc.gov)
The A/PR8 (H1N1) strain used, which was isolated in Puerto Rico in 1934, had a high replication potential in eggs, which enabled the required huge quantities of virus to be obtained. (medscape.com)
In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
Before 1998, mainly H1N1 SI viruses (SIV) were isolated from swine in the U.S. Since then, antigenetically distinct reassortant H3N2 and H1N1 SIVs have been identified as causative agents of respiratory disease in pigs on U.S. farms. (usda.gov)
In March and early April 2009, a new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) emerged in Mexico and the United States. (duke.edu)
Constant monitoring of genetic changes in the circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses is important for maintaining the sensitivity of molecular detection assays. (who.int)
1,2 In Viet Nam, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 spread quickly into communities in July 2009 and predominated, comprising about 85-90% of all influenza viruses during August and September of the 2009 season. (who.int)
After that, influenza A(H1N1)pdm02 became endemic, co-circulating with influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses. (who.int)

Even though isolated 3 months later, the March 2019 isolated H3N2 viruses replicated more efficiently than the November 2018 isolated viruses. (flu.org.cn)
Emerging triple-reassortant influenza C virus with household-associated infection during an influenza A(H3N2) outbreak, China, 2022. (bvsalud.org)
Herein, a case infected with triple reassortant ICV was identified during an influenza A(H3N2) outbreak, which was the first report of ICV infection in mainland China . (bvsalud.org)
On November 20, 2011, CDC confirmed three cases of swine-origin triple reassortant influenza A (H3N2) (S-OtrH3N2) virus infection in children in two counties in Iowa. (cdc.gov)
Eighteen human infections with swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) viruses have been identified since 2009 ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
These viruses are considered reassortant viruses between a swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus circulating in North American swine and a pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
US CDC, MMWR 11/24/10: Three human infections with triple reassortant H3N2 influenza virus reported in 2010. (flutrackers.com)
Monovalent vaccines based on various H3N2 cluster viruses were not able to induce protective immunity against all H3N2 SIVs used for challenge. (usda.gov)
the vaccine had 47% efficacy against the predominant influenza A H3N2 subtype and 67% efficacy against influenza B virus infections. (medscape.com)

This prospective annual release study is designed to evaluate the safety on new influenza virus vaccine strains to be included in FluMist Quadrivalent for the 2013-2014 influenza season. (astrazenecaclinicaltrials.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
Two Hantaan virus strains, clone 1 (cl-1), which is virulent in newborn mice, and its attenuated mutant (mu11E10), were used to examine the pathogenesis of Hantaan virus infection in a mouse model and identify virus factors relating to virulence. (elsevierpure.com)
The CVI988 strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly effective vaccine to protect chicken against very virulent strains of MDV. (thepoultrysite.com)
Shanika Kurukulasuriya of the Western College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada explained recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses (IBDVs) circulating in Canada are 'variant' strains and capable of immunosuppression in broilers. (thepoultrysite.com)
Swine Influenza, or Swine Flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that originated with pigs and is caused by one of many strains of the Influenza A virus. (projectswole.com)
This property may be a consequence of the limited host range of the virus - humans and seals - which limits the generation of new strains by reassortment. (virology.ws)
I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
The relatively simple methods developed by Burnet in Australia for culturing the virus on chick embryos, involving inoculation into the allantoic cavity, made it easy to obtain sufficient amounts of the virus strains for the vaccine. (medscape.com)
Thus, in 1942, 10,000 doses of the first bivalent vaccine containing the A/PR8 and B/Lee virus strains were administered in humans for testing. (medscape.com)
This project will explore determine how sequence variation in the UTR's of the influenza vRNA's (particularly, HA and NA) impact the replication/fitness of influenza A viruses by focusing our analysis on the UTR's of high yield reassortants used as vaccine seed stocks and selected naturally circulating strains. (jcvi.org)
Differential expression of specific factors observed between avian H7N9 and pdmH1N1 influenza virus strains could explain the variation in disease pathogenicity. (aacc.org)
Due to the ability of the virus to overcome the barriers between species, it is also clear that animal strains may act as a natural source of viral genomes, thus promoting mutations and creating new viral genotypes with unknown virulence. (news-medical.net)

