NADHPhosphorylationHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA syntGlucoseSynthesisEnzymesPathwayPyruvateOxaloacetateBiosynthesisReductaseCofactorMitochondrialOxidativeGlycolysisSynthetaseCitric acidEstersSuccinylMetabolicAnaerobic conditionsChemicalProteinsCoenzymeDehydrogenaseIntermediateDehydrataseCompoundsPathwaysCitrateSuccinateCatalyticEnzymaticHydrolaseAmino acidsBiosyntheticConcentrationArginineCholesterolOxygenMetabolismRespiratoryOxidation reactionIntermediatesBindsElectronAssay
NADH8
- The intermediate product in this oxidative decarboxylation reaction is oxalosuccinate, whose formation is coupled with the production of NADH + H + . While still bound to the enzyme, oxalosuccinate loses CO2 to produce alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
- The enzyme reduces different alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylate anions such as (E)-2-butenoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate, (E)-cinnamate and probably many others in a NADH-dependent reaction to the saturated carboxylate anions. (rhea-db.org)
- As shown by absorption spectroscopy the enzyme can be reduced by NADH and reoxidized with dichloroindophenol, hexacyanoferrate III, oxygen and substrates. (rhea-db.org)
- it is inhibited by NADH, succinyl coA and GTP. (flashcardmachine.com)
- In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further broken down to generate more ATP and NADH. (vumc.org)
- Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO 2 , and the energy from these reactions is stored in GTP , NADH and FADH 2 . (citizendium.org)
- NADH and FADH 2 are coenzymes that accept the electrons released in oxidation reactions, and are utilized in oxidative phosphorylation . (citizendium.org)
- This mechanism for regulation is due to substrate inhibition by NADH of the enzymes that use NAD+ as a substrate. (citizendium.org)
Phosphorylation3
- Table gives gibbs free energy of hydrolysis of energy rich compounds involved in Substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP). (harvard.edu)
- what is an example of substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA? (flashcardmachine.com)
- This indicates that the Adh-Ald route plays a major role in ethanol oxidation during carboxydotrophic growth, enabling subsequent energy conservation via substrate-level phosphorylation using acetate kinase. (bvsalud.org)
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synt1
- It is a substrate for succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. (hmdb.ca)
Glucose9
- These fuel molecules, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, are broken down and fed into the Krebs cycle, becoming oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before entering the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
- Before glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids can be oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the Krebs cycle, they must first be broken down to acetyl CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
- In glycolysis, the 6-carbon glucose is connected to two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, and then to the 2-carbon acetyl-CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
- Each turn of the Krebs cycle therefore begins when one of the two acetyl-CoA molecules derived from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule yields its acetyl group to the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon tricarboxylic acid (citrate) molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
- In fermentation, say by yeast, the incomplete oxidation of glucose is achieved under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO 2 and ethanol. (gsebsolutions.in)
- Carbohydrates especially glucose act as respiratory substrates. (gsebsolutions.in)
- Why is glucose the main substrate of cellular respiration? (vumc.org)
- Sometimes beta oxidation can yield propionyl CoA which can result in further glucose production by gluconeogenesis in liver. (citizendium.org)
- Glucose, alcohol, acyl-CoA and cholesterol can be used to detect those substrates coupled with the new Trinder 's reagent and 4-AA. (whdsbio.cn)
Synthesis9
- Catalyzes the initial reaction in intramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, by activating malonate and methylmalonate, but not acetate, into their respective CoA thioester. (joplink.net)
- B12 is a cofactor in DNA synthesis and other important biochemical reactions. (wikidoc.org)
- The enzymatic steps of glycolysis and the subsequent synthesis of acetyl-CoA involve a linear sequence, whereas the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions in which the starting substrate is subsequently regenerated with each turn of the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
- One such essential nutrient is pantothenate, also known as vitamin B5, which the parasite cannot synthesize de novo and is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) in the parasite. (mdpi.com)
- Class I HMG-CoA reductases catalyse the NADP-dependent synthesis of mevalonate from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). (embl.de)
- Lipid synthesis requires bulk carbon skeleton acyl-CoAs, the transport of which depends on the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). (biomedcentral.com)
- Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, cholesterol modulates its own synthesis by inhibiting beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase in the adrenocortical cell. (cellml.org)
- Succinyl-CoA is also required for hemoglobin synthesis. (plants-extracts.com)
Enzymes6
