• Other common strains are the Sprague Dawley, Fischer 344, Holtzman albino strains, Long-Evans, and Lister black hooded rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effects of cocaethylene on locomotor activity, stereotypy, and rearing in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared.A single cocaine injection (molar equivalent of 60 μmol/kg cocaethylene, intraperitoneal) elicited a robust series of motor output behaviors, including locomotion, stereotypy, and rearing over a 30-minute testing period in Long-Evans rats. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • To examine whether other rat strains exhibit a similar response to cocaethylene, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected (IP) with cocaethylene and their behavior patterns monitored over a 30-minute testing period. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Cocaethylene produced marked locomotor and exploratory behaviors in this strain, suggesting therefore that Long-Evans and Sprague- Dawley rats differ in their response to cocaethylene. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • To relate these behavioral differences to possible structural differences in the neuronal density of dopaminergic or serotonergic neurons, Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley brains were evaluated for tyrosine hydroxylase and 5-HT immunocytochemistry. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Chrysostomou, V, Stone, J & Valter, K 2010, 'Differences in photoreceptor sensitivity to oxygen stress between Long Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats', in Robert E Anderson, Joe G Hollyfield & Matthew M LaVail (ed. (edu.au)
  • Seven male Sprague-Dawley rats responded under a rapid-acquisition, concurrent-chains choice procedure where two different reinforcer amount ratios (1:4 and 4:1) changed every five sessions. (abainternational.org)
  • Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of STZ in male Sprague-Dawley rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Foshan, China) weighing 200-220 g were adopted for this study. (hindawi.com)
  • OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rats from 20 weeks of age are characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, which is phenotypes of type 2 diabetes. (dsmc.or.kr)
  • OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) 쥐는 생후 20주 이후에 제2형 당뇨병 소견을 보이며, 비만, 고혈당, 고지방혈증 및 인슐린 저항성을 특징으로 한다. (dsmc.or.kr)
  • Then Carb Sane introduced me to the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty strain ( OLETF ) of rats. (blogspot.com)
  • While less commonly used for research than laboratory mice, rats have served as an important animal model for research in psychology and biomedical science. (wikipedia.org)
  • This was the first in a series of developments that have begun to make rats tractable as genetic research subjects, although they still lag behind mice, which lend themselves better to the embryonic stem cell techniques typically used for genetic manipulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many investigators who wish to trace observations on behavior and physiology to underlying genes regard aspects of these in rats as more relevant to humans and easier to observe than in mice, giving impetus to the development of genetic research techniques applicable to rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that catalytically active BoNT/A is transported to the facial nucleus (FN) after injection into the nasolabial musculature of rats and mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of isobutyl nitrite (CAS no. 542-56-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F 1 mice (inhalation studies). (epa.gov)
  • 2022. Refinement of handling and dosing methods for rats and mice. (awionline.org)
  • Some of the renal protective effects of Fx were clarified in animal models with diabetes, such as db/db mice [ 8 ] and diabetic Zucker rats [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We used Long-Evans rats and C57Bl6 and GFAP:GFP mice, adults. (fapesp.br)
  • RESULTS: Serial sections of whole eyes of mice, rats and rabbits showed significant artifacts interfering with a practical image stack generation and straightforward 3D reconstruction despite the application of image registration techniques. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recently, the i n vitro activities of lipase, UGT, ADH and ALDH for DEHP metabolism in several organs were measured and compared among mice, rats and marmosets (Ito et al. (who.int)
  • Clear-cut species differences were seen in the activities of the four enzymes involved in the DEHP metabolism among mice, rats, and marmosets. (who.int)
  • Thus, MEHP and perhaps 2-EHA and other di-carboxylic acid concentrations in the body were higher in mice or rats than marmosets when the same dose of DEHP was administered (Ito et al. (who.int)
  • In the same study as above, six groups of F344 rats (20 per sex per dose) received MCA (as an acid in deionized water) by gavage at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 or 150 mg/ kg bw per day, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks. (canada.ca)
  • In the present study, three drugs were tested whether they affect parameters representing peripheral insulin sensitivity in OLETF rats. (dsmc.or.kr)
  • On immunohistochemistry analysis, in liver and adipocytes of OLETF control rats, the Kir6.2 subunit of K_(ATP)- channel was less expressed in the plasma membrane compared with LETO rats. (dsmc.or.kr)
  • Expression of insulin receptor β-subunit in liver and adipocytes also decreased in OLETF rats than in LETO rats. (dsmc.or.kr)
  • Glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT-2) was expressed less in liver of OLETF rats but recovered by treatment with one of the three drugs. (dsmc.or.kr)