Although H5N8 subtype viruses have been detected previously in the United States, all have been low pathogenicity AIV of North American wild bird lineage. (cdc.gov)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
These findings provide a framework for future studies examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of avian H7N9 virus. (aacc.org)
Collectively, our data provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of the differential pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses. (aacc.org)

A nan Province, China, to a smallholder distributor in Luang sian lineage influenza A(H5N1) viruses continue to cause serious disease in poultry and sporadic hu- man infections ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
A(H5N1) virus and subsequently in poultry infected with clade 2.3.4 and 2.3.2 viruses in 2006 and 2008, respec- tively ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Interclade reassortant influenza A(H5N1) vi- rus genotypes homologous to viruses circulating in south- ern China and Vietnam have also been detected, which indicated previous transboundary virus transfers. (cdc.gov)
How- ever, influenza A(H5N1) virus in poultry has not been reported in Laos since mid-2010 ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
After the reported spread of HPAI H5N1 virus in Asia, a large, interagency avian influenza virus, or AIV, surveillance effort was implemented throughout the United States during April 2006 to March of 2011. (cdc.gov)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
The findings indicate that avian H5N1 subtype viruses have the "potential to acquire mammalian transmissibility by reassortment," the researchers write. (genomeweb.com)
We are lucky this has not yet happened in industrial poultry operations with the highly lethal bird flu virus, H5N1. (scienceblogs.com)
Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
While H9N2's involvement can be traced back two decades to the emergence of H5N1, since 2013 we've seen a sudden surge in the number of new avian reassortants appearing in China - nearly all carrying the incriminating fingerprints of H9N2. (flutrackers.com)
In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. (who.int)
Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)
hivernale 2014-2015, le virus H5N1 a considérablement circulé dans les élevages de volailles, entraînant un nombre d'infections sans précédent chez l'homme. (who.int)
La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has circulated among domestic poultry in Egypt, causing massive economic losses in the poultry production sector (1). (who.int)
However, the H5N1 virus continued to circulate and it became endemic in 2008, which led to genetic drift of the surface immunogenic glycoproteins (4,5). (who.int)
Accordingly, the Egyptian H5N1 viruses diversified into several subclades (classical 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.1a and 2.2.1.2), of which at least two subclades co-circulated between 2008 and 2011 (6-8). (who.int)
The subclades of H5N1 viruses in Egypt are antigenically distinct and most vaccines used are no longer antigenically matched (2,9). (who.int)
Egypt reported more laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza virus H5N1 to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 2003 and 2015 than any other country (346 cases), with 116 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 33.5 % (10). (who.int)
However, the H5N1 virus continued ians collected 2383 cloacal and 1877 ble 1). (who.int)

These birds were positive for In March 2014, avian influenza in poultry in Laos was avian influenza A virus (H5 subtype) by real-time reverse causedbyanemergentinfluenzaA(H5N6)virus.Genetic transcription PCR (RT-PCR) ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Reassortment happens when two or more influenza viruses infect a single host and swap genetic material. (cdc.gov)
An experiment with genetic reassortant viruses showed that in newborn mice the M segment is the most related to virulence and the L segment is partly related. (elsevierpure.com)
We know the current pandemic flu virus has entirely swine genetic components, although some of those components had been in human and bird viruses further back in time. (scienceblogs.com)
Our results highlight the need for systematic surveillance of influenza in swine, and provide evidence that the mixing of new genetic elements in swine can result in the emergence of viruses with pandemic potential in humans. (duke.edu)
There is now increasing evidence that animal rotaviruses can infect humans, either through direct transmission of the virus or by contributing one or several genes to reassortants with essentially a human strain genetic background. (news-medical.net)
Both conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR assays are rapid, sensitive methods for detecting the genetic material of influenza viruses. (who.int)
Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus. (bvsalud.org)

