Rates of hospital readmission among medicare hospital readmissions economics hospital. Medical search. Frequent questions

The ACA also introduced incentives for hospitals to reduce readmissions by imposing financial penalties for excess readmissions under the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). (apstudybay.com)
Beginning in October 2012, the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program required the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to reduce payments to inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS) hospitals with excess readmissions. (j2interactive.com)
Building upon the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program enacted under the ACA, MedPAC recommends several changes to improve the measurement of hospital readmissions. (crfb.org)

The authors concluded that LOS may not be a good predictor of readmission risk and that other factors, such as patient characteristics, clinical factors, discharge planning, and post-discharge follow-up, may be more important. (apstudybay.com)
Conclusions Malnutrition in older patients at the time of hospital admission is a significant predictor of readmission or death both in the very early and in the late periods following hospital discharge. (bmj.com)

In this study, we applied a generic prediction model to nationwide discharge data from hospitals with various characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we applied a generic case-mix-based risk adjustment model for in-hospital mortality prediction to hospitals with varying characteristics, and evaluated its performance for benchmarking risk-adjusted hospital mortality using a nationwide database of discharge cases. (biomedcentral.com)
Hospital participation in Medicare's Bundled Payments for Care Improvement model was not associated with changes in number of skilled nursing facility (SNF) partners or in SNF discharge concentration. (ajmc.com)
We used difference-in-differences analyses to assess changes in discharge patterns among BPCI-participating hospitals compared with matched control hospitals. (ajmc.com)
Hospital participation in BPCI was not associated with changes in the number of SNF partners or in discharge concentration relative to non-BPCI hospitals. (ajmc.com)
Hospitals may respond to bundled payment in ways that do not affect discharge flows, such as sharing electronic health records, monitoring SNF performance, and hiring care coordinators to track patients after discharge. (ajmc.com)
If these patients are readmitted within 30 days of discharge, the hospital pays a penalty. (joekvedar.com)
Unplanned readmissions within 30 days of discharge are considered a marker of poor quality of care and a source of avoidable costs [5]. (apstudybay.com)
Objective The relationship between admission nutritional status and clinical outcomes following hospital discharge is not well established. (bmj.com)
This study investigated whether older patients' nutritional status at admission predicts unplanned readmission or death in the very early or late periods following hospital discharge. (bmj.com)
Outcome measures The impact of nutritional status was measured on a combined endpoint of any readmission or death within 0-7 days and between 8 and 180 days following hospital discharge. (bmj.com)
Results Within 7 days following discharge, 29 (10.5%) patients had an unplanned readmission or death whereas an additional 124 (50.0%) patients reached this combined endpoint within 8-180 days postdischarge. (bmj.com)

Medicare Advantage beneficiaries use less home health than do their Fee-for-Service counterparts, but there is marked regional variation in use by both groups. (rand.org)
Together, MedPAC estimates these reforms can provide $1.5 billion a year in savings to Medicare and beneficiaries. (crfb.org)
Additionally, it studies care coordination for dual eligibles (beneficiaries eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid), noting that federally qualified health centers and community health centers may be uniquely positioned to coordinate care for these beneficiaries because they provide primary care, behavioral health services, and care management services, often at the same clinic site. (crfb.org)
BACKGROUND: TRICARE military beneficiaries are increasingly referred for major surgeries to civilian hospitals under "purchased care. (bvsalud.org)

DeCenso B, Duber HC, Flaxman AD, Murphy SM, Hanlon M. Improving Hospital Performance Rankings Using Discrete Patient Diagnoses for Risk Adjustment of Outcomes. . (ahrq.gov)
However, these SRFs may make it more challenging for hospitals to improve certain quality outcomes. (medicalxpress.com)
Individual hospital 30-day readmission rates are also compared to national averages, increasing pressure on both physicians and hospital administrators to improve outcomes. (pressmediarelease.com)
A systematic review of 34 studies on LOS and readmission rates for adult psychiatric patients found that there was no consistent association between these two outcomes [8]. (apstudybay.com)
Similarly, a meta-analysis of 12 studies on LOS and readmission rates for child and adolescent psychiatric patients found that there was no significant correlation between these two outcomes [9]. (apstudybay.com)
In its annual June report to Congress, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) explores a number of reforms that could help improve outcomes and reduce spending in Medicare. (crfb.org)
We used a retrospective, weighted estimating equations analysis to assess differences in 30-day outcomes (mortality, readmissions, and major or minor complications) and costs (index and total including 30-day postsurgery) for colorectal surgery patients between purchased and direct care. (bvsalud.org)

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has not reimbursed hospitals for costs associated with certain preventable complications, including catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), since 2008. (ahrq.gov)
Implementing a national program to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infection: a quality improvement collaboration of state hospital associations, academic medical centers, professional societies, and governmental agencies. (ahrq.gov)
But a University of Chicago Medicine analysis of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Hospital Compare rating system shows that hospitals serving vulnerable communities may be judged on social factors outside of their control. (medicalxpress.com)
Financing Administration (HCFA), renamed in 2001 as the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)1. (who.int)

This article describes the penalties hospitals will have to pay as of October 1 because of changing Medicare regulations related to readmissions. (joekvedar.com)
We've known this day was coming for some time, but many hospitals either refused to acknowledge that these penalties were coming or simply had other priorities. (joekvedar.com)
The KFF article included a link to a PDF file listing all of the hospitals and their 2012 penalties. (joekvedar.com)
The Medicare readmission penalties are just the beginning of a whole series of reimbursement changes that will support making care a continuous function in the lives of our patients. (joekvedar.com)
Dissecting Leapfrog: how well do Leapfrog Safe Practices Scores correlate with Hospital Compare ratings and penalties, and how much do they matter? (ahrq.gov)
There is evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom's National Health Service that financial penalties can lead to improvements in quality and safety and readmission rates. (thelimbic.com)

