• Skinner developed the theory of "operant conditioning," the idea that we behave the way we do because this kind of behavior has had certain consequences in the past. (forerunner.com)
  • The theory of operant conditioning describes how our behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments. (govexec.com)
  • This is an operant conditioning principle in which an organism is reinforced every single time that organism provides the appropriate operant response. (alleydog.com)
  • The FAGR was Hull's means of linking classical and operant conditioning with interdependent stimulus-response chains and secondary reinforcers to explain complex maze learning (perhaps not dissimilar to cue-producing responses). (bps.org.uk)
  • Whereas in classical conditioning, the US and the CS determine the form of the CR, in operant conditioning the strength and frequency, but not the form, of the response is independent of the US. (scholarpedia.org)
  • His research interests include choice and self-control, conditioned reinforcement (including token reinforcement systems), human operant behavior, and most recently using operant methods to assess recovery of function following traumatic brain injury in rats. (abainternational.org)
  • Students can also test rats in a range of tasks (mazes, operant conditioning apparatus) while the animals are under the influence of various therapeutic and recreational drugs. (knox.edu)
  • Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning . (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular there is reason to believe that functional equivalence of stimuli plays an important role in bringing it about that habits established under certain stimulus conditions will function with little or no delay in new situations having nothing whatever as objective stimuli in common with the conditions under which the habit was originally formed. (yorku.ca)
  • The effects of variation in temporal and predictive relations between the onset of visual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) and delivery of a food unconditioned stimulus (US) on the form of conditioned responses (CRs) were examined in four experiments with rat subjects. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Animal behavior processes JO - J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process VL - 6 IS - 2 N2 - The effects of variation in temporal and predictive relations between the onset of visual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) and delivery of a food unconditioned stimulus (US) on the form of conditioned responses (CRs) were examined in four experiments with rat subjects. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In infant rats, the level of generalization between stimuli is determined by how preexposure affects acquisition rate. (escholarship.org)
  • During classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning , human and animal subjects change the magnitude and timing of their conditioned response (CR), as a result of the contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). (scholarpedia.org)
  • Reward versus motoric activations in nucleus accumbens core of rats during Pavlovian conditioning. (rutgers.edu)
  • Instead, psychology would be concerned only with behavior. (forerunner.com)
  • Our behavior is the product of our conditioning. (forerunner.com)
  • Eric A. Jacobs, Ph.D., received his doctoral training in experimental psychology at the University of Florida under the direction of Timothy D. Hackenberg, Ph.D. Subsequently he completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Vermont, where he researched substance-abuse treatment under the direction of Warren K. Bickel, Ph.D. Dr. Jacobs is currently the voice of behavior analysis within the Department of Psychology at Southern Illinois University. (abainternational.org)
  • Dr. Pawlak received a MS in Psychology (Biopsychology & Behavioral Neuroscience Program) at Rutgers University with a project that involved the electrophysiological recording of single neuronal units in the basal ganglia in a rodent behavioral pharmacology paradigm that investigated the psychomotoric effects of cocaine on behavior. (rutgers.edu)
  • The reinstatement of extinguished cocaine self-administration behavior was studied in rats pretreated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. (nih.gov)
  • The first two experiments focused on the ability of IG nutrient infusions to reinforce bar pressing behavior in rats. (ssib.org)
  • [ 5 ] Evolutionary psychology supports the hypothesis that knowledge acquisition and the adaptive regulation of behavior is a dynamic and progressive process. (medscape.com)
  • Another look at the extinction of conditioned flavor preferences: Amount of training and tests for spontaneous recovery. (cuny.edu)
  • Response variability in the rat during conditioning, extinction, and reconditioning. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (0.32 mg/kg/infusion) during five consecutive daily sessions that were followed by five consecutive daily extinction sessions, during which cocaine was unavailable and cocaine-associated cues (sound and light) were absent. (nih.gov)
  • Some people have claimed that high-fructose corn syrup is no different than other sweeteners when it comes to weight gain and obesity, but our results make it clear that this just isn't true, at least under the conditions of our tests," said psychology professor Bart Hoebel, who specializes in the neuroscience of appetite, weight and sugar addiction. (dankennedy.net)