Due to the scope and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic there exists a strong desire to understand where the SARS-CoV-2 virus came from and how it jumped species boundaries to humans. (nih.gov)
Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is rare, and does not always lead to human illness, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (zoonotic swine flu). (wikipedia.org)
This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
Our findings indicate these H2N3 viruses can infect various mammalian hosts without adaptation, suggesting they may be transmissible to humans. (usda.gov)
Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
These viruses were isolated from mosquitoes and humans during epidemiologic investigations on the role of CAL serogroup viruses in the increased incidence of arboviral encephalitis in Russia. (ajtmh.org)
The disease in "Contagion" is modeled on the lethal Nipah virus, one of the most threatening new infectious pathogens to jump from animals to humans. (brandeis.edu)
Three years later in Bangladesh, a more contagious and virulent strain of the virus was discovered spilling over from bats to humans, killing 75 to 100 percent of infected people. (brandeis.edu)
The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
This represents one possible obstacle to the emergence of new pandemic influenza A viruses in humans, namely, the presence of avian-human influenza gene constellations that restrict viral replication in primates. (wiktionary.org)
We show that it was derived from several viruses circulating in swine, and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. (duke.edu)
Different examples of identical or (almost identical) transfer of animal rotaviral segments of the virus to humans are described in the literature. (news-medical.net)
Most of these viruses refer to segments isolated from cattle or pigs, which have been detected primarily in developing countries with a close cohabitation of humans and animals. (news-medical.net)
1 Since then, the virus has become a seasonal influenza virus and continues to circulate worldwide in humans and pigs. (who.int)

We report highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry in Laos in March 2014 that was caused by an emergent reassortant influenza A(H5N6) virus, apparently imported by live poultry from China. (cdc.gov)
In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)

This virus was originally referred to as "swine flu" because laboratory testing showed that many of the genes in this new virus were very similar to influenza viruses that normally occur in pigs in North America. (cdc.gov)
It has two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia and avian genes and human genes. (cdc.gov)
All internal genes except PA were similar to influenza virus gene segments found in contemporary triple reassortant (human, swine, avian) SIVs in the United States. (usda.gov)
In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Do viruses ever reassort across these lines-like influenza A and C exchanging HA genes or something? (virology.ws)
The number of upregulated genes was larger than the numbers of downregulated genes in both groups of virus-infected NHBE cells at both time points. (aacc.org)

Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. (wikipedia.org)
But further study has shown that this new virus is very different from what normally circulates in North American pigs. (cdc.gov)
Pigs have been suggested to be the mixing vessel for avian and human influenza viruses because the porcine trachea contains binding receptors with preferences for human and avian influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
Experimental infection of swine showed that the H2N3 virus is virulent for pigs, replicating in the lung and causing macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions. (usda.gov)
Here we characterize genetically similar reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs from two farms in the U.S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA, NA, and PA gene segments are similar to those of avian influenza viruses of the American lineage, whereas other segments are similar to those of contemporary swine influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
The H2N3 virus was able to replicate in pigs, mice, and ferrets and transmissible among pigs and ferrets. (usda.gov)
They tested the viruses' virulence in mice and transmissibility to guinea pigs, which both have avian and mammalian types of airway receptors, and found that some reassortments were transmissible by airborne droplet, although they were not lethal. (genomeweb.com)
Here's the scenario: Deforestation and intensive pig farming disturb the ecosystem of a group of Southeast Asian bats, causing a new virus to move from the bats to the pigs, then into the human population. (brandeis.edu)
Neonatal and susceptible young growing pigs are exposed to viruses that are shed by carriers, including sows, or through exposure to the virus in their environment. (news-medical.net)

Histologic and pathologic findings for the 3 raptors were consistent with those described in previous reports of H5N8 infections, and the severity of the lesions correspond to virus concentrations detected in the tissues by molecular assays. (cdc.gov)
In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza A virus infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and currently available prevention and treatment methods are suboptimal. (researchgate.net)

The ongoing reassortment of swine influenza viruses with three subtypes of influenza virus presently circulating in the U.S. swine herd has important implications for the efficacy of current SIV vaccines. (usda.gov)

