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Acetyl Coenzyme AAcetyl-CoA CarboxylaseCoenzyme APyruvate CarboxylaseAcetate-CoA LigaseATP Citrate (pro-S)-LyaseAcetatesLigasesBiotinAcetylcarnitineMagnesium CompoundsMalonyl Coenzyme AAcetyltransferasesAcetyl-CoA C-AcetyltransferaseRhizobium etliFatty Acid SynthasesLiverFatty AcidsCitratesMevalonic AcidAcetylationCaprylatesCarbon IsotopesAcetylesteraseAMP-Activated Protein KinasesCitric Acid CycleLipid MetabolismAcyl Coenzyme AKineticsGlucoseOrganophosphatesMultienzyme ComplexesCytosolMitochondria, LiverCarbon RadioisotopesPhosphate AcetyltransferaseAdenosine TriphosphateCoenzyme A-TransferasesDietary CarbohydratesAdipose TissueCoenzyme A LigasesLipidsEscherichia coliHydroxymethylglutaryl CoA ReductasesCatalysisOxidation-ReductionRats, Inbred StrainsAcetate KinaseInsulinDietary FatsEnergy MetabolismPhenylacetatesRNA, MessengerEnzyme ActivationAcyltransferasesPhosphorylationCarnitine O-AcetyltransferaseMuscle, SkeletalPantothenic AcidMolecular Sequence DataCarnitineSubstrate SpecificityNitrophenolsAmino Acid SequencePantetheinePalmitoyl Coenzyme AEstersOxo-Acid-Lyases3-Hydroxyacyl CoA DehydrogenasesMalonatesPyruvatesCrotonatesThiolester HydrolasesAcetyl-CoA HydrolaseSuccinate-CoA LigasesBinding SitesHistone AcetyltransferasesPyruvate Dehydrogenase ComplexPropionatesCloning, MolecularHydroxybutyratesBase SequenceAldehyde OxidoreductasesBacterial ProteinsMethanosarcinaAcylationHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA SynthaseCarboxy-LyasesChromatography, High Pressure LiquidAcetic AcidMethylmalonyl-CoA MutaseGlutaratesMolecular StructurePalmitic AcidsArylamine N-AcetyltransferaseAnhydridesAcetyl-CoA C-AcyltransferaseNADChromatography, Thin LayerHydrogen-Ion Concentration
Citric acidSynthetaseCoenzymeNADHDehydrogenaseSynthaseOxidationEnzymeMoleculeCarboxylaseAcetateBiosynthesisPathwaySynthesisMitochondriaFatty acidEthanolSuccinyl-CoAPalmitoyl-CoAGlycolysisCompoundKrebsCofactorOxidative decarboxylationEnzymesAcetylcholineSubstratesUtilizationChemical reactionsReactsFormicOxidoreductaseDehydrogenationOxaloacetatePathwaysAlcoholSubstrateBreakdownGlucoseAcylSuccinateFormationAnabolic reactionsConsumesBiosynthetic reactionsLiver
Citric acid14
Synthetase7
  • At low glucose levels: CoA is acetylated using acetate by acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), also coupled with ATP hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Normal enzyme function of N -acetylglutamate synthetase (NAGS) deficiency is confined to the hepatic mitochondria and mediates the reaction acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) + glutamate → N -acetylglutamate + CoA. (medscape.com)
  • The normal function of N -acetylglutamate (NAG), the reaction product, is to act as an activator of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), which is also a mitochondrial enzyme. (medscape.com)
  • the reaction is mediated by ASA synthetase. (medscape.com)
  • this results in failure to activate the enzyme responsible for the reaction NH 4 + + CO 2 + ATP → H 2 N-CO-PO 3 2- + ADP, which is the entry step into the urea cycle (see Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency ). (medscape.com)
  • This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthetase. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In order to increase the yield of acetyl-CoA, different terminators were used to optimize the expressions of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1/2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD6) to increase the contents of acetyl-CoA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (bvsalud.org)
Coenzyme13
  • Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3'-phosphorylated ADP. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fritz Lipmann won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his discovery of the cofactor coenzyme A. The acetylation of CoA is determined by the carbon sources. (wikipedia.org)
  • The reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway, also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, allows reduction and condensation of two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to build the acetyl-group of acetyl-CoA. (degruyter.com)
  • These fuel molecules, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, are broken down and fed into the Krebs cycle, becoming oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before entering the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. (dadamo.com)
  • A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. (dadamo.com)
  • Through a complex reaction, pyruvate is decarboxylated and turned into acetaldehyde, then attached to coenzyme A while NAD+ is subsequently reduced to NADH and H+. (dadamo.com)
  • Fqo can be hypothesized to be operative during sulfate reduction with CO. The Fqo complex receives electrons from the reduced coenzyme F 420 (F 420 H 2 ), generated from the oxidative acetyl-CoA pathway, and transfers electrons to the membrane-bound respiratory chain by the reduction of menaquinone [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In turn, this intermediate reacts with reduced coenzyme A (CoASH) to yield acetyl CoA and reduced lipoamide (Lip(SH) 2 ). (bmj.com)
  • One such essential nutrient is pantothenate, also known as vitamin B5, which the parasite cannot synthesize de novo and is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) in the parasite. (mdpi.com)
