Rates of influenza associated antigenic strains of influenza influenza vaccines. Medical search. Frequent questions

Current inactivated influenza vaccines provide protec- influenza viruses are characterized antigenically on the tion when vaccine antigens and circulating viruses share a basis of ferret serum antibody cross-reactivity. (cdc.gov)
tively selected codons, and substantially diverse codons, The HA protein of influenza viruses is synthesized as a respectively. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses cause substantial medical and social mapped, based on laboratory variants selected in the pres- problems throughout the world, and vaccination is the ence of mouse monoclonal antibodies (9,10). (cdc.gov)
Of the three types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C), under positive selection by comparing 357 viruses isolated only influenza A and B viruses cause epidemic human dis- from 1984 to 1996 (7). (cdc.gov)
responses and are the basis for subtyping influenza A However, the importance of these amino acid positions in viruses. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B viruses are not categorized into sub- terms of predicting antibody cross-reactivity is unclear. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, we conducted this study to explore the useful- viruses have been in global circulation, and these three ness of these amino acid positions for predicting antigenic viruses are currently included as vaccine components. (cdc.gov)
Current inactivated vaccines provide essential protection described in this study could be used to predict vaccine- when the vaccine antigens and the circulating viruses share induced cross-reactive antibody responses in humans, high degree of similarity in the HA protein. (cdc.gov)
First, vaccine viruses included in the 2018-19 U.S. trivalent influenza vaccines will be an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, an A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus, and a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (Victoria lineage). (cdc.gov)
Quadrivalent influenza vaccines will contain these three viruses and an additional influenza B vaccine virus, a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (Yamagata lineage). (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses typically circulate in the United States annually, most commonly from late fall through early spring. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift is a kind of genetic variation in viruses, arising from the accumulation of mutations in the virus genes that code for virus-surface proteins that host antibodies recognize. (wikipedia.org)
Antigenic drift occurs in both influenza A and influenza B viruses. (wikipedia.org)
In 1940s, Maurice Hilleman discovered antigenic drift, which is the most common way that influenza viruses change. (wikipedia.org)
As in all RNA viruses, mutations in influenza occur frequently because the virus' RNA polymerase has no proofreading mechanism, resulting in an error rate between 1×10−3 and 8×10−3 substitutions per site per year during viral genome replication. (wikipedia.org)
All influenza viruses experience some form of antigenic drift, but it is most pronounced in the influenza A virus. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2, and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (cdc.gov)
Although influenza B viruses have shown more antigenic stability than influenza A viruses, antigenic variation does occur. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
[8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses have predominated overall, with both influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) circulating. (canada.ca)
We aimed to characterize interactions within the respiratory tract between severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 2 major respiratory viruses: influenza A virus (IAV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). (bvsalud.org)
Clade 2.2 A(H5N1) influenza viruses that have been associated with human infections in Egypt since September 2008 are the ones with the most geographically disperse distribution and have caused outbreaks in poultry in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. (thepoultrysite.com)
While at the moment attention is focused on the recent emergence of a new influenza A(H1N1) virus, other influenza viruses, including the avian influenza A(H5N1) strains, are still a cause for concern. (thepoultrysite.com)
While the Covid-19 crisis is far from over, we cannot afford to be complacent about what has long been understood to be a principal health security threat: influenza viruses. (csis.org)
Seasonal influenza is defined as predictable outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by various influenza viruses that spread from person to person. (csis.org)
To ensure optimal vaccine effectiveness against prevailing strains in both the northern and southern hemispheres, the composition of influenza vaccines is revised twice a year and adjusted to the strains of circulating influenza viruses, as obtained by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). (who.int)
The degree of protection afforded by current and prior vaccination varies from year to year, reflecting variations in circulating influenza viruses and their antigenic similarity to the vaccine formulation. (who.int)
A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
They developed weakened influenza viruses that could stimulate immunity in the cooler nasal passages but could not cause disease in the warmer temperatures of the lower airways. (sciencedaily.com)
Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
IAV H3N2 viruses have been the predominant strains during the last 20 years, with the exception of the 1988-1989 and 2000-2001 seasons where H1N1 infections dominated [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Initial testing of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV strains found the viruses to be susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses cause disease among all age groups ( 2--4 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza A is a RNA virus and in general, RNA viruses have a very high rate of mutation, a short generation time and yield a high production of virions after replication in the host's cells. (science20.com)
Avian influenza viruses replicate in the gastrointestinal tract while human influenza viruses replicate in the respiratory tract-as conveyed by their differential genetic makeup. (science20.com)
Her projects focus on studies of influenza antiviral treatment and antiviral effectiveness, vaccine effectiveness, pandemic preparedness, and development of CDC clinical guidance related to treatment and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza A and B viruses undergo frequent small changes (mutations) in their segmented RNA genome over time. (health.govt.nz)
The new virus subtype has novel H and N surface antigens result from the mixing of genomic segments of two or more influenza A viruses. (health.govt.nz)
Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. (edu.au)
size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to Influenza illness and its complications follow infection with influenza viruses. (who.int)
1) represent reactions that are known to occur following immunizations generally or influenza influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B viruses have been in global circulation. (who.int)
The majority of SAEs occurred after c adverse events listed below reflect experience in both children and adults and include those a causal relation of GBS with subsequent vaccines prepared from other influenza viruses is unclear. (who.int)
The influenza viruses pose a threat to human health and medical services, and vaccination is an important way to prevent infection. (biomedcentral.com)
2 ] The risk of seeking treatment will decrease by 40-60% if influenza vaccine viruses match circulating viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
4 ] However, such protection effectiveness may be lower for some reasons, especially when the vaccine strains are mismatched with circulating viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
See PHIL 13469, for the diagrammatic representation of how this Swine Flu stain came to be, through the "reassortment" of two different Influenza viruses. (health.mil)
The estimated VE (46%) indicated that the influenza vaccine during the 2019-2020 influenza season was moderately effective against these influenza viruses. (health.mil)
Influenza surveillance conducted by DODGRS during the 2019-2020 influenza season identified circulating influenza virus (sub)types, provided timely data on the genetic characteristics of the circulating viruses, and estimated influenza VE. (health.mil)
The influenza vaccine was moderately effective against influenza viruses during the 2019-2020 influenza season. (health.mil)
Influenza viruses change from year to year as they undergo constant antigenic drifts and potential antigenic shifts. (health.mil)
Because of the changing nature of these viruses, it is crucial to conduct annual surveillance to determine the circulating viruses and to detect changes in the viruses during the influenza season. (health.mil)
Seasonal influenza vaccination is considered the main strategy to protect against influenza viruses, combat influenza infection, and reduce disease severity. (health.mil)
To improve vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza viruses, the strains used in the influenza vaccine need to be updated regularly based on the surveillance findings. (health.mil)
There are four classes of influenza viruses (A-D), with influenza A and B causing most seasonal epidemics. (scienceboard.net)
HA are homotrimeric glycoproteins found on the surface of influenza viruses. (scienceboard.net)
Infections during the season were predominantly due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, with 90% of notifications being influenza A (56% A(H1N)1pdm09, 30% A(unsubtyped) and 4% A(H3N2)) and 10% being influenza B. The A(H1), A(H3) and B influenza viruses circulating during the 2010 season were antigenically similar to the respective 2010 vaccine strains. (health.gov.au)
Almost all (99%) of the circulating influenza B viruses that were analysed were from the B/Victoria lineage. (health.gov.au)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
Based on the results of outpatient and hospital surveillance, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses continued to co-circulate in the Region, with very few influenza B detections having been reported during this season. (flutrackers.com)
The EuroFlu bulletin describes and comments on influenza activity in the 53 Member States in the WHO European Region to provide information to public health specialists, clinicians and the public on the timing of the influenza season, the spread of influenza, the prevalence and characteristics of circulating viruses (type, subtype and lineage) and severity. (flutrackers.com)
Of the 1342 influenza A viruses that were subtyped during week 12/2014, 594 (44%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 748 (56%) A(H3N2) (Fig. 2a). (flutrackers.com)
Since week 40/2013, sentinel and non-sentinel sources have yielded 37 583 influenza detections: 35 897 (95%) were influenza A and 1686 (5%) influenza B viruses (Fig. 2b). (flutrackers.com)
Of the 25 143 influenza A viruses that have been subtyped, 14 835 (59%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 10 308 (41%) were A(H3N2). (flutrackers.com)
In addition, the lineage of 169 influenza B viruses has been determined: 155 (92%) belonged to the B/Yamagata lineage (the lineage of the B virus recommended by WHO for inclusion in trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines) and 14 (8%) to the B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
Equine influenza viruses have recently been transmitted to dogs. (powershow.com)
The first issue materializes when mutations occur in the influenza viruses grown inside these eggs. (browntth.com)
These mutations are called egg-adaptations, and they cause slight differences between the currently circulating viruses and the vaccine strain [5]. (browntth.com)
The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. (health.gov.au)
The Australian 2001 influenza vaccine represented a good match for the circulating viruses and 77 per cent of persons over 65 years in Australia were vaccinated in 2001. (health.gov.au)
Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)
At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)
In the absence of immunity to these new viruses, there is rapid spread of influenza with dramatically increased rates of morbidity and mortality. (health.gov.au)
Since 1977, influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and influenza B viruses have co-circulated and have been widespread globally, varying in frequency temporally and geographically. (health.gov.au)
[ 52 ] The use of adamantanes, such as amantadine, has not been recommended since the 2005-2006 influenza season owing to resistance among influenza A viruses. (medscape.com)
ABSTRACT The World Health Organization (WHO) formulates recommendations for viruses to be included in vaccines for the influenza seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres on the basis of analyses by its collaborating centres (CCs). (who.int)
Of the 22 countries in the Region, Identification of representative candi- enza/surveillance_monitoring/fluid/ 15 have NICs that are recognized by date influenza viruses is an essential en/) and FluNet (http://www.who. (who.int)
The WHO CC laboratories samples and virus isolates with one of didate viruses represent the basis for conduct quantitative and qualitative the WHO CCs (in London, Atlanta or timely vaccine production for seasonal analyses of human seasonal influenza Tokyo). (who.int)
During this period, a total of influenza, or in the event of a pandemic viruses and clinical samples sent by 1106 seasonal influenza virus samples or potential pandemic influenza. (who.int)
Se- The majority (78%) were sent to Lon- mendations on the viruses to be in- quences of haemagglutinin (HA) and don, followed by 21% to Atlanta and cluded in influenza vaccines, one for neuraminidase (NA) and other genes 0.5% to Tokyo. (who.int)
The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
A small number of sporadic human cases of A(H5N1) have been identified since 2022, despite the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
However, because of the potential for influenza viruses to rapidly evolve and the wide global prevalence of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry outbreaks, continued sporadic human infections are anticipated. (cdc.gov)
H5 candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) produced by CDC are expected to provide good protection against current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in birds and mammals. (cdc.gov)
Because influenza viruses are constantly changing, CDC performs ongoing analyses of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses to identify changes that might allow for spread more easily to and between people, cause serious illness in people, reduce susceptibility to antivirals, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, or reduce neutralization of the virus by vaccine induced antibodies. (cdc.gov)
Comprehensive surveillance and readiness efforts are ongoing, and CDC continually takes preparedness measures to be ready in case the risk to people from HPAI A(H5N1) or other novel influenza A viruses changes. (cdc.gov)
Since 2005, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have undergone extensive genetic diversification including the formation of hundreds of genotypes following reassortment with other avian influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)