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)

The virus has not been detected beyond this one person and current seasonal flu vaccines would likely offer protection against this virus. (cdc.gov)
Sharing of Influenza Viruses and Access to Vaccines and other Benefits was held in Geneva, from 8 to13 December 2008. (who.int)
The Australian Influenza Vaccine Committee (AIVC) met to recommend the composition of the influenza virus vaccines for Australia in 2023. (tga.gov.au)
Serological responses to the 2021-2022 vaccines, and the availability of candidate vaccines viruses and reagents were also reviewed by the Committee. (tga.gov.au)
Evolution of influenza viruses and corresponding evolution of influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
[ 56 ] The quadrivalent flu vaccines have an additional B virus. (medscape.com)

However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
Aiding and abetting H9N2 in the creation of new viable avian reassortant viruses has been the common practice of housing together many different species of birds and poultry at live bird markets ( LBMs ), where viruses that might never meet up normally in the wild are provided an ideal environment to reassort. (flutrackers.com)
ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)

Although the natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are wild birds, multiple subtypes of AIVs have established epidemics in numerous mammals due to their cross-species spillover. (flu.org.cn)

Avian-human influenza A reassortant viruses with the phenotype of restricted replication in primates would not be able to spread efficiently from human to human, and therefore viruses with these gene constellations would not be expected to give rise to pandemic human influenza viruses. (wiktionary.org)

How does that get explained as a new strain of the virus? (scienceblogs.com)
This bivalent vaccine contained 0.5 ml of virus concentrated from 5 ml of allantoic fluid containing influenza A and the same amount of influenza B. One half of the influenza A allantoic fluid contained the A/PR8 strain and the other half contained the Weiss strain, a strain that had been isolated more recently and that was slightly different from A/PR8. (medscape.com)
The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)

Whole- genome sequencing indicated the virus was highly similar to the H5N2 reassortant virus from Canada. (cdc.gov)
For this purpose, the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was cloned into CVRM genome by recombination. (thepoultrysite.com)
Phleboviruses are enveloped viruses with a genome consisting of three single-stranded RNA molecules. (europa.eu)
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. (bvsalud.org)

On Thursday, March 22, 2018, the Netherlands reported a human infection with an influenza A(H1N2) virus. (cdc.gov)
After subcutaneous inoculation of newborn BALB/c mice, cl-1 caused fatal disease with high viral multiplication in peripheral organs, but mu11E10 produced nonfatal infection with a low level of virus multiplication. (elsevierpure.com)
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
CDC is studying the medical histories of people who have been infected with this virus to determine whether some people may be at greater risk from infection, serious illness or hospitalization from the virus. (cdc.gov)
It's unknown at this time whether certain groups of people are at greater risk of serious flu-related complications from infection with this new virus. (cdc.gov)
All cases of human infection with S-OtrH3N2 virus containing the M gene from the pH1N1 virus have occurred in 2011 and have been reported from four states: Pennsylvania (three cases), Maine (two), Indiana (two), and Iowa (three) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
In south-western Europe, Toscana virus infection accounts for the most frequent cause of aseptic meningitis together with enteroviruses and herpesviruses [2]. (europa.eu)
Toscana virus infection is not a notifiable disease at the EU/EEA level and there is no EU case definition. (europa.eu)
However, Toscana virus infection case definitions have been proposed in the literature [3]. (europa.eu)
Serological data such as seroconversion or a four-fold increase in paired sera would also be applicable to Toscana virus as well as the presence of IgM in a unique serum sample is indicative of a probable case of infection. (europa.eu)
In this study, we aimed to assess host differentially expressed gene signatures in respiratory tract epithelial cells after influenza A virus pdmH1N1 or H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
H7N9 virus infection induced strong immune response, however cellular repair mechanisms were inhibited at the same time. (aacc.org)
Historically, influenza vaccine has had 50%-60% efficacy against infection with influenza A viruses and 70% efficacy against influenza B viruses. (medscape.com)