  • One Unit of phosphotransacetylase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme required to release one µmole of acetyl-CoA per minute from Coenzyme A (0.44 mM) in Tris.HCl buffer (86 mM) pH 7.4 at 25 o C. (megazyme.com)
  • The majority of acetate is utilized as the conjugate to coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl-CoA. (sigmaaldrich.com)
NADH12
  • To deter- mine the effect of the G609D mutation on Cphy3925 enzyme activity, we purified WT and ET versions of the enzyme (Fig. 3A) and tested their in vitro catalysis of the two-step, bidirectional reactions converting acetyl-CoA to ethanol using either NADH or NADPH cofactors. (researchgate.net)
  • The intermediate product in this oxidative decarboxylation reaction is oxalosuccinate, whose formation is coupled with the production of NADH + H + . While still bound to the enzyme, oxalosuccinate loses CO2 to produce alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO 2 , and the energy from these reactions is stored in GTP , NADH and FADH 2 . (citizendium.org)
  • NADH and FADH 2 are coenzymes that accept the electrons released in oxidation reactions, and are utilized in oxidative phosphorylation . (citizendium.org)
  • it is inhibited by NADH, succinyl coA and GTP. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH 2 ) are generated by reactions catalysed by the PDC and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and donate electrons (e - ) that enter the respiratory chain at NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) or at succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II). (bmj.com)
  • Increases in the intramitochondrial ratios of NADH/NAD and acetyl CoA/CoA also stimulate kinase mediated phosphorylation of PDC. (bmj.com)
  • There was one change made in the network provided by CellNetAnalyzer for the NADH dehydrogenase reaction, annotated as NADHdehydro in CellNetAnalyzer. (igem.org)
  • This reaction uses NO3 as an electron acceptor to regenerate NADH and export protons to generate ATP. (igem.org)
  • In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. (conceptdraw.com)
  • In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. (conceptdraw.com)
  • We show that compartmentalization of these NAD + dependent reactions together with a dedicated NADH/NAD + recycling enzyme supports optimal growth when an increased demand for anabolic reactions taxes cellular redox balance. (biorxiv.org)
Dehydrogenase20
  • Ethanol also serves as a carbon source for acetylation of CoA utilizing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
  • These amino acids are converted to α-ketoacids by transamination and eventually to isovaleryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by an α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oxidative conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acyl-CoA is then degraded in a four-step cycle of oxidation, hydration, oxidation and thiolysis catalyzed by four respective enzymes, namely acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and thiolase. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the central catalysts, CO dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase, ATPases are needed in the pathway. (degruyter.com)
  • Ni-Zn-[Fe4-S4] and Ni-Ni-[Fe4-S4] clusters in closed and open subunits of acetyl-CoA synthase/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. (degruyter.com)
  • The ET strain has a G609D variant in Cphy3925 AdhE, a putative acetaldehyde-CoA dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). (researchgate.net)
  • Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesises the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. (citizendium.org)
  • The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex converts a molecule called pyruvate, which is formed from the breakdown of carbohydrates, into another molecule called acetyl-CoA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is made up of multiple copies of several enzymes called E1, E2, and E3, each of which performs part of the chemical reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • what reaction is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • what reaction is catalyzed by alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Pyruvate may be reduced to lactate in the cytoplasm or may be transported into the mitochondria for anabolic reactions, such as gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, or for oxidation to acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (PDC). (bmj.com)
  • The cycle of reaction is completed when reduced lipoamide is reoxidised by the flavoprotein, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E 3 ). (bmj.com)
  • The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes a very important metabolic reaction: the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA [ Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction ]. (blogspot.com)
  • We examined the enzyme protein and biosynthesis of human trifunctional protein harboring enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts from two patients with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. (rhea-db.org)
  • The diminution of trifunctional protein was associated with a decreased activity of enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, when measured using medium-chain to long-chain substrates. (rhea-db.org)
  • The 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity with medium-chain to long-chain substrates was decreased drastically, with minor changes in activities of the two other enzymes. (rhea-db.org)
