Rearrangements comparative paint your chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mammalian comparative cytogenetics, an indispensable part of phylogenomics, has evolved in a series of steps from pure description to the more heuristic science of the genomic era. (wikipedia.org)
Libert F., Lefort A., Okimoto R., Womack J., Georges M., Construction of a bovine genomic library of large yeast artificial chromosome clones, Genomics 18 (1993) 270-276. (gse-journal.org)
Comparative genomic studies have evidenced the preservation of large genomic blocks among legumes, although chromosome dynamics during Phaseoleae evolution has not been investigated. (bvsalud.org)
We conducted a comparative genomic analysis to define an informative genomic block (GB) system and to reconstruct the ancestral Phaseoleae karyotype (APK). (bvsalud.org)
The development of the GB system and the proposed APK provide useful approaches for future comparative genomic analyses of legume species. (bvsalud.org)
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been developed to elucidate genome-wide sequence copy number variation (CNV) between different genomes, such as the differential amplification or deletion of genetic regions between tumor DNA and normal DNA from neighboring unaffected tissue [ 7-10 ]. (idtdna.com)
Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. (idtdna.com)
High resolution analysis of DNA copy number variation using comparative genomic hybridization to microarrays. (idtdna.com)
More recently, the technique of comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) using metaphase chromosomes has been applied to this clinical problem. (bmj.com)
An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
2009), chromosome flow sorting and microdissection technology, and various genomic DNA amplification systems (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)
Modern genomic research generally focuses on the role of individual genes but the role of chromosomes and homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) is often disregarded. (ukri.org)
The aim of the project will thus be to generate a freely available comparative genomic resource that can be used to compare the genome structures of 25-30 bird species. (ukri.org)
Chromosome numbers have been widely used to describe the most fundamental genomic attribute of an organism or a lineage. (plantcytogenomics.org)
Changes in chromosome numbers regularly serve as indication of major genomic events, most notably polyploidy and dysploidy. (plantcytogenomics.org)
AS is a classic example of genomic imprinting in that it is usually caused by deletion or inactivation of genes on the maternally inherited chromosome 15 while the paternal copy, which may be of normal sequence, is imprinted and therefore silenced. (medicalmarijuana.com)
It can be accessed online at www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/enterococcus through an instance of the genomic viewer JBrowse. (frontiersin.org)

Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. (kent.ac.uk)
In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. (kent.ac.uk)
The investigated species present a stable chromosome number (2n = 22), but differ in their karyotype formulae, suggesting the presence of chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
Single copy bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) previously mapped in the related genera Phaseolus L. and Vigna Savi were used to establish chromosome orthologies and to investigate possible rearrangements among species. (bvsalud.org)
We also used oligo-FISH probes of two P. vulgaris chromosomes to paint the orthologous chromosomes of two non-sequenced Phaseolinae species. (bvsalud.org)
We identified the rearrangements among the APK and the subtribes and species, with extensive centromere repositioning in Phaseolus. (bvsalud.org)
The FISH barcode system emerges as an effective tool to understand the chromosome evolution of economically important legumes and their related species. (bvsalud.org)
Current status on plant cytogenetic and cytogenomic research has allowed the selection and design of oligo-specific probes to individually identify each chromosome of the karyotype in a target species. (bvsalud.org)
and chromosomes 2 and 3) between both species. (bvsalud.org)
The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
A total of 93 BAC clones were used to localize the chromosome complement of the species and 588 genes were annotated, thus almost reaching the 2.5% of the genome sequences. (metasystems-international.com)
In addition, chromosomes with a high number of linked genes that are conserved, even in distant species, were detected. (metasystems-international.com)
This kind of result widens the knowledge of this species' chromosome dynamics and evolution. (metasystems-international.com)
Pamphagidae species with the neo-X neo-Y/neo-X neo-X sex chromosome system from Central Asia ( Bugrov 1986 ) has drawn our attention to this family. (pensoft.net)
Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
In this group of vertebrates, several new species have been described based on chromosomal characterization, since the importance of cytogenetic data is not only restricted to identifying the diploid number, morphology, structure and organization of sequences on chromosomes. (fapesp.br)
Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, in the region of the chromosome that is critical for Angelman syndrome, the maternal and paternal contribution express certain genes very differently. (medicalmarijuana.com)
Cytogenetic (FISH) evidence and the genome assembly itself place core MHC genes on as many as four chromosomes with TAP and Class I genes mapping to different chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