In the past, avian flu viruses have crossed species barriers by reassorting with mammal-infective viruses in intermediate livestock hosts. (genomeweb.com)
Even more nerve-racking, many of the reported Nipah cases spread from person to person - an unsettling reminder of just how easily viruses carried by animals can adapt to human hosts - creating the potential for a pandemic. (brandeis.edu)
Most domestic animal species can play a role in the spread of the virus by acting as natural reservoirs of the virus or as intermediate or end hosts. (news-medical.net)

This A(H1N2) reassortant virus is thought to pose a health risk similar to other seasonal influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
This virus is spreading from person-to-person, probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread. (cdc.gov)

Toscana virus can present serological cross-reactions with other phleboviruses, particularly those included in the Naples phlebovirus species (sandfly fever Naples virus, Granada virus, and to a lesser extent Arrabida, Balkan, Fermo, Saddaguia viruses) or Punique phlebovirus . (europa.eu)

But knowledge about ICV is limited compared with influenza A and B viruses , due to poor systematic surveillance and inability to propagate. (bvsalud.org)

Influenza A virus can infect different mammalian animals. (usda.gov)
A leucine at HA position 226 indicates preferential binding to the mammalian virus receptor. (usda.gov)
This increase in reassortant avian viruses appears to coincide with recent evolutionary changes in H9N2, which include increased mammalian adaptation. (flutrackers.com)
We will also investigate changes in the HA and NA UTRs of a subset of ~6-10 reassortants vaccine seeds which have been serially passaged in mammalian cell culture or eggs to determine if the substrate/species used to propagate the viruses selects for changes in the UTRs that enhance growth under specific conditions. (jcvi.org)

Molecular evolutionary analyses can trace viral origins by establishing relatedness and divergence times of viruses and identifying past selective pressures. (nih.gov)
Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
Laboratory criteria for direct diagnosis such as virus isolation or viral RNA detection in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that are used for the aforementioned viruses could also be applied to Toscana virus. (europa.eu)

Both viruses have 3 RNA segments of North American wild bird lineage and 5 RNA segments that showed more than 99 percent similarity to the 2014 Eurasian H5N8 viruses. (cdc.gov)
First, the Eurasian lineage avian H5N8 virus survived introduction into North America in its entirety. (cdc.gov)
a B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus. (tga.gov.au)

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)

Nucleotide sequencing was used to characterize unidentified California (CAL) serogroup virus isolates from Russia. (ajtmh.org)

Phylogenetic analysis showed that this ICV was triple reassortant. (bvsalud.org)
Phylogenetic analysis of the H5 viruses detected in the United States resulted in 3 major findings. (cdc.gov)
Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of these viruses revealed that the HA segment is similar to an avian influenza virus (AIV) H2N3 isolated from mallards and the NA sequence is similar to an AIV H4N3 isolated from blue-winged teal. (usda.gov)
The primer and probe sets in the HA gene were checked for mismatches, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the molecular epidemiology of these viruses. (who.int)

From Texas A&M University, Blanca Lupiani reported that she and her colleagues recently showed that insertion of LTR (long term repeat) sequences into the CVI988 resulted in the generation of CVRM, a virus with similar protective efficacy.The CVRM virus was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome, by insertion of mini-F sequences into the US2 gene by homologous recombination. (thepoultrysite.com)
To gain global and dynamic gene expression profiles, the NHBE cells cultured from a 24 year old donor were challenged by 3.0 m.o.i. avian H7N9 virus (A/Taiwan/4-CGMH/2014), H1N1pdm virus (A/California/07/2009), or mock control. (aacc.org)

Molecular assay results for oral and cloacal swab samples and major organ and brain samples from one falcon were positive for influenza A and H5 viruses. (cdc.gov)
Molecular characterization of California serogroup viruses isolated in Russia. (ajtmh.org)

Furthermore, the unsampled history of the epidemic means that the nature and location of the genetically closest swine viruses reveal little about the immediate origin of the epidemic, despite the fact that we included a panel of closely related and previously unpublished swine influenza isolates. (duke.edu)