The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
The mice were then challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
A sudden emergence of Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections with a new pandemic H1N1 IAV is taking place since April of 2009. (biomedcentral.com)
In order to gain insight into the mode of evolution of these new H1N1 strains, we performed a Bayesian coalescent Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis of full-length neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences of 62 H1N1 IAV strains (isolated from March 30th to by July 28th, 2009). (biomedcentral.com)
High evolutionary rates and fast population growth have contributed to the initial transmission dynamics of 2009 H1N1 IAV. (biomedcentral.com)
A sudden emergence of IAV infections with new H1N1 strains of pandemic potential is taking place since April of 2009, starting in Mexico and spreading to several other countries around the world [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Detailed studies on the mode of evolution of these new H1N1 IAV strains are extremely important for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the emergence, spread and resistance of new H1N1 IAV strains of pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
If you haven't heard of swine flu - Influenza A H1N1 - by now. (science20.com)
Although a H1N1 vaccine is a few months off and would undoubtedly cure your hysteria, perhaps in the mean time learning more about thine swine flu enemy will lessen your inner fears of the microbial unknown. (science20.com)
2 ] Among them, the major circulating strains include influenza A H1N1, A H3N2, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 occurred actively 3 weeks thereafter, and then co-circulated highly with influenza B through the end of March 2020. (health.mil)
Starting at surveillance week 45 (3-9 Nov. 2019), influenza B was the predominant influenza type, followed by high activity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 three weeks thereafter. (health.mil)
Both influenza B and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were then highly co-circulated through surveillance week 13 (22-28 March 2020). (health.mil)
The A/H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic revealed that operational issues of school closure interventions, such as when school closure should be initiated (activation trigger), how long schools should be closed (duration) and what type of school closure should be adopted, varied greatly between and within countries. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2009, influenza A/H1N1 virus, first identified in Mexico, rapidly circulated around the world causing an influenza pandemic [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The A/H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic has caused at least 16,455 deaths in 213 countries as of 28th February, 2010 [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Australia experienced a mild season in 2006, moderate seasons in 2007 and 2008 and an extra-ordinary season in 2009 due to the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. (health.gov.au)
AFLURIA- influenza a virus a/california/7/2009 x-181 (h1n1) antigen (propiolactone inactivated), influenza a virus a/texas/50/2012 x-223 (h3n2) antigen (propiolactone inactivated), and influenza b virus b/massachusetts/2/2012 bx-51b antigen (propiolactone inactivated) injection, suspension bioCSL Pty Ltd. (nih.gov)
Influenza A was the dominant type, 81 per cent of which were subtype H1N1 and 19 per cent were subtype H3N2. (health.gov.au)
The influenza A (H1N1) analysed were all A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strains. (health.gov.au)
The Asian and Hong Kong pandemics in 1957 and 1968 introduced the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes respectively, in each case replacing the previously circulating subtype of influenza A. There have been no major 'antigenic shifts' causing pandemics of influenza since 1968, however, the H1N1 subtype reappeared in the human population in 1977 and did not replace the H3N2 subtype. (health.gov.au)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)

Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications. (cdc.gov)
Following two seasons (2016-17 and 2017-18) during which ACIP recommended that LAIV4 not be used, for the 2018-19 season, vaccination providers may choose to administer any licensed, age-appropriate influenza vaccine (IIV, RIV4, or LAIV4). (cdc.gov)
Vaccination and health care providers should check CDC's influenza website periodically for additional information. (cdc.gov)
Routine annual influenza vaccination for all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications has been recommended by CDC and CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) since 2010 ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
If one of these new forms of an antigen is sufficiently different from the old antigen, it will no longer bind to the antibodies or immune-cell receptors, allowing the mutant virus to infect people who were immune to the original strain of the virus because of prior infection or vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
The principal changes include a) information about the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1998-99, b) more detailed information about influenza-associated rates of hospitalization, and c) updated information on the possible relationship between Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccination. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, over time, antigenic variation (antigenic drift) within a subtype may be so marked that infection or vaccination with one strain may not induce immunity to distantly related strains of the same subtype. (cdc.gov)
No serious suspected ADRs were reported at any time post-vaccination, and the ADR rates were comparable to those reported for IIV4 in the 2018/19 seasonal assessment. (biomedcentral.com)
Of more immediate concern, experts warn that if Americans do not practice appropriate prevention measures such as seeking influenza vaccination, washing their hands, social distancing, and wearing a mask, circulating seasonal influenza and Covid-19 will exacerbate one another, adding further strain to an already overburdened health system. (csis.org)
vii The CDC released a report in mid-September predicting that Covid-19 interventions and influenza vaccination could reduce influenza transmission in the 2020-2021 season. (csis.org)
For example, only 49 percent of Americans got an influenza vaccination in 2018-2019. (csis.org)
As influenza constantly evolves and changes over time and our immunity to influenza wanes, annual vaccination is recommended to protect against influenza. (who.int)
Reviews have found that influenza vaccination is either cost-saving or has an acceptable cost-effectiveness ration. (who.int)
From a societal and employer perspective, especially for high-income countries, influenza vaccination may be cost-effective for health workers and older adults. (who.int)
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR)-confirmed influenza was assessed by active and passive surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) beginning 2 weeks post-vaccination until the end of the influenza season, approximately 6 months post- vaccination. (renalandurologynews.com)
Post-vaccination immunogenicity was evaluated on sera obtained 28 days after administration of a single dose of study vaccine. (renalandurologynews.com)
We sought to examine the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against admission to hospital for acute cardiovascular and respiratory conditions and all-cause death in people with type 2 diabetes. (cmaj.ca)
In this cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes, influenza vaccination was associated with reductions in rates of admission to hospital for specific cardiovascular events. (cmaj.ca)
4 For decades, vaccination has been the principal strategy to control influenza and its severe complications in older adults and patients with chronic illnesses, who account for most influenza-attributable deaths. (cmaj.ca)
1 Current influenza vaccination programs were implemented based on studies that involved healthy adults in the 1960s, which suggested 70%-90% vaccine efficacy. (cmaj.ca)
Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
Pandemics can result from antigenic shift because antibodies against other strains (resulting from vaccination or natural infection) provide little or no protection against the new strain. (msdmanuals.com)
published a graph (figure 14) correlating the number of reported poliomyelitis cases with the vaccination rates in seven areas in The Netherlands. (vaccineimpact.com)
If Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) has occurred within 6 weeks of previous influenza vaccination, the TIV-2, respectively, reported unsolicited adverse events. (who.int)
Vaccination history, age, health condition, and frequency of colds were important factors affecting the seroconversion rate of the influenza vaccine in human. (biomedcentral.com)
There is a need for developing optimized vaccination strategies for vulnerable groups to improve the efficacy of influenza vaccines in human. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination is the most effective way to reduce human influenza disease burden. (biomedcentral.com)
Several factors associated with responsiveness to influenza vaccination were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
The results may provide supporting data for identifying influenza vaccination low responders and optimizing the vaccination strategies, thereby improving the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in human. (biomedcentral.com)
The team found that a single vaccination with adjuvanted, inactivated cHA vaccines induced remarkably high anti-stalk antibody titers. (scienceboard.net)
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the capacity of the immune system to fight influenza virus infection and to respond to vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
Aging is usually associated with reduced influenza virus-specific and influenza vaccine-specific antibody responses but some elderly individuals with higher pre-exposure antibody titers, due to a previous infection or vaccination, have less probability to get infected. (biomedcentral.com)
Although influenza vaccination represents the most effective way to prevent influenza infection, vaccines with greater immunogenicity are needed to improve the response of elderly individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
there have been no controlled clinical studies demonstrating a decrease in influenza disease after vaccination with AFLURIA. (drugs.com)
Hypersensitivity to eggs, neomycin, or polymyxin, or life-threatening reaction to previous influenza vaccination. (drugs.com)
If Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) has occurred within 6 weeks of previous influenza vaccination, the decision to give AFLURIA should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks. (drugs.com)
1 or 2 doses depends on vaccination history as per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices annual recommendations on prevention and control of influenza with vaccines. (nih.gov)
In the late 1990s researchers came up the antigenic distance hypothesis, a hypothesis that aimed "to reconcile variable observations of repeat influenza vaccination effects. (contagionlive.com)
The findings suggest that serial vaccination may be why some individuals get the flu even though they've received the correct flu shot that matches the circulating strains. (contagionlive.com)
Influenza vaccination also must be encouraged to prevent the infection. (medscape.com)
As a leader in flu vaccination, we remain committed to ensure adults 65 years and older have access to flu vaccines, proven to protect them from what really matters, such as flu-related hospitalizations due to cardiovascular events and pneumonia. (sanofi.us)
In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
Reported prevalence rates have ranged from less than 1 to a high of 25 per 1,000 children surveyed and have prompted many countries to undertake polio vaccination programs. (who.int)
Defining surrogate serologic tests with respect to predicting protective vaccine efficacy: Poliovirus vaccination. (who.int)

We investigated these amino acid positions single polypeptide (HA0) that is subsequently cleaved into for predicting antigenic variants of influenza A/H3N2 virus- two polypeptides (HA1 and HA2) and forms into es in ferrets. (cdc.gov)
The methods described in this study could be applied to of the HA protein of A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) has been deter- predict vaccine-induced cross-reactive antibody responses in humans, which may further improve the selection of vac- mined, and five antigenic sites on the HA1 polypeptide cine strains. (cdc.gov)
RESEARCH influenza H3N2 virus cross-reactive antibody data. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift has been responsible for heavier-than-normal flu seasons in the past, like the outbreak of influenza H3N2 variant A/Fujian/411/2002 in the 2003-2004 flu season. (wikipedia.org)
since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
Captured in 2011, this transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image depicts some of the ultrastructural details displayed by H3N2 influenza virions, responsible for causing illness in Indiana and Pennsylvania in 2011. (health.mil)
The H3N2 isolates were antigenically similar to the reference strain A/Moscow/10/99 and the vaccine strain A/Panama/2007/99. (health.gov.au)

