• In heterogeneous catalysis, the diffusion of reagents to the surface and diffusion of products from the surface can be rate determining. (waystoworld.com)
  • In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. (waystoworld.com)
  • In a heterogeneous catalysis configuration, this reaction could generate long-lived Fe(IV) species with the correct additives. (lu.se)
  • The team, led by Professor Rudolf Allemann, used a combination of experimental and computational approaches to study the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, an important target for anti-infective and anti-cancer drugs. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Combined experimental and theoretical investigations of the role of protein motions and hydride tunnelling in enzyme catalysis, using dihydrofolate reductase as a model system. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • When enzymes bind multiple substrates, such as dihydrofolate reductase (shown right), enzyme kinetics can also show the sequence in which these substrates bind and the sequence in which products are released. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on this theory, it will be applied to calculate reaction kinetics in reactions in solution, reactions on the surface of solids and the factors that influence them, and reactions that occur due to the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light radiation. (undip.ac.id)
  • Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions . (wikipedia.org)
  • In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism , how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or a modifier ( inhibitor or activator ) might affect the rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ribozymes also perform a more limited set of reactions, although their reaction mechanisms and kinetics can be analysed and classified by the same methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, molecular dynamics simulations, enzyme kinetics, X-ray crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are combined to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of adenylate kinase and to delineate the roles of catalytic residues in catalysis and the conformational change in the enzyme. (scilifelab.se)
  • numerical modelling of the experimental rates revealed that the promoting vibration is compatible with the reaction kinetics and compatible with the tunnelling distance derived from a concomitant computational analysis, and that the presence or absence of such a vibration may not be easily identified experimentally. (le.ac.uk)
  • Ulf Ryde was born in 1963 and obtained a PhD in biochemistry methods and their possible combination with quantum chemical (enzyme kinetics and control theory) at Lund University, Sweden, methods, including a number of typical applications. (lu.se)
  • Here we track the role of dynamics in evolution, starting from the evolvable and thermostable ancestral protein Anc(HLD-RLuc) which catalyses both dehalogenase and luciferase reactions. (muni.cz)
  • Screening for both activities reveals InDel mutations localized in three distinct regions that lead to altered protein dynamics (based on crystallographic B-factors, hydrogen exchange, and molecular dynamics simulations). (muni.cz)
  • Spectroscopic studies and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations reveal significant differences between the secondary structures of CREKA and CRENKA. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • This Account will focus principally on results from deuterium exchange mass spectrometric (DXMS) studies of PLA 2 interactions with membranes and extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of their interactions with membranes and specific phospholipids bound in their catalytic and allosteric sites. (nih.gov)
  • Multi-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the motions of the reacting groups are not correlated with motions within the enzyme, and that the overall motions of the donor and acceptor atoms are not focused towards each other. (le.ac.uk)
  • We have assessed and used computational tools for this aim, most of them based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. (lu.se)
  • Researchers from Cardiff University's School of Chemistry, along with colleagues from the University of Bristol, the University of València and Jaume I University in Castelló, have uncovered a mechanism by which enzyme motions couple to chemical reactions. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Synthetic precursor or intermediate analogues for terpene synthases, to generate expanded product diversity (including novel artemisinin analogues active against malaria) or to probe the reaction mechanism. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Rational bioengineering attempts to create new RLuc variants with fine-tuned bioluminescent properties are however hampered by the fact that its catalytic reaction mechanism remains poorly understood. (europa.eu)
  • Poor crystallibility and long-term (>3 months) crystallization process of RLuc appeared to be major drawbacks in the acquisition of structural data that should provide the molecular dissection of RLuc catalytic reaction mechanism. (europa.eu)