  • Expression of GLUT-4 was also diminished in skeletal muscles and adipocytes in OLETF rats. (dsmc.or.kr)
  • In the thoracic aorta of OLETF rats, endothelium-dependent relaxation was markedly attenuated compared with that of control (LETO) rats in association with a significant increase in superoxide production (2,421.39 ± 407.01 nmol · min −1 · mg −1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, the expression of p22phox, a major component of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase, was markedly increased in the aorta from OLETF rats compared with that of LETO rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These findings suggest that upregulated expression of p22phox mRNA and enhanced NADH oxidase activity contribute to the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in OLETF rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Of course the OLETF rat is described as a Good Model for human type two diabetes. (blogspot.com)
  • The OLETF rats only become diabetic if they are male. (blogspot.com)
  • OK facetiousness aside, what is happening in the OLETF rats? (blogspot.com)
  • OLETF rats, on high fat, fixed calorie diet of 28.7 joules per day put all of this energy in to storage but fail to extract as many of these calories/joules from storage as those OLETF rats on 28.7 joules of a high starch diet. (blogspot.com)
  • G1-4, have been isolated from humans wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum rol 2013;158:87-96. (cdc.gov)
  • Is it possible that there are some humans out there with OLEFT rat style type two diabetes. (blogspot.com)
  • PBPK models are used for the current article to predict AEGLs for trichloroethylene (TCE), based on the time course of TCE in the blood and/or brain of rats and humans. (cdc.gov)
  • We show how firing rates of individual neurons in the prelimbic and cingulate cortex correlate with the performance of rats trained to change their navigation multiple times according to allocentric and egocentric strategies. (nature.com)
  • 1974. Insecticides in the tissues of four generations of rats fed different dietary fats containing a mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. (cdc.gov)
  • These experiments demonstrate that developmental exposure to dietary isoflavones, at levels comparable to the ranges of human exposure, modify expression of the estrogen-regulated PR in the uterus of sexually mature rats weeks after exposure ended. (mcmaster.ca)
  • There were even significant variations in the incidences of adrenal medulla tumors among rats from the same source raised in different laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
  • All but one of the testicular tumors occurred in the rats from a single supplier. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1974. Pesticidal chemicals affecting some energy-linked functions of rat liver mitochondria in vitro . (cdc.gov)
  • Domestic rats differ from wild rats (various spp. (wikipedia.org)
  • High prevalence of rat hepatitis E virus in wild rats in China. (cdc.gov)
  • occur in wild rats. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study was undertaken to characterize both vascular production and the enzymatic source of superoxide anion in type 2 diabetic rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of febuxostat, a novel inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), on renal damage in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)
  • The control and diabetic rats were treated with and without febuxostat for 8 weeks, respectively. (hindawi.com)
  • Diabetic rats showed significantly increased serum uric acid (SUA), serum creatinine (SCr), and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. (hindawi.com)
  • Although hepatic gene expression, content, and activity of XO increased significantly in diabetic rats, febuxostat only slightly decreased its content. (hindawi.com)
  • Febuxostat significantly attenuated renal damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats in addition to exerting hypouricemic effect. (hindawi.com)
  • Similar increase in UA concentration was seen in STZ-induced diabetic rats in other studies [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated the effects of Fx on renal injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats with the aim to search novel therapeutic method for DKD. (hindawi.com)
  • Laboratory rats or lab rats are strains of the subspecies Rattus norvegicus domestica which are bred and kept for scientific research. (wikipedia.org)
  • As there is evidence that the hooded rat was known as the "Japanese rat" in the early 20th century, Kuramoto concluded that one or more Japanese hooded rats might have been brought to Europe or the Americas and an albino rat that emerged as a product of the breeding of these hooded rats was the common ancestor of all the albino laboratory rats in use today. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laboratory rats are frequently subject to dissection or microdialysis to study internal effects on organs and the brain, such as for cancer or pharmacological research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laboratory rats not sacrificed may be euthanized or, in some cases, become pets. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October 2003, researchers succeeded in cloning two laboratory rats by nuclear transfer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Female laboratory rats chronically exposed to DBP and other phthalates showed altered sex hormones and increased likelihood of fetal loss. (safecosmetics.org)
