• Heterophile antibodies can arise in non-EBV infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • In many cases, heterophile antibodies can arise naturally in the body as the result of antigen diversity. (aacc.org)
  • Some cross-react with self-antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, heterophile antibodies cross-react with PLDs from other Loxosceles species and the venom of Sicarius spider. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In clinical diagnosis, the heterophile antibody test specifically refers to a rapid test for antibodies produced against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of a heterophile antibody is characterized by broad reactivity with antibodies of other animal species (which are often the source of the assay antibodies). (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies may thus give false positives (by bridging the capture and signal antibody) or false negatives (by blocking one or the other). (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibody interference usually doesn't change linearly with serial dilution, but a true result most often will. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is one strategy for heterophile antibody detection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blocking heterophile antibody interference can be achieved by removal of immunoglobulins from a sample (such as with PEG), by modifying antibodies which may be present in a sample or by using buffers to reduce interference. (wikipedia.org)
  • EBV infection induces the production of several antibody classes, of which heterophile antibodies are one (others include anti-i, rheumatoid factor and ANA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibody is a fairly specific but insensitive test for EBV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antigen An immunoassay is a biochemical test, frequently used in medical diagnostic testing, that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule in a solution through the use of an antibody or immunoglobulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • First we'll go over the basic structure of antibodies and define what a heterophile antibody is. (aacc.org)
  • Here's the basic structure of an antibody (Ab), which is defined as a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. (aacc.org)
  • As you can probably tell from the figure, each antibody has 2 antigen binding sites, which allows the antibody to bind to specific antigens in a lock-and-key-like mechanism. (aacc.org)
  • Heterophile antibody can also be found in healthy individuals, but typically to a lesser extent. (aacc.org)
  • or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Heterophile antibodies can cause significant interference in any immunoassay. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then we'll quickly review immunoassay and look at some examples of how heterophile antibodies can interfere with immunoassays. (aacc.org)
  • Heterophile Abs, because of their multi-specificity, are capable of binding to different components of an immunoassay. (aacc.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies can interfere with both competitive immunoassay and sandwich immunoassay. (aacc.org)
  • Other options include the use of heterophile blocking reagents, steps to remove immunoglobulins, serial dilutions and using non-mammalian capture and/or detection antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Hydrogen Peroxide then reacts with the detection reagent in a 1:1 stoichiometry in presence of Horse Radish Peroxidase to produce the stable fluorescent product. (immunochemistry.com)
  • This can include the antigen or the analyte of interest, such as the endogenous analytes from the patients, or even the labelled analyte from the assay reagent. (aacc.org)
  • Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species. (rush.edu)
  • Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species. (nih.gov)
  • Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transplantation between genetically identical individuals, i.e., members of the same species with identical histocompatibility antigens, such as monozygotic twins, members of the same inbred strain, or members of a hybrid population produced by crossing certain inbred strains. (lookformedical.com)
  • The unexpected Fs antigen was confirmed in structural, serologic, and flow-cytometric studies. (ashpublications.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies are of particular importance in clinical medicine for their use in detecting Epstein-Barr Virus (the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • An important clinical pearl for heterophile antibodies is they can also be seen in genetic immunodeficiencies. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the purpose of this presentation, we'll use "heterophile Ab" as an overarching term to describe Abs that can interfere with clinical immunoassays. (aacc.org)
  • It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. (lookformedical.com)
  • The approximate areas of the HSV-2 genes encoding HSV-2 type-specific CD4+ antigens have been decided through the use of HSV-1 x HSV-2 intertypic recombinant virus and embrace the approximate map areas 0.30 to 0.46, 0.59 to 0.67, 0.67 to 0.73, and 0.82 to 1.Zero items. (herpes-pics.com)
  • Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant DONORS and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. (lookformedical.com)
  • A new histo-blood group system was discovered, based on the identification of Forssman glycolipid antigen on human red blood cells. (ashpublications.org)
  • Overall, it's been estimated that these endogenous heterophile antibodies can be found in more than 10% of patients. (aacc.org)
  • The term "heterophile" antibodies is also often used to refer to human anti-animal antibodies, such as human-anti-mouse antibodies, or HAMA. (aacc.org)
  • For example, in rheumatic fever, antibodies against group A streptococcal cell walls can also react with (and thus damage) human heart tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • One important thing to note is that there are papers in the literature that draw a distinction between heterophile antibodies and human anti-animal antibodies such as HAMA, largely because of differences in their origin and binding affinity. (aacc.org)
  • Furthermore, the production of heterophile antibodies has been associated with patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. (aacc.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies with affinity for sheep and horse red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (lookformedical.com)
  • In analogy with histo-blood group A antigen, Forssman (Fs) antigen terminates with α3- N -acetylgalactosamine and can be used by pathogens as a host receptor in many mammals. (ashpublications.org)
  • And these could result from exposure to animal antigens in the environment, or if a patient has received therapy involving the use of animal-derived proteins. (aacc.org)
  • An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. (lookformedical.com)
  • Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens (heterophile antigens). (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in rheumatic fever, antibodies against group A streptococcal cell walls can also react with (and thus damage) human heart tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are considered heterophile antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • In clinical diagnosis, the heterophile antibody test specifically refers to a rapid test for antibodies produced against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies can cause significant interference in any immunoassay. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of a heterophile antibody is characterized by broad reactivity with antibodies of other animal species (which are often the source of the assay antibodies). (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies may thus give false positives (by bridging the capture and signal antibody) or false negatives (by blocking one or the other). (wikipedia.org)