For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (cdc.gov)
During influenza epidemics, high attack rates of acute illness result in both increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency rooms and increased hospitalizations for management of lower respiratory tract complications. (cdc.gov)
During major epidemics, hospitalization rates for persons at high risk may increase substantially, depending on the age group. (cdc.gov)
Previously healthy children and younger adults also may require hospitalization for influenza-related complications, but the relative increase in their hospitalization rates during epidemics is less than for persons who belong to high-risk groups. (cdc.gov)
The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
These new strains may cause seasonal epidemics because protection by antibody generated to the previous strain is decreased. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
That's arguably a good year considering Influenza A also makes a recurring appearance every 10 to 15 years as a highly virulent form that is responsible for epidemics. (science20.com)
Every 10 to 15 years, influenza undergoes a dramatic genetic change ( antigenic shift ) which as described, is responsible for epidemics/pandemics. (science20.com)
In between epidemics, minor influenza genetic changes occur (antigenic drift). (science20.com)
Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
In measuring for the first time how the difference between the population's immunity status and a new virus strain influences the risk of an epidemic, the team has taken a critical step toward linking these relationships with the dynamics of epidemics, not just for influenza but for a range of infectious diseases, according to Park. (uga.edu)
Influenza causes annual epidemics of respiratory disease. (health.gov.au)
Influenza epidemics usually occur during the winter months in temperate climates, causing an increase in hospitalisations for pneumonia, an exacerbation of chronic diseases and also contributing to increased mortality. (health.gov.au)
During these five waves of epidemics ~1600 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported, coupled with a case fatality rate of almost 40% 2 . (nature.com)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
Even though the complication rate may be low, the overall high attack rate during epidemics leads to a considerable increase in hospitalisations and mortality. (health.gov.au)

Standard-dose, unadjuvanted, inactivated influenza vaccines will be available in quadrivalent (IIV4) and trivalent (IIV3) formulations. (cdc.gov)
High-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV3) and adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV3) will be available in trivalent formulations. (cdc.gov)
The vaccine efficacy for Flublok (trivalent formulation) was 44.8% against all strains, regardless of antigenic match, isolated from any subject with an ILI, not necessarily meeting the CDC-ILI criteria. (renalandurologynews.com)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
One comparator-controlled trial demonstrated higher rates of fever in recipients of AFLURIA as compared to a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine control. (nih.gov)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
Inactivated and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccines contain either formalin- inactivated or live, attenuated poliovirus, respectively, of the three serotypes. (who.int)

This statement contains new information on human and avian influenza epidemiology. (canada.ca)
GLOBAL - A. Melidou of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece has summarised the latest situation on H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) worldwide. (thepoultrysite.com)
The article of J.P. Dudley published in the same issue of Eurosurveillance examines the age- and sex-specific rates of infection and mortality for human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Egypt, concluding that they differ markedly from those recorded in other countries. (thepoultrysite.com)
Avian influenza A(H5N1) - current situation. (thepoultrysite.com)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
Unless advised by the CDC or regional health departments, clinicians do not routinely need to test for avian influenza. (medscape.com)
Countries where avian influenza has been reported. (medscape.com)
SAN DIEGO -- Flu experts are watching China uneasily these days after some unsettling changes in the H7N9 avian influenza A strain during the 2016-17 epidemic in that country. (medpagetoday.com)
The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
These outbreaks - avian and swine influenza, Ebola Makona, Q fever, Zika, among many others - are more than matters of bad luck. (globalagriculture.org)
Of the 39 documented transitions from low to high pathogenicity in avian influenzas, all but 2 occurred in commercial poultry operations. (globalagriculture.org)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)

Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
Antigenic shift occurs when the virus acquires an HA of a different IAV subtype via reassortment of one or more gene segments and is thought to be the basis for the more devastating influenza pandemics that occurred several times in the last century [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Reactions or Systemic Adverse Events within 7 Days after Administration of a new antigenic variant of the same type or subtype. (who.int)
An influenza virus vaccine that results in broad immunity would likely protect against any emerging influenza virus subtype or strain and would significantly enhance our pandemic preparedness, avoiding future problems with influenza pandemics as we see them now with COVID-19," said author Florian Krammer, PhD, professor of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype of breast cancer, is difficult to be targeted therapeutically due to negative expression of the bioreceptor, which leads to the poorest overall four-year survival rate among all cancer subtypes. (morulaivf.com)

This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. (bsu.edu)
The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
AFLURIA is an inactivated influenza virus vaccine indicated for active immunization of persons ages 6 months and older against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B present in the vaccine. (drugs.com)
AFLURIA is an inactivated influenza vaccine indicated for active immunization against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B present in the vaccine. (nih.gov)
This report describes the contribution of influenza laboratories and national influenza centres in countries in the WHO Region for the Eastern Mediterranean to the selection process of seasonal and pre-pandemic influenza virus subtypes. (who.int)

Confusion can arise with two very similar terms, antigenic shift and genetic drift. (wikipedia.org)
The rate of antigenic drift is dependent on two characteristics: the duration of the epidemic, and the strength of host immunity. (wikipedia.org)
Antigenic drift allows for evasion of these host immune systems by small mutations in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes that make the protein unrecognizable to pre-existing host immunity. (wikipedia.org)
Antigenic drift is this continuous process of genetic and antigenic change among flu strains. (wikipedia.org)
To meet the challenge of antigenic drift, vaccines that confer broad protection against heterovariant strains are needed against seasonal, epidemic and pandemic influenza. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Antigenic drift should not be confused with antigenic shift, which refers to reassortment of the virus' gene segments. (wikipedia.org)
This study gave us an unanticipated opportunity to test how well this vaccine works against a variant virus, an influenza strain that had undergone so-called 'antigenic drift,'" says Linda Lambert, Ph.D., influenza program officer at NIAID. (sciencedaily.com)
This process, called antigenic drift, is the result of the selective fixation of mutations in the gene encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, the major target for the host immune response [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigenic drift refers to relatively minor, progressive mutations in preexisting combinations of H and NA antigens, resulting in the frequent emergence of new viral strains. (msdmanuals.com)
This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
But in 2016-17, Uyeki said, the virus showed "significant antigenic drift" to the point where the experts said it no longer belonged to the older Pearl River Delta lineage, but now merited a new name -- the Yangtze River Delta lineage. (medpagetoday.com)
Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)
The report highlights another likely origin of a more pathogenic virus through the current advent of antigenic drift. (cuencahighlife.com)

This can be for a variety of reasons, such as strain mismatch, variation in study design and immunity of different groups. (who.int)
Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is the basis of creating universal influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Public health officials will be able to assess the usefulness of a vaccine based upon its relationship to the current influenza strain and the population's immunity level," he said. (uga.edu)
This causes the immunity of the population to be heterogeneous-some individuals have been infected with or vaccinated against last year's influenza strain, some against strains from previous years and some have no immunity at all. (uga.edu)
This genetic change, or shift, in the virus results in immunity to only specific strains of the influenza virus, requiring frequent re-formulation and re-administration of seasonal vaccines. (scienceboard.net)
BACKGROUND: To inform response strategies, we examined type 1 humoral and intestinal immunity induced by 1) one fractional inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fIPV) dose given with monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV1), and 2) mOPV1 versus bivalent OPV (bOPV). (cdc.gov)
The rationale for considering school closures as a frontline intervention is that children and young adults are thought to be the most susceptible to any influenza virus due to their high contact rates within school clusters and limited (or no) immunity to a circulating virus strain when compared to adults. (biomedcentral.com)
Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)
New combination vaccines should induce similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibody in serum for individual protection against paralytic disease and mucosal immunity that effectively decreases viral replication in the intestine and pharynx for population protection against transmission of poliovirus. (who.int)

Recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) will be available in quadrivalent formulations. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this surveillance was to assess the quadrivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine (IIV4) during routine immunization in Finland, as per the national immunization program for 2019/20. (biomedcentral.com)
Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive a single dose of Flublok Quadrivalent or a US-licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (Comparator, Fluarix Quadrivalent). (renalandurologynews.com)
The randomized, observer-blind, active-controlled, multicenter trial evaluated the immunogenicity of Flublok Quadrivalent compared with a US-licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (Fluarix Quadrivalent) in 1350 patients 18 to 49 years of age. (renalandurologynews.com)
Immunogenicity was compared by calculating the difference in seroconversion rates (SCR) and the ratios of GMTs of Comparator to Flublok Quadrivalent. (renalandurologynews.com)
5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
BRIDGEWATER, N.J. , July 1, 2022 / PRNewswire / -- Today the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Sanofi's licensure request for vaccine approval for the upcoming 2022-2023 flu season, including: Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine), Flublok Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine) and Fluzone Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine). (sanofi.us)
Not every flu vaccine is created equal and we are pleased with ACIP's acknowledgment that Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent & Flublok Quadrivalent have demonstrated improved protection from flu & its related complications through randomized controlled trials and real-world evidence. (sanofi.us)
9 Once strains are selected, flu vaccine manufacturers include the newly selected flu strains in their FDA-approved vaccines, and then submit applications to the FDA to include the new flu strains in their FDA-approved vaccines, including for Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent, Flublok Quadrivalent and Fluzone Quadrivalent. (sanofi.us)

This results in a new strain of virus particles that is not effectively inhibited by the antibodies that prevented infection by previous strains. (wikipedia.org)
Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
[1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Since 2006, WHO has recommended that all countries incorporate pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in routine immunization schedules for children aged less than two years with priority being given to their introduction in countries with high child mortality rates and/or high rates of HIV infection. (who.int)
We used generalized additive time series models to estimate the association between weekly counts of laboratory-confirmed influenza infections and weekly rates of total and non-admitted respiratory, infection, cardiovascular and all-cause ED visits in NSW, Australia for the period 2010 through 2014. (who.int)
The estimated all-age, annual influenza-attributable respiratory, infection, cardiovascular and all-cause visit rates/100 000 population/year were, respectively, 120.6 (99.9% confidence interval [CI] 102.3 to 138.8), 79.7 (99.9% CI: 70.6 to 88.9), 14.0 (99.9% CI: 6.8 to 21.3) and 309.0 (99.9% CI: 208.0 to 410.1). (who.int)
Around 1 in 100 total visits and more than 1 in 10 respiratory or infection visits were associated with influenza. (who.int)
Diagnoses commonly assigned to patients with an influenza infection in hospital EDs in Australia include fever, an unspecified infection or a non-respiratory illness. (who.int)
It is important to note that for pregnant women, influenza vaccines not only prevent influenza infection in this vulnerable group but also their offspring through the transfer of maternal antibodies. (who.int)
1 - 3 Influenza infection may accelerate acute thrombotic vascular events, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. (cmaj.ca)
Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
Disasters with the Salk vaccines causing vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) seem to have been one of the main motivations behind development of an oral "live attenuated" Sabin vaccine, which was believed to simulate the natural infection. (vaccineimpact.com)
1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
As flu season begins, we look at how far we've come in fighting the viral infection, including promising work being done on a universal vaccine. (jnj.com)
Clinical consultation rates for influenza-like illness (ILI) and/or acute respiratory infection (ARI) returned to pre-season or below baseline levels in most of the countries in the WHO European Region. (flutrackers.com)
The Delta variant is the prime example of strains succeeding each other, becoming progressively worse in waves of infection. (cuencahighlife.com)
The Delta variant has driven a rise in cases to levels we have not observed in the United States since mid-February, and recent data shows a surge in deaths related to Delta variant infection in the UK , their highest rates since mid-March. (cuencahighlife.com)
Influenza is an acute, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection. (health.gov.au)
Although influenza infection affects all age groups, the rates of serious morbidity and mortality tend to be highest among those aged 65 years and over, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and those with chronic medical problems. (health.gov.au)
These results suggest that early and aggressive treatment action should be taken in patients with a high clinical suspicion of severe influenza infection. (medscape.com)
16 y who have symptoms of influenza infection or colds, aspirin is not recommended because of an association with Reye syndrome . (medscape.com)
Acute respiratory infections are a major the Region provided influenza virus iso- ian Arab Republic after 2012, and no cause of morbidity and mortality, with lates, clinical specimens, gene sequence data were received from Afghanistan or influenza virus infection a significant data and epidemiological information the Islamic Republic of Iran during the contributor, causing an estimated 250 to the WHO CCs and submitted data period 2010-2015. (who.int)

A second type of change is antigenic shift, also discovered by Hilleman, where the virus acquires a completely new version of one of its surface-protein genes from a distantly related influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)

Unlike other common respiratory illnesses, influenza can cause severe malaise lasting several days. (cdc.gov)
Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
Person-to-person transmission of influenza virus occurs through droplets from the respiratory tract that are spread by direct contact, through coughing or sneezing, or by hands contaminated with respiratory secretions. (canada.ca)
National influenza surveillance is coordinated through the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). (canada.ca)
Among respiratory visits, influenza-attributable rates were highest among (who.int)
5-8 There is increasing recognition that the impact of influenza extends beyond respiratory illness to circulatory and other diseases. (who.int)
These 15 children had significantly milder disease symptoms -- shorter duration of fever, fewer cases of influenza-related middle-ear infections, and no lower respiratory tract disease -- than did the 51 placebo recipients who developed A/Sydney flu. (sciencedaily.com)
Influenza is an acute self-limiting viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. (health.gov.au)
Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
Laboratory-based influenza surveillance was conducted in the 2019-2020 influenza season among Department of Defense (DOD) beneficiaries through the DOD Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program (DODGRS). (health.mil)
Every year, the Department of Defense (DOD) Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program (DODGRS) performs routine respiratory pathogen surveillance among DOD service members and their beneficiaries, and evaluates influenza VE. (health.mil)
Influenza or 'the flu' is a common, highly infectious respiratory viral disease. (health.gov.au)
As part of their partnering agreement with CEPI, the University of Queensland will use their molecular-clamp vaccine platform to produce vaccines against known pathogens, including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and will evaluate the safety and immune response of the Influenza and MERS-CoV candidates in a phase 1 clinical trial in humans. (pipelinereview.com)
and emerging diseases necessitate the ongoing assessment of vaccine development priorities (e.g., pneumococcal disease in children, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] pneumonia, malaria). (cdc.gov)

In the influenza virus, the two relevant antigens are the surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. (wikipedia.org)
The aim is to produce an attenuated virus that incorporates the key immunizing antigens and antigenic determinants of circulating wild influenzaviruses but retains the stable genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the attenuated donor strain when given to susceptible individuals on a wide scale. (who.int)
Antigenic shift refers to the relatively rare development of new combinations of H and/or NA antigens, which result from reassortment of subunits of the viral genome. (msdmanuals.com)
The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
Types distinguished by antigenic differences in matrix and nucleoprotein antigens. (powershow.com)
The MERS DNA vaccine candidate is being developed using Inovio's DNA Medicines platform to deliver optimised synthetic antigenic genes into cells, where they are translated into protein antigens that activate an individual's immune system to generate robust targeted T cell and antibody responses. (pipelinereview.com)