  • Intake of Baked Cod Fillet Resulted in Lower Serum Cholesterol and Higher Long Chain n -3 PUFA Concentrations in Serum and Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. (uib.no)
  • No gross morphological differences in neuronal architecture or density were found in the ventral tegmental area or dorsal raphe nucleus of the two rat phenotypes. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • We used optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) excitations at the same local sites in NAc as DNQX microinjections to oppose relative neuronal inhibitions induced by DNQX in female and male rats. (jneurosci.org)
  • To address neuronal computations in consecutive rule presentations, we used single-unit recordings in freely moving rats to assess neuronal activity during a prefrontal cortex-dependent rule-switching task 10 . (nature.com)
  • The reproductive function of rats was studied at the Institute for Experimental Biology at the University of California, Berkeley by Herbert McLean Evans and Joseph A. Long. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effects of carbon disulfide on the reproductive system of the male rat. (cdc.gov)
  • The reproductive effects of carbon - disulfide (75150) (CS2) were investigated in rats. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, reproductive outcomes after developmental exposure to isoflavones were examined in Long-Evans rats maternally exposed to isoflavones via a commercial soy beverage or as the isolated isoflavone, genistein. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Since the PR is essential for regulating key female reproductive processes, such as uterine proliferation, implantation, and maintenance of pregnancy, its increased expression suggests that soy phytoestrogen exposure during reproductive development may have long-term reproductive health consequences. (mcmaster.ca)
  • In 1987, Evans moved to southern California, climbing in Joshua Tree, Tahquitz, and making numerous trips to Yosemite, where he continued to climb on El Cap. (yahoo.com)
  • Most are derived from the albino Wistar rat, which is still widely used. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present experiment sought to evaluate the differences in the effects of d-amphetamine (1.32 mg/kg), a drug often used to treat hyperactivity, on the ambulatory activity (wheel running) of six spontaneously hyperactive rats (SHRs) and six Wistar rats. (abainternational.org)
  • The Wistar rats underwent hyperactivity conditioning with daily IP injections of cocaine (10.0 mg/kg). (abainternational.org)
  • The Wistar rats displayed activity levels equivalent to those of the SHR rats following conditioning. (abainternational.org)
  • After d-amphetamine treatment, the conditioned Wistar rats showed marked decreases in activity levels while the SHRs exhibited an increase in activity levels (p = .015). (abainternational.org)
  • Evaluation of the Developmental Toxicity of Sodium Nitrite in Long-Evans Rats (Journal Version). (epa.gov)
  • In this study, we examined Long-Evans hooded male rats maintained on a standard diet (20.5 ppm F - ) or a low F - diet (3.24 ppm F - ) with drinking water exposure to 0, 10, or 20 ppm F - from gestational day 6 through adulthood. (fluoridealert.org)
  • In this study, we assessed the ability to train adult male Long Evans rats. (awionline.org)
  • Male Long-Evans-hooded-rats were used in two experimental protocols. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, breeding the rats for these contests may have produced variations in color, notably the albino and hooded varieties. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic analysis of 117 albino rat strains collected from all parts of the world carried out by a team led by Takashi Kuramoto at Kyoto University in 2012 showed that the albinos descended from hooded rats and all the albinos descended from a single ancestor. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 18th-century Europe, wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) ran rampant and this infestation fueled the industry of rat-catching. (wikipedia.org)
  • Four HEV genotypes, RG, Reetz J, Schielke A. Detection of a tion of hepatitis E virus variants in wild novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of rats ( Rattus rattus ) in Indonesia. (cdc.gov)
  • Charac- in wild Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus ). (cdc.gov)
  • An Evaluation of Neurotoxicity Following Fluoride Exposure from Gestational Through Adult Ages in Long-Evans Hooded Rats. (fluoridealert.org)
  • 2023. Home-cage behavior is impacted by stress exposure in rats. (awionline.org)
  • However, unlike DES, in utero/lactational exposure to GEN did not increase expression of the proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), in the luminal epithelial cells of the 2-month-old rat uteri. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Quantitative assessment of mammary gland development in female long evans rats following in utero exposure to atrazine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Daily urinary albumin (UAE), uric acid (UUA), and creatinine (UCr) excretion were also significantly increased in these rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Scientists have bred many strains or "lines" of rats specifically for experimentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results indicate that two commonly used rat strains show a differential response to cocaethylene and the neurochemical basis for this behavioral difference may be related to synaptic 5-HT bioavailability. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Over the next 30 years, rats were used for several more experiments and eventually the laboratory rat became the first animal domesticated for purely scientific reasons. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2018. Administering fixed oral doses of curcumin to rats through voluntary consumption. (awionline.org)