  • Other options include the use of heterophile blocking reagents, steps to remove immunoglobulins, serial dilutions and using non-mammalian capture and/or detection antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blocking heterophile antibody interference can be achieved by removal of immunoglobulins from a sample (such as with PEG), by modifying antibodies which may be present in a sample or by using buffers to reduce interference. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies are of particular importance in clinical medicine for their use in detecting Epstein-Barr Virus (the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • EBV infection induces the production of several antibody classes, of which heterophile antibodies are one (others include anti-i, rheumatoid factor and ANA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies with affinity for sheep and horse red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies can arise in non-EBV infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • An important clinical pearl for heterophile antibodies is they can also be seen in genetic immunodeficiencies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, another possible cause of false positives in a pregnancy test are heterophile antibodies, commonly seen in EBV infection as well as selective IgA deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, the diagnosis should be confirmed with a heterophile antibody test or through EBV-specific antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Once a reactive heterophile antibody is present, it is not necessary to test for specific antibodies to EBV. (medscape.com)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection induces specific antibodies to EBV and various unrelated non-EBV heterophile antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • These heterophile antibodies react to antigens from animal RBCs. (medscape.com)
  • Sheep RBCs agglutinate in the presence of heterophile antibodies and are the basis for the Paul-Bunnell test. (medscape.com)
  • Agglutination of horse RBCs on exposure to heterophile antibodies is the basis of the Monospot test. (medscape.com)
  • Since heterophile antibodies typically return quicker than EBV specific antibodies, it is the test of choice in most clinical settings to determine if an individual has infectious mononucleosis. (medscape.com)
  • Reactive heterophile antibodies in a patient with the typical symptoms are diagnostic of EBV and further testing for specific antibodies to EBV is not necessary. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with a compatible syndrome and negative heterophile antibodies, the test can be repeated if the patient is early in their clinical course. (medscape.com)
  • IgM and IgG antibodies directed against viral capsid antigen has high sensitivity and specificity. (medscape.com)
  • Viral capsid antigen (VCA) - Anti-VCA IgM and anti-VCA IgG antibodies directed against EBV viral capsid antigen are present at the onset of infection. (medscape.com)
  • [ 32 ] Although anti-VCA IgM is highly suggestive of acute EBV infection, other herpes viruses (eg, cytomegalovirus) can induce IgM antibodies to cell lines that express EBV antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Although all antigens are recognized by specific lymphocytes or by antibodies, only some antigens are capable of activating lymphocytes. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • Epitope is immunologically active regions of an immunogen (or antigen) that binds to antigen-specific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. (nih.gov)
  • The Main Purpose of the Mono test is to detect heterophile antibodies in the blood, which can confirm the presence of infectious mononucleosis caused by a contagious Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) virus. (health.gd)
  • In the first week after infection, heterophile antibodies are present in 40 to 60% of mono patients. (health.gd)
  • If the specimen contains IM heterophile antibodies, a colored line will appear in the test line region, indicating a positive result. (health.gd)
  • However, if the specimen does not contain IM heterophile antibodies, a colored line will not appear in this region, indicating a negative result. (health.gd)
  • although some are no longer encountered in daily practice, cross-reaction, heterophile antibodies, biotin, and anti-analyte antibodies still cause problems. (annlabmed.org)
  • The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. (lookformedical.com)
  • Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies . (lookformedical.com)
  • Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them. (wakehealth.edu)
  • A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. (lookformedical.com)
  • It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. (lookformedical.com)
  • The PSA in the sample binds to the immobilized monoclonal anti-PSA on the solid phase while, at the same time, the monoclonal anti-PSA conjugate reacts with a different antigenic site on the sample PSA. (cdc.gov)
  • Unable to induce an immune response by itself, they require carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. (lookformedical.com)
  • EBV Nuclear antigen (EBNA) - This is a protein expressed only when the virus begins to establish latency. (medscape.com)
  • Antigen is a substances usually protein in nature and sometimes polysaccharide, that generates a specific immune response and induces the formation of a specific antibody or specially sensitized T cells or both. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • Whereas antigen-specific IgG and IgM reactivity persevered within the dam for at the least 7 months, a speedy decline in IgG particular for BBA36, BBK53, BB0238, BBA73 and outer floor protein (Osp) E within the pups occurred between days 29 and 52 post-parturition. (genediag.com)
  • Heterophile antibody interference usually doesn't change linearly with serial dilution, but a true result most often will. (wikipedia.org)
  • It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes. (lookformedical.com)
  • The test works by immobilizing bovine erythrocyte extracted antigen in the test line region of the device. (health.gd)
  • This mixture then migrates chromatographically along the length of the test and interacts with the immobilized bovine erythrocyte-extracted antigen. (health.gd)
  • The results obtained with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test have shown that the activity of the arboviruses is more prevalent in northern Angola, where a larger number of sera reacted in the HI test against group A and B arboviruses (7% and 32. (nih.gov)
  • The whole antigen does not evoke immune response and only a small part of it induces B and T cell response. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • Screening of the sera from the dam and pups towards Bb cell lysates and a panel of antigens revealed related immunoreactivity profiles. (genediag.com)
  • An antigen must be a foreign substances to the animal to elicit an immune response. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • These antigens should not be, under normal conditions, the target of the immune system, but, due mainly to genetic and environmental factors, the normal immunological tolerance for such an antigen has been lost in these patients. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • Early antigen (EA) - Anti-EA IgG appears during the acute phase and falls to undetectable levels after 3 to 6 months. (medscape.com)