  • When rats are drinking high-fructose corn syrup at levels well below those in soda pop, they're becoming obese - every single one, across the board. (dankennedy.net)
  • A Princeton University research team has demonstrated that all sweeteners are not equal when it comes to weight gain: Rats with access to high-fructose corn syrup gained significantly more weight than those with access to table sugar, even when their overall caloric intake was the same. (shakesville.com)
  • In the present study the self-administration and conditioned place preference paradigms were used to determine whether the failure of some rats to acquire intravenous cocaine self-administration is attributable to either an interference with learning or an aversion to cocaine. (cocaine.org)
  • Bloch began her career as a visiting professor in experimental psychology and neuroscience applied to the study of animals, at Harvard University and Boston University, as well as at the University of São Paulo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Developments in associative theory: A tribute to the contributions of Robert A. Rescorla, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning & Cognition, 48(4), 245-264. (cuny.edu)
  • Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning & Cognition, 46, 47-64. (cuny.edu)
  • The Experimental Psychology Program is designed to improve your professional and academic competitiveness by expanding your knowledge and skills in research methods and statistical analysis, as well as core principles of psychology. (mtsu.edu)
  • Why should I choose MTSU's Experimental Psychology Program? (mtsu.edu)
  • Dr. Kevin Reeder (M.A., experimental psychology, 1996) was featured in a 60 Minutes report on innovative therapies being used to treat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. (mtsu.edu)
  • Journal of Experimental Psychology , 42, 273-281. (bvsalud.org)
  • For students who are looking to pursue graduate studies in experimental psychology, a bachelor of science degree provides deeper engagement with Knox's science and math curriculum. (knox.edu)
  • Journal of Experimental Psychology. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A1 - Holland,P C, PY - 1980/4/1/pubmed PY - 1980/4/1/medline PY - 1980/4/1/entrez SP - 155 EP - 74 JF - Journal of experimental psychology. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • However, false positives are easily controlled in the method of conditioned suppression/avoidance, in which a pigeon is trained to peck a key to obtain food and to stop pecking whenever it detects a sound that signals impending electric shock. (researchgate.net)
  • 1999) is sometimes cited as demonstrating glucose-induced CFP, but he actually reported that an intraperitoneal injection of 30% glucose conditioned a flavor avoidance. (ssib.org)
  • Acute cocaine administration produces aversive effects including anxiogenic effects as well as appetitive effects in rats and mice. (cocaine.org)
  • This is the first study in which both the self-administration and the conditioned place preference paradigms have been used in the same animals to demonstrate that the effects of cocaine are appetitive for some rats and aversive for others, and are not an artifact of cocaine's interference with learning. (cocaine.org)
  • Ivan Pavlov theorized classical conditioning where in an experiment dogs associated food with the arrival of the laboratory assistant through learned behaviour through an external stimulus. (ipl.org)
  • Watson tried to prove his theory with the help of his famous Little Albert Experiment , by way of which he conditioned a small kid to be scared of a white rat. (managementstudyguide.com)
  • A number of photographs of the original Rat Park experiment (right) are also featured in this post. (yorku.ca)
  • In Experiment 1, substantially different CRs were evoked by CSs differing in duration and CS-US interval in delay conditioning. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Using a second-order conditioning technique to assess the associative strength of CSs of different delay intervals, Experiment 2 showed that shorter intervals generated more strength than longer intervals, but the differences in CR form observed in Experiment 1 were not dependent on differences in associative strength. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In Experiment 3, CSs of equal duration but different CS-US intervals in trace conditioning evoked CRs similar in form to those observed with delay procedures in Experiment 1. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Preexposure to simple tastes retarded conditioning and reduced generalization (Experiment 1a), whereas preexposure to compound tastes facilitated conditioning and increased generalization (Experiment 1b). (escholarship.org)
  • Increasing the number of preexposure trials retarded conditioning and decreased generalization with compound tastes (Experiment 1c). (escholarship.org)
  • In Experiment 2, a 15 min exposure to the conditioned stimulus during conditioning resulted in a weak aversion, whereas a 60-min exposure resulted in a strong aversion. (escholarship.org)
  • In Experiment 3, the strength of the aversion and the duration of the conditioned stimulus were directly related in nonpreexposed pups, but inversely related in preexposed pups. (escholarship.org)