Sequence analysis revealed that the Russian viruses differ from other Eurasian and North American CAL serogroup viruses in all of the segments analyzed. (ajtmh.org)
The sequence of the complete genomes including the HA and NA UTRs of low and high yield reassortant vaccine candidate, and seed stocks and their parental viruses (wild type). (jcvi.org)

Researchers first isolated the Swine Flu virus in a pig back in 1930. (projectswole.com)

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
In 1998 an RV vaccine consisting of a Rhesus-human reassortant (Rotashield™, Wyeth) was licensed in the U.S., but was withdrawn in 1999 after only a few months of usage following reports in post-marketing surveillance of intussusception among vaccine recipients. (canada.ca)
Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
RÉSUMÉ La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes est en cours depuis 2009. (who.int)
During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread worldwide to 30 countries (as of May 11) by human-to-human transmission, causing the World Health Organization to raise its pandemic alert to level 5 of 6. (duke.edu)
virus in 2006, the veterinary authorities influenza viruses in Egypt during 1 year in Egypt implemented a comprehensive of active surveillance in 2015. (who.int)

Nearly all adults have been infected with influenza C virus, which causes mild upper respiratory tract illness. (virology.ws)

[ 8 ] With an inactivated virus vaccine, the amount of antigen required to induce immunity is much greater than that for a live-attenuated virus vaccine, because unlike the live-attenuated virus, the inactivated virus does not replicate in the recipient. (medscape.com)

Most of the isolates were identified serologically as snowshoe hare (SSH), Inkoo (INK), and Tahyna (TAH) viruses, but some of the isolates were difficult to classify serologically, suggesting that they could be reassortant viruses. (ajtmh.org)

Consignments from this batch were RT-PCR but negative for neuraminidase (NA) subtype N1 delivered to the villages a week later, and birds at both and were subjected to virus propagation in 9 to 11-day-old locations showed clinical signs of influenza and died sud- specific pathogen-free chicken eggs. (cdc.gov)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
In 2014, in PLoS Path: Genetics, Receptor Binding, and Transmissibility Of Avian H9N2 researchers found evidence of Chinese H9N2 viruses binding preferentially to alpha 2,6 receptor cells - the type commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract - rather than to alpha 2,3 receptor cells which are found in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. (flutrackers.com)

The Nipah virus first emerged in 1998, sweeping through pig farms in Malaysia and Singapore. (brandeis.edu)

With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
This research has demonstrated the importance of the migratory bird flyways in this region to the intercontinental movement of viruses between Europe and North America. (usgs.gov)

Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
other diseases related to tick-borne viruses that were previously included in the Phlebovirus genus (Uukkuniemi virusDabie bandavirus Heartland bandavirus ) and are now reclassified either in the Uukuvirus or in the Bandavirus genera. (europa.eu)

Therefore the influenza virion contains 7 RNA segments, not 8 RNAs like influenza A and B viruses. (virology.ws)

Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by type A influenza viruses. (usda.gov)

Toscana virus belongs to the Toscana phlebovirus species within the Phlebovirus genus in the Phenuiviridae family [6,7]. (europa.eu)

These appearances also represent a major change in Eurasian H5 virus circulation. (cdc.gov)

The swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms73

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes27

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care3

Geographicals1

H1N130

H3N29

Strains16

Pathogenicity4

H5N127

Genetic8

Humans15

H5N62

Genes6

Pigs9

Infections4

Reassortment1

Hemagglutinin2

Vaccines6

Poultry3

Subtypes1

Replication1

Strain3

Genome4

Infection13

Hosts3

Seasonal influenza viruses2

Serological1

Compared with influenza1

Mammalian4

Viral3

Lineage3

Pathogenic4

Characterize1

Phylogenetic4

Gene2

Molecular2

Genetically1

Sequence2

Swine flu1

Surveillance6

Infected with influenza C vir1

Live-attenuated virus1

Isolates1

Birds3

19981

North America2

Diseases2

Segments1

Respiratory disease1

Species1

Eurasian1

Populations1