This comparative approach allows tracing of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during bird evolution. (kent.ac.uk)
Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
We first describe the mechanistic processes underlying changes in chromosome numbers, focusing on structural chromosomal rearrangements. (plantcytogenomics.org)
This review emphasizes the potential of analysing chromosomal rearrangements as a means to rapidly define candidate disease loci for further investigation. (neurotransmitter.net)

This tree is very useful in unifying the parts of a puzzle in comparative mammalian cytogenetics. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, in comparative cytogenetics, phylogenetic relationships should be determined on the basis of the polarity of chromosomal differences (derived traits). (wikipedia.org)
The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)
Comparative Cytogenetics 14(4): 549-566. (pensoft.net)
The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)

These techniques produce a characteristic pattern of contrasting dark and light transverse bands on the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
In classical banding (eg, G [Giemsa]-banding, Q [fluorescent]-banding, and C-banding), a dye is used to stain bands on the chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

Bahri-Darwich I., Vaiman D., Olsaker I., Oustry A., Cribiu E.P., Assignment of bovine synteny groups U27 and U8 to R-banded chromosome 12 and 27, respectively, Hereditas 120 (1994) 261-265. (gse-journal.org)
BAC markers demonstrated conserved synteny of the main rDNA sites on orthologous chromosomes 6 and 10, as previously observed for Phaseolus and Vigna. (bvsalud.org)
Equine Synteny Mapping of Comparative Anchor Tagged Sequences (CATS) F" by Alexandre R. Caetano, Leslie A. Lyons et al. (etsu.edu)
Comparative anchor tagged sequences (CATS) from human Chromosome 5 (HSA5) were used as PCR primers to produce molecular markers for synteny mapping in the horse. (etsu.edu)
These data, in conjunction with earlier human chromosome painting studies of the horse karyotype and synteny mapping of horse microsatellite markers physically mapped by FISH, confirm the assignment of UCD21 to ECA21 and suggest that UCD14 is located on ECA14. (etsu.edu)
The seven chromosome pairs of KJJ81 subgenomes exhibit highly conserved synteny, indicating a very recent hybridization event. (biomedcentral.com)

Pinkel D., Detection of aneuploidy and aneuploidy-inducing agents in human lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome specific DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
Eastmond D.A., Rupa D.S., Hasegawa L.S., Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)

Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds. (kent.ac.uk)
Here, we developed the first chromosome identification system for legumes based on oligo-FISH barcode probes. (bvsalud.org)
FISH probes designed to detect subtelomeric rearrangements have given a significant diagnostic yield of around 6% in patients with unexplained learning disability and dysmorphic features, 1- 3 but interstitial chromosomal deletions and duplications are not detectable using this method. (bmj.com)
Comparison of the human with the sheep genomes by use of human chromosome-specific painting probes. (cnr.it)
Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
The karyotypes of E. bicoloripes and E. saussurei , despite having the same chromosome number (2n=18+X0♂) had certain biarmed chromosomes ( FN =20♂ and FN =34♂ respectively). (pensoft.net)
These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)

You can use random sequence oligonucleotides to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as small scale chromosome events, primarily insertions or deletions [ 5,6 ]. (idtdna.com)
Genetic polymorphisms range in size from single nucleotides (SNPs) to large scale insertions, deletions, or rearrangements that span several millions of base pairs [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)

Cai L., Taylor J. F., Wing R.A., Gallagher D.S., Woo S.S., Davis S.K., Construction and characterization of a bovine bacterial artifical chromosome library, Genomics 29 (1995) 413-425. (gse-journal.org)
Classical approaches involving karyotyping and FISH coupled with comparative genomics browser technology provide a straightforward solution for the many avian genomes that are assembled to the point of 100+ large scaffolds. (ukri.org)
Then, we focus on experimental procedures, encompassing comparative cytogenomics and genomics approaches, and on computational methodologies that are based on explicit models of chromosome-number evolution. (plantcytogenomics.org)