  • The experiment examined interval timing in rats during a momentary, unsignaled, increase in the time to reinforcement. (escholarship.org)
  • Holman's IG flavor conditioning experiment was actually the third experiment in this seminal publication. (ssib.org)
  • Only four days into the experiment, the muscles of the rats in the high-fat condition became less able to use oxygen, making their hearts work harder and discouraging the rats to be physically active. (positivepsychologynews.com)
  • In the greenhouse experiment, Pseudotsuga and Lithocarpus seedlings were grown for 13 weeks in watering treatments simulating the summer soil moisture conditions of the open grasslands and under Pseudotsuga saplings. (who.int)
  • They are organized into sections on genetic theories (inherited mechanisms that cause or predispose people to be addicted), metabolic theories (biological, cellular adaptation to chronic exposure to drugs), conditioning theories (built on the idea of the cumulative reinforcement from drugs or other activities), and adaptation theories (those exploring the social and psychological functions performed by drug effects). (healthyplace.com)
  • Skinner's focus on positive and negative reinforcement of learned behaviors had a lasting influence in psychology that has waned somewhat since the growth of research in cognitive psychology. (ipl.org)
  • The results indicate that rats are sensitive to moment-by-moment changes in the time to reinforcement and support other studies showing an asymmetry between timing upward and downward shifts in the criterion for reinforcement of an FI schedule. (escholarship.org)
  • In what I consider a "mini" classic because it is not frequently cited, Garvin L. Holman (1968) reported in a paper entitled "Intragastric reinforcement effect" that rats learned to prefer a flavored non-caloric solution that was paired with an intragastric (IG) infusion of a nutritive diet. (ssib.org)
  • However, my lab reported in 1988 that rats with unlimited access to a nutritionally-complete chow acquired a very strong (96%) preference for a flavored solution paired with concurrent IG self-infusions of a maltodextrin solution during 24 h/day sessions (Sclafani and Nissenbaum 1988). (ssib.org)
  • Holder, M.D. (1988) Responsivity to Pain in Rats Changed by the Ingestion of Flavoured Water. (scirp.org)
  • The fact that the non-self-administrators showed place aversion is inconsistent with the interpretation that the failure of these rats to readily self-administer is attributable to cocaine-mediated interference of learning. (cocaine.org)
  • Psychological theories range from explaining anxiety as a displacement of an intrapsychic conflict (psychodynamic models) to conditioning (learned) paradigms (cognitive-behavioral models). (medscape.com)
  • Perhaps) there was such a thing as a non-specific reaction of the body to damage of any kind" (Selye, 1976, Psychology: A New Introduction, pg 68). (nmmra.org)
  • Random exposure to the CS and the US retards conditioning even more than combined latent inhibition and US preexposure. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Aim of the work: Due to the lack of toxicological assessments of this insecticide especially the formulation type, the objective of the present study was aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of repeated exposure of HFM formulation on adult albino rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although limited use may not be accompanied by serious consequences, prolonged exposure could lead to dependence, psychosis and other psychiatric disorders and physical conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular complications, sexual dysfunction, hepatoxicity and reduced birth weight of infants born to khat-chewing mothers. (who.int)
  • Over the next 20 years several more studies reported that IG infusions of various nutrients (milk, glucose, casein) conditioned flavor preferences in hungry rats (Puerto et al. (ssib.org)
  • These and other findings implicated the intestinal sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), which binds to glucose but not fructose, as a critical sensor mediating glucose-conditioned flavor preferences (Sclafani et al. (ssib.org)
  • They had been "conditioned" to salivate at the sound of a bell. (forerunner.com)
  • The effects of stimulus preexposure on conditioning and generalization of a taste aversion were evaluated in infant rats, manipulating stimulus similarity and duration, and the length and procedure (intermixed vs. blocked) of preexposure. (escholarship.org)
  • In this way, men could be studied objectively, like rats and apes. (forerunner.com)
  • The Behavioural School of Thought which was founded by John B Watson which was highlighted in his seminal work, Psychology as the Behaviorist View It , stressed on the fact that Psychology is an objective science, hence mere emphasis on the mental processes should not be considered as such processes cannot be objectively measured or observed. (managementstudyguide.com)
  • Watson's work was based on the experiments of Ivan Pavlov, who had studied animals' responses to conditioning. (forerunner.com)
  • Morgan (1985:71) further maintains that this type of model "also predicts specific responses will be dependent upon specific stimulus conditions. (nationalacademies.org)