za surveillance (1), which includes clinical, virologic, and In the current global influenza surveillance system, immunologic surveillance. (cdc.gov)
The Enhanced Passive Safety Surveillance is a requirement of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for seasonal influenza vaccines, aiming to rapidly detect any significant change in frequency or severity of expected reactogenicity or allergic events prior to widespread use of a vaccine in any particular year. (biomedcentral.com)
Passive surveillance of individuals vaccinated with IIV4 was conducted within the first 4 to 6 weeks of the influenza season in Finland. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, conducting annual safety surveillance on seasonal influenza vaccines is important, and a requirement for the EMA. (biomedcentral.com)
The safety surveillance enables rapid detection of adverse events (AE), identifying any significant change in frequency or severity of expected reactogenicity or allergic events that could be intrinsic to the vaccine, prior to widespread use of the vaccine in any particular year [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of a passive surveillance system in combination with physician reporting of ADRs has been shown to improve the rates of AE reporting [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, this current surveillance aims to address the requirements of the EPSS for IIV4 during routine immunization, as per the national immunization program in Finland for the influenza season 2019/20. (biomedcentral.com)
This report provides an analysis of influenza surveillance data in Australia during 2006. (health.gov.au)
In 2006, 3,130 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, which was one-third lower than in 2005. (health.gov.au)
To monitor and detect influenza activity, the CDC and WHO employ surveillance programs around the world. (bsu.edu)
A weekly surveillance report of seasonal influenza in the US is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FluView . (msdmanuals.com)
Ms. Budd has been at CDC for more than 13 years and has worked on national influenza surveillance for most of that time. (cdc.gov)
The objective of this report is to describe influenza surveillance trends and the end-of season VE estimates among DOD beneficiaries during the 2019-2020 influenza season. (health.mil)
This report brings together a range of data sources under the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme to describe influenza during 2010. (health.gov.au)
Laboratory-confirmed influenza is a notifiable disease in all states and territories and data are reported from each state or territory health department to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
For a description of influenza surveillance in the WHO European Region see below . (flutrackers.com)
This article published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 26, No 2, June 2002 contains the annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme for 2001. (health.gov.au)
Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. (health.gov.au)
In 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
The contribution of influenza laboratories and NICs from this Region to global influenza surveillance is appreciable. (who.int)

The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
The researchers attribute this to the "underlying theory of associated memory" which states that the former vaccine's antibodies may interfere with those of the subsequent vaccine antigen, and that the second vaccine's "stimulation of rapid [vaccine 1] memory responses potentially protective against the epidemic strain. (contagionlive.com)

Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have generally been well tolerated in healthy children and adults, but when symptoms do occur, like inactivated influenza vaccines, they are self-limiting and mild. (who.int)
Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
They also found that large outbreaks were more likely to occur if the virus and the vaccine were from different antigenic clusters-meaning that a host's immune system perceives the two strains as different. (uga.edu)
When developing influenza vaccines, researchers are forced to predict the genetic makeup of the virus some months in advance, and mismatches occur relatively frequently as strains become antigenically diverse. (scienceboard.net)
Influenza outbreaks usually occur during winter months in temperate climates (peaking between December and March in the Northern Hemisphere and June and September in the Southern Hemisphere), but may occur throughout the year in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
Influenza pandemics occur every 10 to 30 years. (health.gov.au)

Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV. (bvsalud.org)
For these reasons, it is critical that the United States strengthens its influenza vaccine infrastructure and encourages vaccine confidence and demand immediately-even as it grapples with another viral crisis. (csis.org)
We also found that rIL-2 co-administered with the rL H5 could increase the survival rate of mice, reduce viral replication in lung and improve the IFN-γ production. (biomedcentral.com)
The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
The major advantage conferred by a segmented genome comes into play during coinfection which is when a cell becomes infected by two different viral strains at the same time. (science20.com)
During coinfection, different segments of each virion can recombine, thus creating a new viral strain emergence that is sometimes even more detrimental than the original parent viral strains. (science20.com)
Furthermore, viral strains from different species can also recombine with each other. (science20.com)
When two different species' influenza strains (for example pig and human) recombine, the novel viral strain that emerges potentially has a better chance of evading the immune system and persisting in the host organism than the pre-existing viral strains. (science20.com)
The emergence of a viral strain that is capable of evading the host's immune system as well as transmits and replicates effectively, is precisely the recipe for a potential pandemic. (science20.com)
Due to the sudden and drastic antigenic shifts that are observed in rare/novel hybrid viral strains, making vaccine predictions are no longer possible and pre-designed flu shots are ineffective. (science20.com)
Inovio is advancing its MERS vaccine candidate into Phase 2, in the Middle East where most MERS viral outbreaks have occurred, with the support of its collaborators: The Wistar Institute, Laval University, the NIH's Rocky Mountain Laboratories, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), VGXI/GeneOne Life Science and the International Vaccine Institute. (pipelinereview.com)
CEPI entered a partnering agreement in January 2019, with University of Queensland, for up to US$ 10.6 million to develop a "molecular clamp" vaccine platform, a transformative technology that enables targeted and rapid vaccine production against multiple viral pathogens. (pipelinereview.com)
It is a prodrug which inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease, an enzyme specific to influenza, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. (medscape.com)

Elderly persons and persons with underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza. (cdc.gov)
If they become ill with influenza, such members of high-risk groups (see Groups at Increased Risk for Influenza-Related Complications) are more likely than the general population to require hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
Persons 65 years of age and older, young children, pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza and hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
Programs should focus on those at high risk of influenza-related complications, those capable of transmitting influenza to individuals at high risk of complications, and those who provide essential community services. (canada.ca)
Although most people recover from the illness, influenza's deadly potential among vulnerable populations is often underestimated, and at least 20,000 people in the United States die from influenza and its complications each year. (sciencedaily.com)
1 The health and economic impact of influenza largely arise from related complications. (health.gov.au)
Complications from influenza can result in increased hospitalisations and mortality. (health.gov.au)
2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)
1 Influenza-related morbidity (measured as excess hospitalisation) and mortality may result from these complications. (health.gov.au)
[ 2 ] Early antiviral therapy must be considered among hospitalized children diagnosed with or suspected to have influenza, especially if they have risk factors such as asthma, cardiac problems, or other conditions, to prevent severe complications and prolonged hospitalization. (medscape.com)
4 ACIP's June 22nd recommendation will undoubtedly help reduce the risk of influenza cases and severe flu-related complications in this population at highest risk. (sanofi.us)

Typical influenza illness is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, myalgia, sore throat, and nonproductive cough. (cdc.gov)
More severe illness can result if either primary influenza pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia occurs. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is associated with a substantial and annually varying burden of hospital-attended illness in NSW. (who.int)
Influenza-related illness is poorly recorded in hospital and death databases, and counting only laboratory-confirmed influenza infections will markedly underestimate influenza's population impact. (who.int)
11 Thus, statistical time-series analysis is used to estimate population levels of illness and death attributable to influenza. (who.int)
Reports of influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioners showed a slow but steady increase throughout the first half of the year to peak in late August. (health.gov.au)
The primary efficacy endpoint of Study 3 was Centers for Disease Control-defined influenza-like illness (CDC-ILI) with a positive culture for an influenza virus strain antigenically resembling a strain represented in Flublok. (renalandurologynews.com)
That said, self-reported influenza-like illness (ILI) was equal to or lower than 2008 and earlier years. (health.gov.au)
During these pandemics, a quarter or more of the global population may be affected within a short period and the rates of illness and death from influenza can increase dramatically. (health.gov.au)
Each year, the FDA, World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other partners collaborate by collecting and reviewing data on the circulating strains of influenza from around the world to identify those likely to cause the most illness in the upcoming flu season. (sanofi.us)

Time is necessary to produce a vaccine that is antigenically matched to a pandemic strain. (biomedcentral.com)