In Akodon cursor, the frequencies of chromosome rearrangements along their geographical distribution in Atlantic Forest have provided information about their dispersal pattern and population differentiation. (fapesp.br)

We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)

Comparative FISH mapping of bovid X chromosomes reveals homologies and divergences between the subfamilies bovinae and caprinae. (cnr.it)

Abnormalities that affect autosomes (the 22 paired chromosomes that are alike in males and females) are more common than those that affect sex chromosomes (X and Y). (msdmanuals.com)
Numerical abnormalities may involve a part of, or the entire, chromosome. (msdmanuals.com)
Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)

The sequencing of the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata genome, in combination with targeted bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequencing, has allowed us to characterize an MHC from a highly divergent and diverse avian lineage, the passerines. (biomedcentral.com)

Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)

Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, important data about its genome organization and evolution were obtained, such as the lesser gene density of the large metacentric pair compared with the other metacentric chromosomes, which supports the theory of a sex proto-chromosome pair. (metasystems-international.com)
The data obtained has allowed us to hypothesize that the origin and early phase of evolution of the neo-Xneo-Y♂ sex chromosome in the subfamily Pamphaginae , are linked to the Iranian highlands. (pensoft.net)
To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)

It needs to be noted that the number of rearrangements that have become fixed in evolutionary history seems relatively low, due to 180 million years of the mammalian radiation. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, our results can be used to substantiate previously published data which indicate that ECA21 contains material orthologous to HSA5p and HSA5q, and to propose an approximate region for an evolutionary chromosomal rearrangement event. (etsu.edu)
Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
We have a number of ideas such as we think there may be different 'gene signatures' at the places in the genome where evolutionary rearrangements are more or less likely to occur. (ukri.org)
This is despite the ubiquity of HSBs and the phenotypic consequences/evolutionary implications of chromosome rearrangement. (ukri.org)

In mammals, there are sufficient assembled reference genomes to make assembly by comparative analysis. (ukri.org)

Multicolor banding, chromosomal microarray analysis, chromosome microdissection with reverse painting, and single-copy sequencing of the rearranged chromosome were performed to determine the length and position of the inverted region as well as to rule out a genetic imbalance at the breakpoints. (metasystems-probes.com)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)

We measured the meiotic recombination rate in two regions of chromosome 5, containing or not an NLR gene cluster. (metasystems-international.com)
Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We report information about the chromosome number and morphology, C-banding patterns, and localization of ribosomal DNA clusters and telomeric ( TTAGG ) n repeats. (pensoft.net)

Eggen A., Solinas T.S., Fries R.A., Cosmid specific for sequences encoding a microtubule associated protein, MAPIB, contains a polymorphic microsatellite and maps to bovine chromosome 20q14, J. Hered. (gse-journal.org)

The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
G- and R-banding comparison of sheep (Ovis aries L.) chromosomes. (cnr.it)
ZOO-FISH and R-banding reveal extensive conservation of human chromosome regions in euchromatic regions of river buffalo chromosomes. (cnr.it)
The Precise Breakpoint Mapping in Paracentric Inversion 10q22.2q23.3 by Comprehensive Cytogenomic Analysis, Multicolor Banding, and Single-Copy Chromosome Sequencing. (metasystems-probes.com)

Nesthor Perez 2.3 Mechanisms of Structural Variation Cytogenetic Techniques: Chromosome Painting: Nesthor Perez 2.3 Mechanisms of Structural Variation Cytogenetic Techniques: Nesthor Perez 2.3 Mechanisms of Structural Variation Cytogenetic Techniques: Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH): Nesthor Perez (FISH) Nesthor Perez Outline 1. (studylib.net)
Spectral karyotyping analysis (also called chromosome painting) uses chromosome-specific multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques that improve the visibility of certain defects, including translocations and inversions. (msdmanuals.com)