  • Taken together, the results obtained show that in both patients, long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is caused by an abnormality in the trifunctional protein, even though there is a heterogeneity in both patients. (rhea-db.org)
Synthase3
  • The CdhAB-2 combines with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) [ 10 ] and operates in the acetyl-CoA pathway for complete oxidation of lactate to CO 2 [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • what reaction does citrate synthase catalze? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • To determine whether this bridging sulfide is catalytically relevant and to further explore the mechanism of the C-cluster, we obtained crystal structures of the 310 kDa bifunctional CODH/acetyl-CoA synthase complex from Moorella thermoacetica bound both with a substrate H(2)O/OH(-) molecule and with a cyanide inhibitor. (rcsb.org)
Oxidation10
  • CoA is acetylated to acetyl-CoA by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the breakdown of fatty acids through β-oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • At low glucose levels, the production of acetyl-CoA is linked to β-oxidation of fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fatty acid metabolism Acetyl-CoA is produced by the breakdown of both carbohydrates (by glycolysis) and lipids (by β-oxidation). (wikipedia.org)
  • In a process called β oxidation , the alkyl chains of fatty acids are shortened sequentially by blocks of two carbon atoms at a time, thereby converting the fatty acids to acetyl CoA . (nih.gov)
  • The enzymatic steps of glycolysis and the subsequent synthesis of acetyl-CoA involve a linear sequence, whereas the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions in which the starting substrate is subsequently regenerated with each turn of the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The carbon atom of the methyl group of acetyl-CoA is very resistant to chemical oxidation, and under ordinary circumstances, the reaction would require very harsh conditions, incompatible with the cellular environment, to oxidize the carbon atoms of acetyl-CoA to CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO 2 , and one acetyl-CoA. (citizendium.org)
  • Sometimes beta oxidation can yield propionyl CoA which can result in further glucose production by gluconeogenesis in liver. (citizendium.org)
  • Multiple CODHs are often present in carboxidotrophs potentially facilitating separate, CO oxidation and CO 2 -assimilation reactions [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Acetyl CoA is generated from fatty acids through repeated beta-oxidation cycles. (msdmanuals.com)
Enzyme6
  • This citrate is then exported to other organelles outside the mitochondria to be broken into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL). (wikipedia.org)
  • The PathScan ® Phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Ser79) Sandwich ELISA Kit is a solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects endogenous levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) when phosphorylated at Ser79. (cellsignal.com)
  • The DGAT, which catalyzes the acylation reaction at the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone, represents the only enzyme unique to the biosynthesis pathway of TAG [45]. (usda.gov)
  • The Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol (DGAT) is a membrane enzyme that catalyses the final step in TAG biosynthesis. (usda.gov)
  • As these forms of the C-cluster represent the coordination environment immediately before the reaction takes place, our findings do not support a fifth, bridging sulfide playing a catalytic role in the enzyme mechanism. (rcsb.org)
  • We propose that compartmentalized biosynthetic reactions are sensitive to the size of the compartment, likely due to scaling-dependent changes within the system, such as enzyme packing density. (biorxiv.org)
Molecule4
  • Each turn of the Krebs cycle therefore begins when one of the two acetyl-CoA molecules derived from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule yields its acetyl group to the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon tricarboxylic acid (citrate) molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
  • It is sometimes referred to as 'CoASH' or 'HSCoA' because when it is not attached to a molecule such as an acetyl group, it is attached to a thiol group, -SH. (dadamo.com)
  • Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. (dadamo.com)
  • Search chemical reactions in Rhea for this molecule. (rhea-db.org)
Carboxylase3
  • The absorbance readings at 450 nm are shown in the top figure, while the corresponding western blots using Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (C83B10) Rabbit mAb #3676 (left panel) or Phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Ser79) Antibody #3661 (right panel) are shown in the bottom figure. (cellsignal.com)
  • The relationship between the protein concentration of lysates from untreated and H 2 O 2 -treated Hep G2 cells and the absorbance at 450 nm using the PathScan ® Phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Ser79) Sandwich ELISA Kit is shown. (cellsignal.com)
  • what reaction does pyruvate carboxylase catalyze? (flashcardmachine.com)
Acetate5
  • The protein acts as a monomer and produces acetyl-CoA from acetate in a reaction that requires ATP. (prosci-inc.com)
  • In vitro reaction of the methyltransferase Fom3 using SAM labeled with 1 H, 2 H, and 3 H in a stereochemically defined manner, followed by chemoenzymatic conversion of the Fom3 product to acetate and subsequent stereochemical analysis, shows that the overall reaction occurs with retention of configuration. (megazyme.com)