  • They can use our psychophysiological equipment for measuring facial and bodily responses from research participants under a variety of conditions or situations, e.g., while watching emotion-inducing films. (knox.edu)
  • Cooney reported that scientists at Princeton University had found that rats fed HFCS gained much more weight than those fed sucrose, packed on abdominal fat (which is considered particularly unhealthy) and had higher levels of fat in their blood. (dankennedy.net)
  • 1968) showed that conditioning to a CS depended, not on the number of CS-US presentations, but on its quality as a predictor of the US compared to other CS present at the time of conditioning. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Some stressors produce patterns of physiological activity different from those of other stressors" (Taylor, 1990, Psychology: A New Introduction, pg 73). (nmmra.org)
  • The Hullian wing of behaviourism (sometimes called Hull-Spence theory) died, in effect, with Kenneth Spence in 1967, and it is rarely referenced in mainstream psychology today. (bps.org.uk)
  • It's almost completely unknown outside formal psychology, its heritage still-born into the high behaviourism of Clark Hull. (bps.org.uk)
  • Stress is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition that disrupts the homeostatic functioning of the individual's psychological and physiological systems, thus initiating adaptative or restorative activities. (cdc.gov)
  • Workplace conditions can influence workers' mental health and stress levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the model does not clearly spell out all of the stimulus conditions, its empirical basis suggests that it may be limited to certain types of sports. (nationalacademies.org)
  • It has also been extended to a within-subjects dynamic model consisting of monitoring athletes throughout different stimulus conditions associated with intense training. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Studies have found differences in health indicators, such as cardiovascular conditions and prevalence of obesity, among occupational groups [ii]. (cdc.gov)
  • Not considering Psychology graduate students for September 2024 intake. (ubc.ca)
  • Although rats housed alone in Skinner boxes would consume large amounts of morphine, those housed in "Rat Park," a large, stimulating enclosure shared with other rats, did not. (yorku.ca)
  • A 2003 study carried out by researchers at the School of Psychology at the University of Plymouth in the UK significantly debunked this myth. (truthorfiction.com)
  • She studied at the University of Chile in Santiago and was graduated in 1960 with teaching degrees in psychology and English. (wikipedia.org)
  • By 1970 Bloch was a full professor of neurophysiology in the department of psychology at the University of Chile in Santiago. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the department of theater at the University of Chile invited Bloch to teach a psychology course to their students, she proposed an experimental research workshop in emotions instead. (wikipedia.org)
  • James E. Alcock Department of Psychology, Glendon College, York University, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M4N 3M6 duce a clear research proje is have been singe reliable Although there has been over a century of of " aranormal," or formal empirical inquiry, phenomena. (cia.gov)
  • I held research positions at the Universities of Newcastle and Nottingham before taking up my first academic postion as a lecturer in Psychology at the University of Leicester. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • During my time at Leicester I was Head of the School for Psychology (2013-2017) and deputy Head of the College of Life Sciences before moving to the University of Nottingham in 2018. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • In Rat Park , the second of two comics McMillen has created on illegal drugs, he describes the work of psychologist Bruce Alexander of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, BC. (yorku.ca)
  • The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine (2nd Ed). Cambridge University Press. (sussex.ac.uk)
  • Dr. Krank moved to Kelowna from his position as Head of Psychology at Mount Alison University where he taught for ten years. (ubc.ca)
  • In brief, Holman reported that rats would bar press for IG nutrient infusions only if the infusions were associated with orosensory stimulation. (ssib.org)
  • Yamamoto, T., Sako, N. and Maeda, S. (2000) Effects of Taste Stimulation on Beta-Endorphin Levels in Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma. (scirp.org)
  • Other findings indicate a role for hepatic-portal glucose sensing in preference conditioning (Oliveira-Maia et al. (ssib.org)
  • At the same time their purview is not ambitious enough (not nearly so ambitious as that of some biological and conditioning models) to incorporate nonnarcotic or nondrug involvements. (healthyplace.com)
  • Dr. Marvin Krank joined UBC's Okanagan campus as Dean of Graduate Studies and professor of psychology in July, 2005. (ubc.ca)
  • It is well known that the taste of sweet solutions produces a morphine-like analgesia in both rats and human infants, and under certain conditions, possibly in human adults. (scirp.org)
  • Feeding low-protein diets to pregnant rats produces a increased more than in children not exposed to tobacco in broad spectrum of disorders in their offspring (7): hyper- utero. (cdc.gov)