Manufacturer(s) have sought approval of the vaccine(s) and provided evidence as to its safety and efficacy only when it is used in accordance with the product monographs. (canada.ca)
In general, there is considerable variation in the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in different seasons and population groups. (who.int)
The first-year study results -- which showed an overall efficacy of 93 percent during the 1996-97 flu season when the circulating influenza strains were well-matched to the vaccine -- were published in The New England Journal of Medicine in May 1998. (sciencedaily.com)
In the second year of this study, the safety and efficacy results were very similar to those seen in year one," says Robert Belshe, M.D., study chair and director of the Center for Vaccine Development at Saint Louis University. (sciencedaily.com)
Attack rates and vaccine efficacy (VE), defined as the reduction in the influenza rate for Flublok relative to placebo, were calculated for the total vaccinated cohort (n=4648). (renalandurologynews.com)
The primary efficacy endpoint of Study 2 was rtPCR-positive, protocol-defined ILI due to any strain of influenza. (renalandurologynews.com)
This optimism is built on recently published studies demonstrating the efficacy of mRNA vaccines in combatting several types of cancer and infectious pathogens where conventional vaccine platforms may fail to induce protective immune responses. (researchgate.net)
In addition, microscopic examination post-challenge showed animals immunized with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines had the least signs of lung injury and inflammation, consistent with the greater relative efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
These slight differences can cause a very low vaccine efficacy rate, as seen in the 40% efficacy rate of the 2012-2013 influenza virus [3]. (browntth.com)
This reduced manufacturing time can enable a more accurate prediction of which influenza strains will be circulating during flu season, in turn increasing the efficacy of the vaccine. (browntth.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] Laboratory-confirmed influenza (via nasopharyngeal swabs for culture, polymerase chain reaction, or both) occurred in 228 participants in the IIV3-HD group (1.4%) and 301 participants in the IIV3-SD group (1.9%), a relative efficacy of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7 to 36.5). (medscape.com)
Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine (oral). (who.int)

This report focuses on the recommendations for use of vaccines for the prevention and control of influenza during the 2018-19 season in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)

The United States should strongly support universal influenza vaccine (UIV) development. (csis.org)
December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)

Neuraminidase inhibitors are again recommended as the first-line antiviral agents for the prevention of influenza rather than amantadine. (canada.ca)
The new lineage was "no longer well controlled" by the vaccines that had been developed to protect against the earlier lineage, he said, and roughly 10% of isolates now showed markers of resistance to the main class of anti-influenza drugs -- the neuraminidase inhibitors. (medpagetoday.com)
Antiviral agents available for influenza treatment and/or prevention include neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir) and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir marboxil). (medscape.com)
It is active against influenza A and B including strains resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. (medscape.com)

A pandemic virus occurs when an antigenic shift takes place in the virus. (bsu.edu)

In Canada, two available measures can reduce the impact of influenza: immunoprophylaxis with inactivated (killed-virus) vaccine and chemoprophylaxis or therapy with influenza-specific antiviral drugs. (canada.ca)
Immunization is the most effective means to reduce the impact of influenza. (canada.ca)
4 There are few studies estimating the impact of influenza on lower severity health outcomes including hospital Emergency Department (ED) visits. (who.int)

Yet, history has proven the reality of this threat with influenza pandemics in 1918, 1957-58, 1968, and 2009. (csis.org)
Mortality associated with the Asian and Hong Kong influenza pandemics was less severe, with the highest mortality rates being in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. (health.gov.au)
So what is it about Influenza A that makes it a top candidate for pandemics? (science20.com)
An individual-based simulation model was used to investigate the effectiveness of school closure interventions for influenza pandemics with R 0 of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. (biomedcentral.com)
There were also influenza pandemics that were moderate in terms of mortality in 1957 and 1968 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The virus is usually highly pathogenic and is associated with high morbidity and overall mortality rates that reach 61 per cent. (thepoultrysite.com)
2,3 Influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease, 1 and the extent of its contribution to morbidity and mortality is poorly recognized. (who.int)
They cranked up their reproductive rate to compensate for increased mortality. (rifters.com)
The health burden caused by seasonal influenza in the general population is substantial and explains much of the excess winter mortality. (cmaj.ca)
Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
Listeriosis is fatal in about one in five normal healthy people, and mortality rates are slightly higher in patients with pre-existing conditions that weaken the immune response. (pressbooks.pub)
Three have to do with the virus itself, two have to do with influenza-related mortality, and then we have one each that has to do with outpatient visits to physicians, hospitalizations, and then the geographic spread of activity. (cdc.gov)
There is a continuing threat of a future novel influenza pandemic having high morbidity (in terms of hospitalization) and mortality (in terms of case fatality) rates. (biomedcentral.com)
Data used to describe the 2010 influenza season were classified under the areas of epidemiology, morbidity, mortality and virology. (health.gov.au)
While the CDC does not track the flu-related adult mortality rates each season, weekly flu reports do monitor pediatric flu deaths. (contagionlive.com)

The second-year data also found that the vaccine provided 94 percent protection against influenza-related middle-ear infections, or otitis media. (sciencedaily.com)
2018). While many pathogens on such "neoliberal frontiers" die off with their host species as a result, a subset of infections that once burned out relatively quickly in the forest, if only by the irregular rate of encountering their typical host species, are now propagating much more widely across susceptible populations. (globalagriculture.org)
The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)
The CDC has reported five new cases of childhood deaths associated with influenza infections, bringing the total up to 20 children for the season. (contagionlive.com)

Inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs), recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV), and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) are expected to be available for the 2018-19 season. (cdc.gov)

The antigenic characteristics of circulating strains provide the basis for selecting the virus strains included in each year's vaccine. (cdc.gov)
v In preparation, the CDC has purchased 9.3 million additional doses of influenza vaccines for uninsured adults as compared to last year's 500,000. (csis.org)
1.2 change to one or more new strains in each year's influenza vaccine. (who.int)
Therefore, for the estimated 162 million egg vaccines that will be created for this year's flu season, 162 million eggs are needed. (browntth.com)

The Omicron variant was found to have a lower immunogenicity in cats than the B.1, Alpha and Delta variants, which reflects previous reports of immune and vaccine evasion in humans. (bvsalud.org)
Cellular immune responses may play an important role in HSI against influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, inactivated influenza slightly opalescent suspension with some sediment that resuspends upon shaking to form a receiving immunosuppressive therapy, the immune response may be diminished. (who.int)
This study aimed to explore factors related to the immune response to influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
The Chi-square test, multivariable logistic regression analysis, and sum-rank test were used to analyze the factors associated with influenza vaccine immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
To redirect immune responses from the head to the stalk, researchers from Mount Sinai have developed a sequential chimeric HA (cHA) vaccine. (scienceboard.net)
Recent advances in technology have made possible a broad approach to better understand the age-associated changes in immune cells, needed to design tailored vaccines and effective therapeutic strategies that will be able to improve the immune response of vulnerable individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
Once these pathogens enter the food chain, such production can select for increases in pathogen deadliness, genetic recombination, and antigenic shifts out from underneath immune suppression. (globalagriculture.org)

In this study, two H7N9 split virion vaccines with or without AS03 adjuvant were tested in the naive ferret model. (nature.com)

Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)

Influenza A was the predominant type notified (71%), however influenza B activity continued to increase as a proportion of reported cases. (health.gov.au)
Influenza B was the predominant influenza type starting from the beginning of Nov. 2019. (health.mil)
In years prior to 2010 (with the exception of 2008), influenza A has been the predominant type circulating in Australia. (health.gov.au)