  • The simulation tools are typically used in conjunction with hybrid Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) methods and have been applied to a wide range of enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples are, probing enzyme motions crucial for catalysis, and of more immediate societal relevance, such as the generation of new antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and pest control agents, as well as developing molecular tools. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • These studies are both of fundamental interest and importance, such as studies of the coupling of enzyme motions to catalysis, and of more immediate societal relevance, such as the generation of new drugs (antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory agents), pest control agents and molecular tools, based on our growing knowledge of these systems and our key strengths in these fields. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • The water oxidation reaction in photosystem II (PS II) produces most of the molecular oxygen in the atmosphere, which sustains life on Earth, and in this process releases four electrons and four protons that drive the downstream process of CO2 fixation in the photosynthetic apparatus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many scientists are indeed coming around to the view that proteins act quantum mechanically, or, as some of us have proposed years ago, enzyme proteins are quantum molecular machines that transform energy coherently (see [2] The Rainbow and the Worm, The Physics of Organisms , I-SIS publication). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • This project aimed to employ in-lab reconstructed dual-function (dehalogenase/luciferase) ancestral enzyme (ancHLD-RLuc) to decipher molecular evolution steps leading to the functional divergence of modern-day HLD and RLuc enzymes, and to explore how this knowledge could be exploited biotechnologically. (europa.eu)
  • Our crystallographic findings provided unprecedented molecular views of the Renilla-type luciferases complexed with a non-oxidizable coelenterazine analogue, coelenteramide and coelenteramine, revealing as-yet-unseen molecular details of bioluminescent reaction. (europa.eu)
  • In parallel, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) approach to gain molecular insights into ancHLD-RLuc protein dynamics, and identification of conformationally rich regions that could be important for the catalytic reaction. (europa.eu)
  • Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)
  • Indeed, single molecule experiments reveal complex catalytic behaviors induced by conformational dynamics and possible deviations from the MM rate equation. (aps.org)
  • This study reveals that the motions in the active site, which occur on a time scale of picoseconds to nanoseconds, link the catalytic reaction to the slow conformational dynamics of the enzyme by modulating the free energy landscapes of subdomain motions. (scilifelab.se)
  • F441 of SanSyn is found as a key residue restricting the conformational dynamics of the intermediates, and thereby the direct deprotonation by the general base T298 dominantly produce α -santalene. (nature.com)
  • Some theories propose that internal 'promoting motions' of the enzyme, specific motions that act to reduce the height or width of the energy barrier to the reaction, are used to drive the chemistry. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • They found no significant role for 'promoting motions' in the reaction, but did demonstrate coupling of enzyme motions to the catalysed reaction on a femtosecond timescale (one millionth of a billionth of a second). (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Dynamic Connection between Enzymatic Catalysis and Collective Protein Motions. (scilifelab.se)
  • Enzymes employ a wide range of protein motions to achieve efficient catalysis of chemical reactions. (scilifelab.se)
  • The results illustrate a linkage between enzymatic catalysis and collective protein motions, whereby the disparate time scales between the two processes are bridged by a cascade of intermediate-scale motion of catalytic residues modulating the free energy landscapes of the catalytic and conformational change processes. (scilifelab.se)
  • Specifically, our structures highlight: (i) amino acid residues involved in chemical steps, (ii) residues that deprotonate/reprotonate the coelenteramide to yield blue light (480 nm), and (iii) coordinated motions of enzyme loops carrying aromatic residues that are important for the bulky ligand binding-unbinding turnover. (europa.eu)
  • A thorough understanding of how enzymes achieve their phenomenal rate enhancements is of great importance to fields like biocatalysis, bioenergy, drug design, and the emerging field of synthetic biology. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • This represents the first example of a short-range oscillation acting as a promoting vibration, and opens the door to new experimental methods for studying enzymic tunnelling and potentially for exploiting enzymes in biocatalysis by selectively exciting specific vibrational modes. (le.ac.uk)
  • Protein tyrosine (pTyr) phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification which can create novel recognition motifs for protein interactions and cellular localisation, affect protein stability, and regulate enzyme activity. (embl.de)
  • One of the key functions of enzyme inhibitors in cells is to regulate enzyme activity. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The importance of proton tunnelling in the reaction catalysed by the heterotetrameric enzyme aromatic amine dehydrogenase (AADH) has been extensively studied both kinetically and computationally, and the availability of crystal structures for key reaction intermediates makes this an ideal system for studying the involvement of dynamics in catalysis. (le.ac.uk)
  • The recent emergence of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with intense femtosecond X-ray pulses has opened up opportunities to visualize this reaction in PS II as it proceeds through the catalytic cycle. (bvsalud.org)
  • The main difference between ribozymes and enzymes is that RNA catalysts are composed of nucleotides, whereas enzymes are composed of amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. (waystoworld.com)
  • Substances that slow a catalyst's effect in a chemical reaction are called inhibitors (or negative catalysts). (waystoworld.com)
  • Catalysts may affect the reaction environment favorably, or bind to the reagents to polarize bonds, e.g. acid catalysts for reactions of carbonyl compounds, or form specific intermediates that are not produced naturally, such as osmate esters in osmium tetroxide-catalyzed dihydroxylation of alkenes, or cause lysis of reagents to reactive forms, such as atomic hydrogen in catalytic hydrogenation. (waystoworld.com)