Germ line restricted B chromosomes in grasshoppers. (krakow.pl)

However, these methods have limited resolution and are unreliable for subtle copy number changes involving chromosome segments of 5 Mb in length or less. (bmj.com)

Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)

In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. (kent.ac.uk)

Moreover, comparative genome analysis of S. fibuligera ATCC 36309, an isolate from chalky rye bread in Germany, revealed that an interchromosomal translocation occurred in the KPH12 genome before the generation of the KJJ81 hybrid genome. (biomedcentral.com)

This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)

The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
Possible approaches for cytogenomic assessment of couples with balanced chromosome rearrangements and problems like reproductive failures were considered and suggested as useful part of effective genetic counseling. (metasystems-probes.com)

Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)

Morgan made the link between chromosomes and inherited traits by demonstrating that the X chromosome is related to gender and eye color in fruit flies. (xinmeitulu.com)

The most recurrent numerical alterations were gains in rat chromosome 4 (RNO4) and losses in RNO15. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparative molecular analysis of the identified genetic changes in this tumor model with those reported in the human ECs may provide new insights into underlying genetic changes involved in EC development and tumorigenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)

Routine karyotype analysis is not sensitive enough to detect subtle chromosome rearrangements (less than 5 Mb). (bmj.com)
A karyotype analysis involves blocking cells in mitosis during metaphase and staining the condensed chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
High-resolution chromosome analysis uses special culture methods to obtain a high percentage of prophase and prometaphase spreads. (msdmanuals.com)
The chromosomes are less condensed than in routine metaphase analysis, and the number of identifiable bands is expanded, allowing a more sensitive karyotype analysis. (msdmanuals.com)
Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)

This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)

Linkage is determined by the presence of two or more loci on the same chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Thirteen type I loci from HSA4q, HSA6p, HSA7q and HSA12q were comparatively FISH-mapped in four river buffalo and sheep chromosomes. (cnr.it)

In particular, a distinction between those inversions which cover both chromosome arms and thus include the centromere (pericentric inversions) and those which are restricted to a single chromosome arm (paracentric inversions) has often been made [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
De Novo Centromere Formation in Pericentromeric Region of Rice Chromosome 8. (zhangtaolab.org)
[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)

He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)

The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)

KEY MESSAGE: An Oligo-FISH barcode system was developed for two model legumes, allowing the identification of all cowpea and common bean chromosomes in a single FISH experiment, and revealing new chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
We will anchor each of the scaffolds physically to chromosomes by FISH. (ukri.org)

Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)

Furthermore, in the pheasants fission of the ancestral galliform chromosome 2 could be documented. (kent.ac.uk)
We inferred the APK as having n = 11 and 19 GBs (A to S), hypothesizing five chromosome fusions that reduced the ancestral legume karyotype to n = 11. (bvsalud.org)

Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)
Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we review recent advancements in our ability to make inferences regarding historical events that led to alterations in the number of chromosomes of a lineage. (plantcytogenomics.org)

Anatomy55

Organisms3

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes138

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Humanities1

Information Science4

Health Care6

Genomic17

Species26

Genes3

Chromosomal rearrangements4

Cytogenetics7

Bands on the chromosomes2

Synteny6

Fluorescence in situ hybri2

Probes5

Karyotypes3

Deletions3

Genomics3

Frequencies of chromosome1

Metaphase chromosome2

Homologies1

Abnormalities3

Bacterial1

Homologous1

Evolution4

Evolutionary5

Genomes1

Microarray1

Theory of inheritance2

Recombination2

Morphology1

Sequences1

Banding4

Hybridization2

Grasshoppers1

Segments1

Structural2

Autosomal1

Translocation1

Cytogenetic analysis1

Meiotic1

Approaches2

Inheritance1

Multicolor1

Traits1

Numerical1

Molecular1

Diploid1

Analysis5

Euchromatic1

Loci2

Centromere3

Organism1

Cytogenomics1

Germ2

FISH3

Boveri1

Ancestral2

Human2

Alterations1