- The six CerS enzymes have different specificity for acyl-CoA substrates, resulting in the generation of dihydroceramides with differing chain lengths (ranging from C14-C26). (wikipedia.org)
- Class I HMG-CoA reductases consist of an N-terminal membrane domain (lacking in archaeal enzymes), and a C-terminal catalytic region. (embl.de)
- As with class I enzymes, the L-domain binds substrate, but the S-domain binds NAD (instead of NADP in class I). (embl.de)
- 7. Most enzymes _______ reverse the reactions that they run. (justaaa.com)
- The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyze these reactions. (gsebsolutions.in)
- Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesises the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. (citizendium.org)
Pathway7
- In the absence of electron acceptor, downregulation of F 420 H 2 dependent steps of the acetyl-CoA pathway is linked to transient formate generation. (hindawi.com)
- The CdhAB-2 combines with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) [ 10 ] and operates in the acetyl-CoA pathway for complete oxidation of lactate to CO 2 [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Fqo can be hypothesized to be operative during sulfate reduction with CO. The Fqo complex receives electrons from the reduced coenzyme F 420 (F 420 H 2 ), generated from the oxidative acetyl-CoA pathway, and transfers electrons to the membrane-bound respiratory chain by the reduction of menaquinone [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The structure of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the complex revealed the electron flow pathway from a substrate to the flavin ring. (rcsb.org)
- This review examines pantothenate and the CoA biosynthesis pathway in the human-mosquito-malaria parasite triad and explores possible approaches to leverage the CoA biosynthesis pathway to limit malaria parasite development in both human and mosquito hosts. (mdpi.com)
- The first reaction of the Kennedy pathway involves the cytosol-localized enzyme choline/ethanolamine kinase catalyzing the conversion of choline into phosphocholine. (smpdb.ca)
- In humans, acetoacetyl-CoA is involved in the metabolic disorder called the short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (HADH) pathway. (hmdb.ca)
Pyruvate5
- Thus, the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the link between the metabolic reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
- what reaction does pyruvate carboxylase catalyze? (flashcardmachine.com)
- 13 C-labled pyruvate is the most studied hyperpolarized substrate to date and has the added significance of being the only hyperpolarized substrate to date to reach clinical trials. (stanford.edu)
- The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO 2 , and one acetyl-CoA. (citizendium.org)
- This regulation ensures that the TCA cycle will not oxidise excessive amounts of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA when ATP in the cell is plentiful. (citizendium.org)
Oxaloacetate2
- Acetyl-CoA reacts with the four carbon carboxylic acid, oxaloacetate--to form the six carbon carboxylic acid, citrate. (citizendium.org)
- Through a series of reactions citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate. (citizendium.org)
Biosynthesis1
- In vertebrates, membrane-bound HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids. (embl.de)
Reductase1
- Fumarate, 3-phenyl-2-propinate, 2-enoyl-methyl and CoA esters proved not to be substrates for the purified reductase. (rhea-db.org)
Cofactor5
- Inside the cells, the transcobalamin-B12 complex is dissolved and cobalamin is reduced to methylcobalamin which serves as a cofactor and coenzyme in many important biochemical reactions [7] . (wikidoc.org)
- b) Name the cofactor(s) required by each enzyme reaction. (solvedlib.com)
- VLCAD is a homodimer containing a FAD cofactor that is the first step in the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation of the acyl-CoA substrate. (oroboros.at)
- Vitamin B12 functions as a cofactor for methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. (plants-extracts.com)
- Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) serves as a cofactor for several essential biochemical reactions in humans. (brainkart.com)
Mitochondrial5
- As a mitochondrial reaction, each of the substrates is normally omnipresent. (medscape.com)
- The normal function of N -acetylglutamate (NAG), the reaction product, is to act as an activator of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), which is also a mitochondrial enzyme. (medscape.com)
- The crystal structure of rat liver mitochondrial enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase complexed with the potent inhibitor acetoacetyl-CoA has been refined at 2.5 angstroms resolution. (rcsb.org)
- Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3, mitochondrial (EC 6.2.1. (joplink.net)
- The ETC is organized into inner mitochondrial membrane supercomplexes that promote substrate channeling and catalytic efficiency. (oroboros.at)
Oxidative3
- Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)
- The next step is the oxidative decarboxylation of succinyl CoA from alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
- Therefore, the amount of substrate can be determined by the c hromogenic development of the oxidative coupling reaction. (whdsbio.cn)
Glycolysis1
- What substrate is used in glycolysis? (vumc.org)
Synthetase5
- Normal enzyme function of N -acetylglutamate synthetase (NAGS) deficiency is confined to the hepatic mitochondria and mediates the reaction acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) + glutamate → N -acetylglutamate + CoA. (medscape.com)