  • Although catalysts are not consumed by the reaction itself, they may be inhibited, deactivated, or destroyed by secondary processes. (waystoworld.com)
  • Catalysts called enzymes are important in biology. (waystoworld.com)
  • This reaction is strongly affected by catalysts such as manganese dioxide, or the enzyme peroxidase in organisms. (waystoworld.com)
  • Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants to form intermediates that subsequently give the final reaction product, in the process regenerating the catalyst. (waystoworld.com)
  • To model such complex catalytic reactions, we construct a generic kinetic network model characterized by multiple intermediates and multiple conformational sub-states and, by solving for the turnover rate of this network, we extend the MM equation into a general form. (aps.org)
  • This compound 0 intermediate, spectroscopically and structurally observed during the catalytic shunt pathway, reveals a unique binding mode that deviates from the end-on compound 0 intermediates in other heme enzymes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our research goals are to probe enzymatic reaction mechanisms, elucidating the role of protein dynamics and quantum mechanical effects in catalysis, and tailoring substrate selectivity for synthetic chemistry purposes. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, enzymes that bind to either of them must develop robust mechanisms to selectively utilize one or the other. (scilifelab.se)
  • The reconstituted ancestral enzymes have been shown to be valuable tools in our understanding of the evolution of biocatalytic mechanisms. (europa.eu)
  • For metal- powerful methods to obtain and compare reaction and activation loproteins, a third method to obtain local information about the energies for suggested enzyme mechanisms and they can also provide atomic details about the protein dynamics. (lu.se)
  • therefore, it is important to establish the validity of the MM-equation for complex enzymatic reactions and derive the correction terms when the MM equation fails. (aps.org)
  • Development of inhibitors of the enzyme calpain-1, a potential target for anti-inflammatory therapy in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Enzyme inhibition is a fundamental biological process that involves the reduction or cessation of enzyme activity due to the presence of specific molecules known as enzyme inhibitors. (microbiologynote.com)
  • There are two primary types of enzyme inhibitors: reversible and irreversible. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Reversible inhibitors bind to the enzyme non-covalently, meaning they can detach, allowing the enzyme to regain its activity. (microbiologynote.com)
  • On the other hand, irreversible inhibitors form a permanent bond with the enzyme, rendering it inactive unless the bond is broken. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Besides, enzyme inhibitors can be classified based on their mode of action. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Additionally, enzyme inhibitors can protect cells from potential damage by controlling enzymes that might otherwise harm the cell if left unchecked. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Furthermore, many natural toxins produced by plants and animals act as enzyme inhibitors, targeting specific enzymes in predators or prey. (microbiologynote.com)
  • In the realm of medicine, enzyme inhibitors have found significant applications, especially as therapeutic agents. (microbiologynote.com)
  • For example, methotrexate is used in chemotherapy to inhibit enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, while protease inhibitors are employed to treat HIV/AIDS by inhibiting the virus's protease enzyme. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Through detailed and sequential explanations, it becomes evident that enzyme inhibitors, whether naturally occurring or synthetically designed, have profound implications for cellular function, ecological interactions, and human health. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The primary function of reversible inhibitors is to modulate enzyme activity based on cellular needs. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Reversible inhibitors bind non-covalently to the enzyme. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Irreversible inhibitors can serve as regulatory agents in specific metabolic pathways or act as protective agents against harmful enzymes. (microbiologynote.com)
  • These inhibitors form a strong covalent bond with the enzyme, leading to long-lasting or permanent inactivation. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Insights into the evolution of enzymatic specificity and catalysis: From Asgard archaea to human adenylate kinases. (scilifelab.se)
  • An example of enzymes that bind a single substrate and release multiple products are proteases , which cleave one protein substrate into two polypeptide products. (wikipedia.org)
  • The PLA 2 s constitute a paradigm for how membranes interact allosterically with proteins, causing conformational changes and activation of the proteins to enable them to extract and bind a specific phospholipid from a membrane for catalysis, which is probably generalizable to intracellular and extracellular transport and phospholipid exchange processes as well as other specific biological functions. (nih.gov)
  • However, when an enzyme inhibitor is present, it can bind to the enzyme, preventing the substrate from accessing the active site or altering the enzyme's structure, thereby inhibiting its catalytic function. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Others bind to a different site on the enzyme, causing a conformational change that affects the enzyme's ability to bind the substrate or catalyze the reaction. (microbiologynote.com)