  • Ethyl acetate can be synthesized from acetyl-CoA and ethanol via a reaction by alcohol acetyltransferases (AATase) in yeast. (bvsalud.org)
  • ATF1 coding AATase was coexpressed in expression cassettes of ACS1/ACS2 and ALD6 to promote the carbon flux toward ethyl acetate from acetyl-CoA. (bvsalud.org)
  • Subsequently mitochondrial transport and utilization of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA were impeded to increase the ethyl acetate accumulation in cytoplasm. (bvsalud.org)
Biosynthesis3
  • Oil biosynthesis in plant is a complicated process, more than 30 reactions are required to convert acetyl-CoA to triacylglycerol. (usda.gov)
  • JH biosynthesis involves a series of enzymatic reactions that are conventionally organized into two modules. (nature.com)
  • This review examines pantothenate and the CoA biosynthesis pathway in the human-mosquito-malaria parasite triad and explores possible approaches to leverage the CoA biosynthesis pathway to limit malaria parasite development in both human and mosquito hosts. (mdpi.com)
Pathway4
  • All cells with mitochondria can take ketone bodies up from the blood and reconvert them into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as fuel in their citric acid cycles, as no other tissue can divert its oxaloacetate into the gluconeogenic pathway in the way that the liver does. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the absence of electron acceptor, downregulation of F 420 H 2 dependent steps of the acetyl-CoA pathway is linked to transient formate generation. (hindawi.com)
  • In the first one, known as the mevalonate pathway, acetyl-CoA is transformed into farnesyl pyrophosphate, while the reactions in the second module are responsible for the conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate into JH 8 . (nature.com)
  • The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. (conceptdraw.com)
Synthesis2
  • It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (dadamo.com)
  • Acetyl-CoA also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcholine and as the donor for acetyl groups for post-translational acetylation reactions of histone and non-histone proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Mitochondria2
  • According to this view, the later development of mitochondria rendered peroxisomes largely obsolete because many of the same reactions-which had formerly been carried out in peroxisomes without producing energy-were now coupled to ATP formation by means of oxidative phosphorylation . (nih.gov)
  • The oxidative reactions performed by peroxisomes in present-day cells would therefore be those that have important functions not taken over by mitochondria. (nih.gov)
Fatty acid4
  • Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen were awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their discoveries linking acetyl-CoA and fatty acid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cycle produces a new fatty acid chain with two fewer carbons and acetyl-CoA as a byproduct. (wikipedia.org)
  • A major function of the oxidative reactions performed in peroxisomes is the breakdown of fatty acid molecules. (nih.gov)
  • Fatty acid esters are generally produced by chemical reaction of an alcohol (e.g. myristyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol) with an organic acid (e.g. myristic acid, stearic acid) in the presence of an acid catalyst (Radzi et al. (europa.eu)
Ethanol2
  • The mutated Cphy3925 lost NAD(H)-dependent activities, but, unlike the mutated AdhE in C. thermocellum , the G609D mutation did not result in NADPH-dependent ADH activity (Fig. 3B to E). Instead, our results support the notion that the ET strain arrested AdhE-mediated interconversion of acetyl-CoA, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, which helps explain why the C. phytofermentans ET strain had lower ethanol yield. (researchgate.net)
  • Also in the presence of oxygen, yeast can utilize their anaerobic waste product of ethanol to produce ATP by sending it back into the Krebs cycle via acetyl CoA. (angelfire.com)
Succinyl-CoA1
  • The next step is the oxidative decarboxylation of succinyl CoA from alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
Palmitoyl-CoA1
  • Palmityl-CoA, also known as palmitoyl CoA or CoA, palmitoyl, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl coas. (ymdb.ca)
Glycolysis3
  • page needed] At high glucose levels, acetyl-CoA is produced through glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In glycolysis, the 6-carbon glucose is connected to two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, and then to the 2-carbon acetyl-CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Thus, the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the link between the metabolic reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
Compound2
  • Compound 5 is fumaric acid generated in the reaction that converts ASA to arginine (6), which is mediated by ASA lyase. (medscape.com)
  • Palmityl-CoA is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). (ymdb.ca)
Krebs2
  • Before glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids can be oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the Krebs cycle, they must first be broken down to acetyl CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In step two of the Krebs cycle, citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by means of a dehydration reaction that yields cis -aconitate, followed by a hydration reaction that replaces the H + and OH- to form isocitrate. (encyclopedia.com)