- the reaction is mediated by ASA synthetase. (medscape.com)
- this results in failure to activate the enzyme responsible for the reaction NH 4 + + CO 2 + ATP → H 2 N-CO-PO 3 2- + ADP, which is the entry step into the urea cycle (see Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency ). (medscape.com)
- This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthetase. (encyclopedia.com)
- CN106893748B has reported that L-theanine is synthesized with γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase and phosphokinase as catalysts and with sodium L-glutamate, ethylamine hydrochloride and a small amount of ATP as substrates. (justia.com)
Citric acid8
- 1. How many ATP are made in the citric acid for each Acetyl COA? (justaaa.com)
- This question asks, What is the A P P yield when the listed substrates are completely oxidized through by Collis ISS through the citric acid cycle and through respiration? (solvedlib.com)
- Explanation for the above coaching the tree analogous reaction in the citric acid cycle. (solvedlib.com)
- Detroit and all of us reactions in this citric acid cycle. (solvedlib.com)
- The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle , the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle ) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration . (citizendium.org)
- The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amino acids , and some of its reactions are therefore important even in cells performing fermentation . (citizendium.org)
- It is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. (citizendium.org)
- In many tissues, especially heart tissue, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation which results in acetyl-CoA which can be used in the citric acid cycle. (citizendium.org)
Esters1
- The NcACBP recombinant protein was able to specifically bind acyl-CoA esters in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
Succinyl2
- The Kreb's cycle utilises vitamin B12 in the reaction converting methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. (wikidoc.org)
- L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the degradation of propionate an essential biochemical reaction in fat and protein metabolism. (plants-extracts.com)
Metabolic4
- In contrast to conventional in vivo MRS, hyperpolarization provides up to a 20,000x fold increased signal-to-noise ratio to enable imaging of both the injected substrate and downstream metabolic products, thereby allowing the real-time interrogation of multiple key metabolic pathways at high-spatial resolution. (stanford.edu)
- The detected photons are independent of the molecular environment of the decaying nuclei, thus it is not possible to differentiate substrate signals from those of downstream metabolic products. (stanford.edu)
- Metabolic imaging with hyperpolarized substrates also produces no dose of ionizing radiation and allows direct spatial co-registration with high-resolution 1 H-MRI. (stanford.edu)
- Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce ʟ-ornithine is an attractive alternative due to the high economic cost pressures of using ʟ-arginine for the enzymatic reaction. (biomedcentral.com)
Anaerobic conditions1
- The purification of the enzyme was performed in the presence of (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate as substrate to keep the enzyme in the oxidized state and under anaerobic conditions. (rhea-db.org)
Chemical3
- The carbon atom of the methyl group of acetyl-CoA is very resistant to chemical oxidation, and under ordinary circumstances, the reaction would require very harsh conditions, incompatible with the cellular environment, to oxidize the carbon atoms of acetyl-CoA to CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
- SLP is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. (harvard.edu)
- Search chemical reactions in Rhea for this molecule. (rhea-db.org)
Proteins1
- Fats, proteins, and organic acids also act as respiratory substrates. (gsebsolutions.in)
Coenzyme3
- A new assay for 3-methylglutaconyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase has been developed in which the substrate, [5-14C]3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, was synthesized using 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase purified from bovine kidney. (jci.org)
- Thus vitamin B12 deficiency causes a buildup of methylmalonic acid, the substrate for the enzyme methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase. (wikidoc.org)
- Adenosine Triphosphate ATP Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is a nucleotide, that is used in various biochemical reactions as a coenzyme. (vumc.org)
Dehydrogenase5
- Structure of the transition state analog of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. (rcsb.org)
- The flavoenzyme medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) eliminates the alpha-proton of the substrate analog, 3-thiaoctanoyl-CoA (3S-C8-CoA), to form a charge-transfer complex with deprotonated 3S-C8-CoA. (rcsb.org)
- what reaction is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase? (flashcardmachine.com)
- what reaction is catalyzed by alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? (flashcardmachine.com)
- Moreover, the FAO enzyme very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase physically interacted with TFP, thereby creating a multifunctional energy protein complex. (oroboros.at)
Intermediate3
- This complex can simulate the metastable reaction intermediate immediately after the alpha-proton elimination of a substrate and before the beta-hydrogen transfer as a hydride, and is therefore regarded as a transition-state analog. (rcsb.org)