Antigenic high degree of similarity in hemagglutinin protein. (cdc.gov)
Five anti- variants selected serologically are then tested for antibody genic sites in the hemagglutinin protein have been pro- cross-reactivity in human sera to evaluate the potential posed, and 131 amino acid positions have been identified cross-protection against the antigenic variants provided by in the five antigenic sites. (cdc.gov)
In addition, 20, 18, and 32 amino acid positions in the hemagglutinin protein have been iden- the current vaccines and to select vaccine strains for the tified as mouse monoclonal antibody-binding sites, posi- next season (2,3). (cdc.gov)
In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
Our chimeric hemagglutinin vaccine is a major advance over conventional vaccines which are often mismatched to the circulating strains of virus, impacting their effectiveness. (scienceboard.net)

With studies such as the one presenting data from Egypt the importance of constant monitoring of the geographic spread and epidemiology of circulating strains, and the determination of their genetic and antigenic characteristics is highlighted. (thepoultrysite.com)
Vaccine- associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a review of the epidemiology and estimation of the global burden. (who.int)

Vaccine- associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare adverse event associated with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). (who.int)

One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. (bvsalud.org)
Farther out, the webs of ecosystemic relations that industry and state power have pinned back to their own advantage have had a foundational effect on the emergence and evolution of these new strains (RG Wallace et al. (globalagriculture.org)
These 'shifts' result in the emergence of a new influenza virus. (health.gov.au)

There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
VLPs contain no genetic information (meaning they can't transmit disease), but instead they have an outer coat full of influenza surface proteins [7]. (browntth.com)

In an article in Eurosurveillance , A. Melidou writes that the A(H5N1) influenza virus has re-emerged in 2003 in Asia, Africa, the Pacific Region as well as Europe and since then has become endemic in some countries. (thepoultrysite.com)
Accelerated evolution of H5N1 was previously reported in the area, and was possibly linked to the vaccine program, as evolved circulating strains can escape from recent vaccines. (thepoultrysite.com)
On-going research is focused on the development of appropriate vaccines against A(H5N1) circulating strains for use in humans. (thepoultrysite.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)

The 2010 influenza season was moderate overall, with more laboratory-confirmed cases than in earlier years, with the exception of 2009. (health.gov.au)
In 2010, the number of laboratory-confirmed notifications for influenza was 0.8 times the 5-year mean. (health.gov.au)
In 2010, laboratory-confirmed influenza was a notifiable disease under state and territory legislation in all jurisdictions. (health.gov.au)
Since the start of the 2016-2017 flu season, the CDC has reported 6,804 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza-related hospitalizations throughout the country. (contagionlive.com)

Evidence for two distinct lineages of influenza B (Victoria and Yamagata lineages) have co-circulated worldwide. (who.int)

This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)
The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza . (medscape.com)

The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. (edu.au)

influenza virus antigenic variants emerge frequently from accumulation of point mutations in the HA protein (i.e. (cdc.gov)
influenza identifies yearly antigenic variants. (who.int)
For example, since 1977 antigenic variants of benefits and risks. (who.int)

Serological analyses demonstrated that homologous hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibody titers were detectable in the ferrets after the first immunization with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines that were further boosted by the second immunization. (nature.com)

The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
For those reasons, a new CDC model -- the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool -- puts H7N9 at the head of a list of animal flu strains that might cause a pandemic among humans. (medpagetoday.com)
Influenza vaccine development-a high priority for the U.S. military following the deaths of approximately one in every 67 soldiers from the flu during the 1918-1919 pandemic-took a major step forward when researchers at the UK's Medical Research Council were able to isolate the virus (shown at right) from humans. (jnj.com)

The The 1976 swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased frequency of GBS. (who.int)

The purpose of the revised recommendations is to provide vaccine manufacturers and national regulatory authorities with guidance on the specific processes for production and control of human, live attenuated influenza vaccines, plus guidance on the nonclinical and clinical evaluation of such vaccines. (who.int)
The trial took place at 10 clinical sites nationwide, including six Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units funded by NIAID and four sites funded by the vaccine manufacturer, Aviron. (sciencedaily.com)
Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
This vaccine, which is capable of neutralizing diverse strains of influenza, was evaluated in a phase I clinical study whose results were published in Nature Medicine on December 7. (scienceboard.net)
The researchers conducted a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the group 1 cHA-based vaccine (a live attenuated or inactive influenza virus vaccine expressing a cH8/1 HA and an N1 NA with a backbone from a master donor stain) in 65 participants in the U.S. (scienceboard.net)
The aim is to advance nCoV-2019 vaccine candidates into clinical testing as quickly as possible. (pipelinereview.com)
In clinical trials, single-dose baloxavir is safe and effective in treating patients with uncomplicated influenza. (medscape.com)

65years), pregnant women, people with chronic illnesses and children), while influenza vaccines have evidence of being efficacious and effective, the range can vary greatly. (who.int)
High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)

adjuvanted, live-attenuated (LAIV) and more recently recombinant influenza vaccines. (who.int)

Adults spread influenza to others during a period from 1 day before symptom onset to up to 7 days afterwards. (canada.ca)
Vaxigrip Tetra®, Sanofi Pasteur) was licensed in the European Union (EU) for use in adults and children from 6 months of age, offering broad protection against influenza through the inclusion of two influenza A and two influenza B virus strains [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There was no difference in the rate of serious adverse reactions to LAIV, TIV or placebo in children or adults. (who.int)
However, based on the available evidence, influenza vaccines have been shown to be efficacious and effective in healthy adults, but effect estimates vary by season and how well the vaccines match the currently circulating influenza strains. (who.int)
Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
In Oklahoma , one of the 43 states that have been hit particularly hard by widespread flu activity, health officials have now reported a total of 827 hospitalizations and 23 deaths this season, with the highest rate of hospitalization among adults aged 65 and older. (contagionlive.com)

Knowledge of the genetic markers associated with virus attenuation has increased, allowing more stringent control of the vaccine. (who.int)
Influenza virus undergoes rapid antigenic evolution by accumulation of mutations and through genetic reassortments of segments. (biomedcentral.com)
They can alter their genetic structures by mutation and recombination, leading to substantial changes in fundamental characteristics, including replication rate, transmission efficiency, and pathogenesis. (cuencahighlife.com)

We enrolled volunteers who were: (1) Han Chinese, (2) and had not already received the northern hemisphere formulation of influenza vaccine for the corresponding year. (biomedcentral.com)
Interference among the three attenuated poliovirus serotypes was minimized with a 'balanced- formulation' vaccine, and serologic responses after IPV were optimized by adjusting the antigenic content of each inactivated poliovirus serotype. (who.int)

Anatomy17

Organisms38

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs79

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Humanities1

Information Science6

Named Groups3

Health Care29

Geographicals8

Viruses116

H1N126

Vaccination48

H3N27

Epidemics21

Trivalent7

Avian12

Subtype5

Subtypes8

Drift14

Immunity9

Quadrivalent9

Infection22

Related influenza virus1

Respiratory14

Antigens6

Surveillance21

Antibodies4

Occur6

Viral14

Complications11

Illness10

Antigenically1

Efficacy12

Control of influenza2

Universal Influenza Vaccine2

Neuraminidase4

Shift1

Impact of influenza3

Pandemics5

Mortality10

Infections4

Live attenua1

Year's4

Immune8

Split-virion1

Diverse influenza virus strains1

Predominant3

Hemagglutinin5

Epidemiology2

Oral poliovirus vaccine1

Emergence3

Proteins2

H5N14

Laboratory-confirmed4

Victoria1

Antiviral agents2

Shifts1

Variants3

Antibody1

Humans3

Swine influenza1

Clinical7

Illnesses2

Recombinant influenza1

Adults6

Genetic3

Formulation2