  • The US follows the CS only on some trials and might lead to a lower level of conditioning. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Stimulus CS2 acquires inhibitory conditioning with CS1 reinforced trials interspersed with CS1-CS2 nonreinforced trials. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Lubow and Moore (1959) found that conditioning was retarded if the CS had been presented by itself previous to the reinforced trials. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Psychology Research Summaries. (novapublishers.com)
  • Home / Shop / Books / Social Sciences / Social and Behavioral Sciences / Psychology / Psychological Methods, Research and Statistics / Psychology Research Summaries. (novapublishers.com)
  • Looking at this very earlier research we can see that even basic mammals such as rats have a response to stressful events. (nmmra.org)
  • That emphasis has continued, particularly because of the importance of testing in determining opportunities for children, but other areas of exploration in African-American psychology research include learning style, sense of community and belonging, and spiritualism. (ipl.org)
  • privileged conditions where research tries is rejected second to be a different meeting in world-changing great matter would use the primate. (schoko-schloss.de)
  • Congratulations goes to two graduate-undergraduate research teams and their faculty advisors, who are receiving DUOS (Doctoral Undergraduate Opportunity Scholarships), supporting psychology research projects conducted between undergraduate-graduate student pairs working together under the supervision of a faculty member in a Miami doctoral department. (miamioh.edu)
  • The general adaptative syndrome can be traced to research with rats that developed a predictable response syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • In Alexander's Rat Park studies, conducted in the 1970s and 1980s, he explored the significance of the social environment for drug addiction. (yorku.ca)
  • Drugs were given at an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C to simulate hot nightclub conditions. (mdma.net)
  • Our goal is to foster the success of students from all backgrounds-regardless of race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or expression, age, ability, or culture-by giving them the best academic experience possible both inside and outside the classroom ( Learn more about our diversity and inclusion initiatives in the Psychology Department ). (mtsu.edu)
  • When the Harvard psychology department kicked Judith Rich Harris out of their PhD program in 1960, they could not have known how true the words in their expulsion letter would turn out to be. (edge.org)
  • Pavlov (1927) was the first to describe acquisition of classical conditioning. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Skinner's studies led him to reject Watson's almost exclusive emphasis on reflexes and conditioning. (forerunner.com)
  • Selye later confirmed that when rats are exposed to adverse conditions such an electric shocks, cold and surgical procedures the same reactions took place. (nmmra.org)
  • Holman trained hungry rats to drink a flavored saccharin solution (referred to here as the CS+) for 5 min followed immediately by an IG infusion of a complex eggnog diet and on alternate days to drink a differently flavored saccharin solution (the CS-) paired with an IG water infusion. (ssib.org)
  • Holman confirmed that rats would bar press for cold nasogastric diet infusions. (ssib.org)
  • However, rats tested with a warm liquid diet infused via a nasogastric catheter or a diet infused through a subcutaneous IG catheter that bypassed the oropharyngeal region were much less likely to bar press for IG nourishment. (ssib.org)
  • Just as laboratory rats could be conditioned to press a pedal for a food reward, so children were 'conditioned' by their parents to learn language. (newscientist.com)
  • In addition to those already mentioned, there are a number of prominent theorists and psychologists who left an indelible mark on behavioural psychology. (ipl.org)
  • The first consideration is the possibility that anxiety is due to a known or unrecognized medical condition. (medscape.com)
  • For example, you, as a researcher, might present a food pellet every time the rat presses the lever. (alleydog.com)
  • Classical Conditioning was first described by Pavlov (1927), who placed hungry dogs on a stand and delivered food powder (the US) following a tone (the CS) presentation. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Combining positive psychology with fitness and nutrition, she created a coaching method that builds better sleep, food, mood, and exercise habits, as described in her book, Smarts and Stamina: The Busy Person's Guide to Optimal Health and Performance , which includes 50 practical health-building activities. (positivepsychologynews.com)
  • The lab rats in the high-fat condition made significantly more mistakes when it came to finding their way out of a maze they knew, showing that their memory was also weakened. (positivepsychologynews.com)
  • If I'm a lab rat, and every time I press a button in my cage I receive an electric shock, guess what? (govexec.com)
  • Prior studies by Epstein and Teitelbaum (1962) appeared to establish that IG nutrient infusions could reinforce bar press responding in rats. (ssib.org)