- When produced, ethanol is generally seen as an end product of acetogenic metabolism, but here we show that it acts as an important intermediate and co-substrate during carboxydotrophic growth of Clostridium autoethanogenum. (bvsalud.org)
- Acetoacetyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of butanoate. (hmdb.ca)
Dehydratase1
- The mechanism for the hydratase/dehydratase reaction follows a syn-stereochemistry, a preference that is opposite to the nonenzymatic reaction. (rcsb.org)
Compounds3
- The compounds oxidized during the process of respiration are called respiratory substrates. (gsebsolutions.in)
- Acetoacetyl-CoA belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminopiperidines. (hmdb.ca)
- Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. (bvsalud.org)
Pathways1
- where do u get acetyl coA (pathways)? (flashcardmachine.com)
Citrate2
- In step two of the Krebs cycle, citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by means of a dehydration reaction that yields cis -aconitate, followed by a hydration reaction that replaces the H + and OH- to form isocitrate. (encyclopedia.com)
- what reaction does citrate synthase catalze? (flashcardmachine.com)
Succinate1
- conversion of succinly coA to succinate by succinate thiokinase. (flashcardmachine.com)
Catalytic2
Enzymatic2
- 1. Prepare sample solution for enzymatic oxidation reaction. (whdsbio.cn)
- Two essential enzymatic reactions in humans require vitamin B 12 (Figure 33-2). (brainkart.com)
Hydrolase1
- It is widely believed that ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion through adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), which provides substrate cholesterol by activating cholesterol ester hydrolase and facilitating transport of cholesterol to the side-chain cleavage enzyme. (cellml.org)
Amino acids1
- However, studies have demonstrated that serine palmitoyltransferase has some activity toward other species of fatty acyl-CoA and alternative amino acids, and the diversity of sphingoid bases has recently been reviewed. (wikipedia.org)
Biosynthetic1
- These and other steps in the biosynthetic reaction sequence were described using differential equations subject to the additional constraints imposed by available measurements of intracellular quantities. (cellml.org)
Concentration5
- The relationship between the protein concentration of lysates from untreated and H 2 O 2 -treated Hep G2 cells and the absorbance at 450 nm using the PathScan ® Phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Ser79) Sandwich ELISA Kit is shown. (cellsignal.com)
- The reactions were performed at 50 °C. The co-substrate, acetyl-CoA, was supplied at the saturated concentration of 2 mM. (biomedcentral.com)
- 4. The enzyme reduces the activation energy required for the reaction to occur by increasing the effective concentration of substrates. (justaaa.com)
- The concentration of hydrogen peroxide corresponds to the substrate concentration. (whdsbio.cn)
- 5. Prepare a standard curve and determine the substrate concentration in the sample solution. (whdsbio.cn)
Arginine1
- Compound 5 is fumaric acid generated in the reaction that converts ASA to arginine (6), which is mediated by ASA lyase. (medscape.com)
Cholesterol1
- The reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is regulated by feedback inhibition by sterols and non-sterol metabolites derived from mevalonate, including cholesterol. (embl.de)
Oxygen1
- Aerobic respiration is the process that leads to the complete oxidation of organic substances in the presence of oxygen and releases CO 2 water and a large amount of energy present in the substrate. (gsebsolutions.in)
Metabolism1
- Hyperpolarized 13 C MRS using dynamic nuclear polarization provides a unique imaging opportunity to study reaction kinetics and enzyme activities of in vivo metabolism. (stanford.edu)
Respiratory3
- menaquinone oxidoreductase reaction, as the major mode of energy conservation, rather than formate or H 2 cycling during respiratory growth. (hindawi.com)
- What are respiratory substrates? (gsebsolutions.in)
- Name the most common respiratory substrate. (gsebsolutions.in)
Oxidation reaction1
- So for this 1st 1 we see a loss of hydrogen ins, which is an indication of an oxidation reaction. (solvedlib.com)
Intermediates1
- Reactions that form intermediates of the cycle are called anaplerotic reactions . (citizendium.org)
Electron3
- The arrangement between the flavin ring and deprotonated 3S-C8-CoA is consistent with a charge transfer interaction with the negatively charged acyl-chain of 3S-C8-CoA as an electron donor stacking on the pyrimidine moiety of the flavin ring as an electron acceptor. (rcsb.org)
- In order to catalyze the reaction, the enzyme requires one high- energy electron that transiently reduces the electrophilic thiol ester carbonyl of the substrate to a nucleophilic ketyl radical anion, facilitating the elimination of the hydroxyl group. (expasy.org)
- This electron, which is provided by by EC 5.6.1.9 , needs to be supplied only once, before the first reaction takes place, as it is regenerated at the end of each reaction cycle. (expasy.org)
Assay2
- In this assay the products of the reaction are isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and the rates of conversion from substrate are measured. (jci.org)
- The PathScan ® Phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Ser79) Sandwich ELISA Kit is a solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects endogenous levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) when phosphorylated at Ser79. (cellsignal.com)