Cofactor1
  • Selective compartmentalization may prevent competition between metabolic reactions requiring the same cofactor. (biorxiv.org)
Oxidative decarboxylation1
  • Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation in which it loses its carboxyl group (as carbon dioxide) to form acetyl-CoA, giving off 33.5 kJ/mol of energy. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes3
  • This reaction is catalysed by PDC, a series of linked enzymes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (fig 2 ). (bmj.com)
  • In turn, compartmentalization constrains the size of individual organelles, with larger peroxisomes accumulating all the required enzymes but unable to support both biosynthetic reactions at the same time. (biorxiv.org)
  • Compartmentalization of enzymes and their reactants optimizes reaction flux within multiple metabolic networks and manages toxic effects of reaction by-products ( Chen and Silver, 2012 ). (biorxiv.org)
Acetylcholine2
  • Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine, in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. (dadamo.com)
  • ALCAR can also provide more acetyl for acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter for memory and learning. (purebulk.com)
Substrates1
  • As a mitochondrial reaction, each of the substrates is normally omnipresent. (medscape.com)
Utilization1
  • Productive utilization of CO 2 relies on a set of oxygen sensitive metalloenzymes exploiting the metal organic chemistry of nickel and cobalt to synthesize acetyl-CoA from activated one-carbon compounds. (degruyter.com)
Chemical reactions2
  • In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). (hmdb.ca)
  • This conversion is essential to begin the series of chemical reactions that produce energy for cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Reacts2
  • Acetyl-CoA reacts with the four carbon carboxylic acid, oxaloacetate--to form the six carbon carboxylic acid, citrate. (citizendium.org)
  • The resulting hydroxyethyl-TPP complex reacts with oxidised lipoamide (LipS 2 ), the prosthetic group of dihydrolipoamide transacetylase (E 2 ), to form acetyl lipoamide. (bmj.com)
Formic1
  • For example, pyruvate formate lyase disproportionates pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and formic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidoreductase2
  • menaquinone oxidoreductase reaction, as the major mode of energy conservation, rather than formate or H 2 cycling during respiratory growth. (hindawi.com)
  • F 420 oxidoreductase reaction. (hindawi.com)
Dehydrogenation1
  • Isovaleryl-CoA undergoes dehydrogenation, carboxylation and hydration to form another CoA-derivative intermediate before it is cleaved into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate. (wikipedia.org)
Oxaloacetate1
  • Through a series of reactions citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate. (citizendium.org)
Pathways1
Alcohol1
  • 2005). The esterification reaction is started by the transfer of a proton from the acid catalyst to the alcohol to form an alkyloxonium ion. (europa.eu)
Substrate3
  • This outcome is consistent with a double-inversion process, first in the S N 2 reaction of cob(I)alamin with SAM to form methylcobalamin and again in a radical transfer of the methyl group from methylcobalamin to the substrate. (megazyme.com)
  • Comparison of the stability and substrate specificity of purified peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolases A and B from rat liver. (rhea-db.org)
  • The reactions were performed at 50 °C. The co-substrate, acetyl-CoA, was supplied at the saturated concentration of 2 mM. (biomedcentral.com)
Breakdown1
  • In the liver, when levels of circulating fatty acids are high, the production of acetyl-CoA from fat breakdown exceeds the cellular energy requirements. (dadamo.com)
Glucose2
  • The reactions within cells that use energy stored in food molecules (such as glucose) to synthesize ATP are referred to as cellular respiration . (angelfire.com)
  • Under aerobic conditions, the yeast break down glucose using oxygen and get more ATP, as in the reaction above. (angelfire.com)
Acyl2
  • Fatty acids are first converted to acyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, DGATs from several plant species showed pronounced selectivities for DAG and acyl-CoA, and this selectivity of the DGAT greatly influenced the type of TAG species formed in cells. (usda.gov)
Succinate1
Formation2
  • Two acetyl-CoA molecules condense to form acetoacetyl-CoA, which gives rise to the formation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • An essential biosynthetic function of animal peroxisomes is to catalyze the first reactions in the formation of plasmalogens , which are the most abundant class of phospholipids in myelin ( Figure 12-32 ). (nih.gov)
Anabolic reactions2
  • The biomass is formed by many anabolic reactions that make monomers. (igem.org)
  • All the anabolic reactions start at the so called key metabolites. (igem.org)
Consumes1
  • the polymerization reaction just consumes (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA. (igem.org)
Biosynthetic reactions1
Liver1
  • H 2 O 2 + R′ H 2 → R′ + 2H 2 O. This type of oxidative reaction is particularly important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes detoxify various toxic molecules that enter the bloodstream. (nih.gov)