  • Methods for UV filter analysis followed the principles of European standardized methods for pesticide residue analysis (EN 15289). (researchgate.net)
  • METHODS: Four C57BL/6J wild-type(wt) mouse eyes, three Brown Norway rat eyes and four Chinchilla Bastard rabbit eyes were enucleated and processed for standard histology with serial sections and hematoxylin and eosin staining. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2000. A metabolite of methoxychlor, 2,2-bis( p hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, reduces testosterone biosynthesis in rat leydig cells through suppression of steady-state messenger ribonucleic acid levels of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. (cdc.gov)
  • 2022. Voluntary oral dosing for precise experimental compound delivery in adult rats. (awionline.org)
  • Interim evaluations were done on five rats per dose group after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. (canada.ca)
  • Rat livers were extracted for detecting gene expression, content, and bioactivity of XO. (hindawi.com)
  • The short-term effects of TCDD examined in this study indicate only small differences in the response of female L-E rats to TCDD as compared to males. (mssm.edu)
  • In the Verification cohort, both approaches detected differences between control and DM animals and found longer OP implicit times (P (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we obtain in vivo electrophysiological recordings and identify a cell population exhibiting activity that is selective to single contexts when rats experience a long temporal separation between context exposures during training. (nih.gov)
  • Being social animals, rats exhibit a range of social behaviors that help them build social bonds and maintain group cohesion. (awionline.org)
  • The Named Veterinary Surgeon (NVS) at the Royal Veterinary College in London suggested providing post-operative pain relief (carprofen) to rats in raspberry flavoured jelly to avoid the use of s.c. injections. (awionline.org)
  • One was a Coherence cohort that consisted of ERGs with eight dark-adapted and three light-adapted stimuli in Brown Norway rats (-6 to 1.5 log cd·s/m2). (bvsalud.org)
  • 2023. Evaluation of parameters which influence voluntary ingestion of supplements in rats. (awionline.org)
  • The aim of this study was to examine short- and long-term biochemical effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in female Long-Evans (L-E) rats. (mssm.edu)
  • In the short-term study, female rats were dosed orally with 5.3, 12, 18 and 60 ug TCDD/kg and sacrificed 4 days after dosing. (mssm.edu)
  • 5 It was found that this alloplast is osteoconductive and has no toxic effect on the vital organs of rats. (allenpress.com)
  • enlarged glomeruli and tubular hyalinization were also prominent in these rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Back comments section of the uric acid post _Flo passed on the news of the death, due to stomach cancer, of a prominent long term Optimal Diet follower. (blogspot.com)
  • Fluoxetine profoundly augmented cocaethylene-stimulated behaviors in this rat phenotype. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • There isn't enough reliable information to know if long-term use of supplements is safe. (webmd.com)
  • We recorded hippocampal and entorhinal cortical activity as rats experienced backward travel on a model train. (nih.gov)
  • 8 It stimulates DNA synthesis of rat calvarial cells and increases the production of osteopontin but decreases bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization in bone cells. (allenpress.com)
  • In the long-term study, rats were dosed with 27, 40 and 60 μ TCDD/kg and sacrificed 90 days after dosing. (mssm.edu)
  • Serop- revalence study in forestry workers from eastern Germany using novel genotype 3 and rat hepatitis E virus-specific immuno- globulin G ELISAs. (cdc.gov)
  • The current study sought to determine whether pregnancy and motherhood are associated with brief or long-term cognitive deterioration using a representative sample and measuring cognition during and before the onset of pregnancy and motherhood. (cambridge.org)
  • The study evaluates the ability of osteoprogenitors treated with platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) delivered on vinyl styrene microbeads (VSM) to regenerate rat calvarial critical-size defects (CSDs). (allenpress.com)
  • The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of this alloplast to carry and deliver osteoprogenitor cells to rat calvarial critical-size defects. (allenpress.com)
  • Rat-catchers would not only make money by trapping the rodents, but also by selling them for food or, more commonly, for rat-baiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Verification cohort consisted of control and diabetic (DM) Long Evans rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oxidative stress had long been linked to the development of complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. (sciencewatch.com)
  • At the single-cell level, theta phase represented distance traveled through the field, even though the head of the rat was oriented opposite to travel direction and entorhinal head-direction cells maintained their preferred firing direction. (nih.gov)
  • Agmatine-like immunoreactivity has been described in numerous brain regions which have long been implicated in the regulation of anxiety. (psicothema.com)
  • 2023. Social play experience in juvenile rats is indispensable for appropriate socio-sexual behavior in adulthood in males but not females. (awionline.org)