  • They can either compete with the substrate for the enzyme's active site (competitive inhibition) or bind to a different site on the enzyme, altering its conformation and affecting its ability to bind the substrate or catalyze the reaction (non-competitive inhibition). (microbiologynote.com)
  • Enzymatic systems studied in his research group include proton and hydride transfer reactions and terpene synthases. (wikipedia.org)
  • By combining a structural biology approach with functional experiments, we present a comprehensive structural and mechanistic understanding of the enzyme. (scilifelab.se)
  • However, the mechanistic explanation of catalysis is complex. (waystoworld.com)
  • They are proteins that catalyse chemical reactions, often increasing reaction rates by several trillion times. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Perhaps most remarkably, these chemical reactions are catalyzed by specific enzyme proteins that accelerate the reaction rates by a factor of 10 10 - 10 23 . (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Enzymes are specialized proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions, transforming substrate molecules into products. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Here, we explore the catalytic reaction pathways of both product-promiscuous and product-specific santalene synthases (i.e. (nature.com)
  • For instance, in metabolic pathways, enzymes may be inhibited by molecules produced downstream in the pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Furthermore, at very high concentrations of the photosensitiser a light-induced charge-disproportionation reaction outcompeted all other deactivation pathways. (lu.se)
  • Electrostatically Guided Dynamics-The Root of Fidelity in a Promiscuous Terpene Synthase? (wikipedia.org)
  • EC 3.1.3.48 ) catalyse the removal of a phosphate group attached to a tyrosine residue, using a cysteinyl-phosphate enzyme intermediate. (embl.de)
  • Protein dynamics are often invoked in explanations of enzyme catalysis, but their design has proven elusive. (muni.cz)
  • The catalytic center of PS II is an oxygen-bridged Mn4Ca complex (Mn4CaO5) which is progressively oxidized upon the absorption of light by the chlorophyll of the PS II reaction center, and the accumulation of four oxidative equivalents in the catalytic center results in the oxidation of two waters to dioxygen in the last step. (bvsalud.org)
  • By developing an on-demand-rapid-mixing method for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography with X-ray free-electron laser (tr-SFX-XFEL) technology covering the millisecond time domain and without freezing, we structurally monitored the reaction in situ at room temperature. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this review, we summarize our recent studies of the catalytic reaction in PS II by following the structural changes along the reaction pathway via room-temperature X-ray crystallography using XFELs. (bvsalud.org)
  • We present a semi-empirical (PM6-based) computational method for systematically estimating the effect of all possible single mutants, within a certain radius of the active site, on the barrier height of an enzymatic reaction. (peerj.com)
  • While state-of-the-art, this work has not yet led to the design of enzymes that are significantly better than those obtained by conventional means and additional computational approaches may be needed. (peerj.com)
  • The research activity carried out at the IQTCUB covers methods and computational tools development, application of several techniques of electronic structures and simulation to problems in materials science, the study of reactivity and reaction dynamics in chemical reactions as well as of biological systems and soft-matter. (ub.edu)
  • One of the major intentions of this project was to determine atomic-level structures of the dual-function ancestral enzyme ancHLD-RLuc complexed with bound substrate molecules, with emphasis on coelenterazine-powered monooxygenation (luciferase) catalysis. (europa.eu)
  • Since the method is designed to quickly screen hundreds of mutants several approximations are made: the PM6 semiempirical QM method is used, a relatively small model of the protein is used, and the effect of solvent and structural dynamics is neglected. (peerj.com)
  • We were also able to follow the structural dynamics of the protein coordinating with the catalytic complex and of channels within the protein that are important for substrate and product transport, revealing well orchestrated conformational changes in response to the electronic changes at the Mn4Ca cluster. (bvsalud.org)
  • Reactions with three or four substrates or products are less common, but they exist. (wikipedia.org)
  • This rate-determining step may be a chemical reaction or a conformational change of the enzyme or substrates, such as those involved in the release of product(s) from the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • An unusual high-spin (S = 5/2) ferric intermediate maximizes its population in less than 5 ms in the rapid freeze-quenching study of CYP121 during the shunt reaction with peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid solution. (bvsalud.org)
  • After a 200 ms peracetic acid reaction with the cocrystallized enzyme-substrate microcrystal slurry, a ferric-hydroperoxo intermediate is observed, and its structure is determined at 1.85 Å resolution. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most common catalyst is the hydrogen ion (H + ). Many transition metals and transition metal complexes are used in catalysis as well. (waystoworld.com)
  • We succeeded to reconstitute stable complexes of recombinantly-produced and affinity-purified ancHLD-RLuc enzyme complexed with substrate-like and product molecules. (europa.eu)
  • Finally, understanding these muscle disorders enables a better understanding of the dynamics of muscle and body metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Catalysis is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance called a catalyst. (waystoworld.com)
  • Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. (waystoworld.com)
  • Instead, no regular assembly is obtained from solutions with high peptide concentrations, as their dynamics is dominated by strong repulsive peptide-peptide electrostatic interactions, and from solutions at pH 10, in which the total peptide charge is zero. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • In addition, we used XRD to determine the CNC crystallinity and observed no considerable difference between CNC-S and CNC-H. FT-IR has been used to characterize the functional groups on CNC-H and CNC-S. Zeta potential has been compared iii between CNC-S and CNC-H, which has a potential effect on electrostatic interaction between enzyme and CNC. (auburn.edu)
  • integrated for complex reactions. (undip.ac.id)
  • The evolution of the electron density changes at the Mn complex reveals notable structural changes, including the insertion of OX from a new water molecule, which disappears on completion of the reaction, implicating it in the O-O bond formation reaction. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, enzyme inhibition is a complex yet essential process that plays a pivotal role in various biological and medical contexts. (microbiologynote.com)
  • In a second example, the stoichiometry and internal topology of a highly symmetric, hetero-dodecameric aminopeptidase enzyme complex is revealed by SANS, and conclusions on the assembling process can be drawn in combination with EM data [3]. (lu.se)
  • Many drugs are designed to inhibit specific enzymes, either to treat diseases caused by aberrant human enzymes or to target enzymes crucial for pathogens like viruses, bacteria, or parasites. (microbiologynote.com)
  • For this bioluminescent effect, the RLuc luciferase is commonly used as a reporter enzyme in cell biological research and bioimaging technologies. (europa.eu)
  • Research in biological chemistry at Cardiff covers a diverse range of themes including enzyme catalysis and synthetic biology, manipulating biomolecular interactions, biomolecular NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Reversible inhibition refers to the temporary binding of an inhibitor to an enzyme, which results in a reduction of the enzyme's catalytic activity. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Here the authors report a protein-engineering framework based on InDel mutagenesis and fragment transplantation resulting in greater catalysis and longer glow-type bioluminescence of the ancestral luciferase. (muni.cz)
  • To overcome these limitations, ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) represents a powerful approach, in which a hypothetical ancestral sequence of a given present-day enzymes is predicted and reconstructed in a laboratory. (europa.eu)
  • in the case of an enzyme, this would be its enzyme activity. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • This type of inhibition is not permanent, and the enzyme can regain its activity once the inhibitor is removed. (microbiologynote.com)
  • A catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. (waystoworld.com)
  • The rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst. (waystoworld.com)
  • As a catalyst is regenerated in a reaction, often only small amounts are needed to increase the rate of the reaction. (waystoworld.com)
  • The reaction catalysed by an enzyme uses exactly the same reactants and produces exactly the same products as the uncatalysed reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • i.e. the reaction rate depends on the frequency of contact of the reactants in the rate-determining step. (waystoworld.com)
  • Catalytic reactions are preferred in environmentally friendly green chemistry due to the reduced amount of waste generated, as opposed to stoichiometric reactions in which all reactants are consumed and more side products are formed. (waystoworld.com)
  • We showed that a non-oxidizable coelenterazine analogue binds to the ancHLD-RLuc enzyme with low nanomolar affinity. (europa.eu)
  • in such cases, it is helpful to determine the enzyme structure with and without bound substrate analogues that do not undergo the enzymatic reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • These enzymes either are membrane-bound or are water-soluble and associate with membranes before extracting their phospholipid substrate molecule into their active site to carry out their enzymatic hydrolytic reaction. (nih.gov)
  • This remains a topic of considerable debate, particularly since the identification and analysis of dynamical effects in enzyme-catalyzed reactions has proven very challenging. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • These include the development of simulation methods, a study of enzyme reactions and protein dynamics, understanding natural product synthesis, development of protein-ligand docking programs, in silico design of Li-ion batteries, and fuel cell modeling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Much attention within the section is focused on the synthesis of compounds with important biological properties, which complement our interests in enzyme catalysis. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Organisms have an enormous repertoire of chemical reactions that enables them to transform energy and materials for growth, development, and to do all that's required of being alive. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Researchers say this unprecedentedly accurate model will offer valuable insights into key reactions involved in carbon sequestration and other environmental remediation projects. (nersc.gov)
  • Irreversible inhibition involves the permanent binding of an inhibitor to an enzyme, rendering the enzyme inactive for an extended period or permanently. (microbiologynote.com)