What US hospitals are doing to prevent common device-associated infections during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: results from a national survey in the United States. (ahrq.gov)
John Fahrenbach et al, Neighborhood Disadvantage and Hospital Quality Ratings in the Medicare Hospital Compare Program, Medical Care (2019). (medicalxpress.com)

The commission urged Congress to "equalize payment rates" or at least reduce the disparities, for doctor's office visits and hospital clinic visits in which similar patients receive the same or similar services. (crfb.org)

The Commonwealth's commitment to increase funding to public hospitals between 2017 and 2020 is welcome. (thelimbic.com)

October brings the beginning of a program hospitals around the country have been anxiously awaiting--a program that will penalize them for too-high readmission rates. (unboundmedicine.com)
Many fear the economics of the program will drive independent, community hospitals to join systems. (unboundmedicine.com)
A1 - McKinney,Maureen, PY - 2012/11/21/entrez PY - 2012/11/21/pubmed PY - 2012/12/12/medline SP - 6-7, 16, 1 JF - Modern healthcare JO - Mod Healthc VL - 42 IS - 40 N2 - October brings the beginning of a program hospitals around the country have been anxiously awaiting--a program that will penalize them for too-high readmission rates. (unboundmedicine.com)
This program has the capacity to improve care and decrease the need for hospital stays because crises in the lives of people with these problems can be prevented with good community support. (thelimbic.com)
The CMS Hospital Compare program uses a variety of quality metrics and survey data to assign every Medicare-certified hospital in the U.S an overall rating of one-to-five stars. (medicalxpress.com)
This year's report provides lawmakers with yet another set of options as they work to address the long-term sustainability of the Medicare program. (crfb.org)
Until 1977, the Social Security Administration (SSA) managed the Medicare program, and the Social and Rehabilitation Service (SRS) managed the Medicaid program. (who.int)

In contrast, Medicare and Medicaid - the two largest government health insurance programs - regulate the rates that providers receive. (who.int)
The private sector also led the development of the health insurance system in the early 1930s, as the major federal government health insurance programs, Medicare and Medicaid, were not established until the mid-1960s. (who.int)

A significantly higher proportion of hospitals in the lower c-index group were specialized hospitals and hospitals with convalescent wards. (biomedcentral.com)
28% of readmissions (n = 2,123) were to an OSH, where 90-day readmission mortality was significantly higher: 8.0% vs 5.4% (p (bvsalud.org)
Adjusted 30-day odds between care settings revealed that although hospital readmissions (odds ratio 1.40) were significantly higher in direct care, overall complications (odds ratio 1.05) were similar between the 2 settings. (bvsalud.org)

In a payment system where Medicare pays hospitals a flat rate per case for inpatient hospital care, an unintended consequence of diagnosis-related group (DRG) reimbursement was to incentivize hospitals to decrease length of stay to improve efficiencies. (joekvedar.com)
Uses a dataset that covers inpatient hospital admissions of a population of commercially insured patients under age 65 from California during 2003-2012, this dissertation makes contributions to the knowledge gap in the literature. (rand.org)

The model fits well to a group of hospitals with a wide variety of acute care events, though model fit is less satisfactory for specialized hospitals and those with convalescent wards. (biomedcentral.com)
Our analytic sample included 3078 acute care hospitals and 14,866 Medicare-certified SNFs in the United States, encompassing more than 47 million hospital discharges. (ajmc.com)
To encourage accountability, care coordination, and efficiency in Medicare, MedPAC examined expanding current bundled payment reforms to post-acute care services. (crfb.org)

Are there realistic expectations that the Commonwealth-state efforts to reduce pressures on public hospitals will be fully developed, implemented and delivering evaluated results by July 2020 when the agreement ends, let alone by 2018 when it is proposed the next agreement is developed? (thelimbic.com)

Along with implementing new approaches to reducing infections among patients, hospitals will continue to provide remote services. (lark.com)
Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is an increasingly common service that can keep patients healthier and benefit hospitals and providers. (lark.com)
Hospitals used strategies such as separating infectious disease patients from patients without COVID-19, and screening patients upon entry and directing those with symptoms of COVID-19 to separate areas. (lark.com)
Hospitals and providers also tried to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in the hospital by reducing the number of patients who needed in-person care. (lark.com)
There were also questions over the ability of hospitals to handle all COVID-19 patients along with their regular patient loads. (lark.com)
Officials claimed that shelter-in-place and safer-at-home orders, meant to "flatten the curve," helped slow the parade of COVID-19 patients into hospitals, but how can hospitals still effectively treat their usual numbers of patients while stretched to the limit with COVID-19 patients? (lark.com)
We used standardized data of 1,878,767 discharged patients provided by 469 hospitals from July 1 to October 31, 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
We used an electronic, standardized dataset of discharged patients provided by 469 hospitals that participated in a Japanese patient classification system and related evaluation scheme from July 1 to October 31, 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
Under bundled payment, hospitals bear financial responsibility for SNF care but may perceive themselves as constrained in their ability to direct patients to specific providers, which may limit shifts in referral patterns. (ajmc.com)
About two-thirds of these readmissions are cardiac patients - either heart failure or acute MI. (joekvedar.com)
Risk-reduction strategies adopted by Medicare Advantage plans to prevent hospital readmissions have not succeeded in lowering the markedly higher rates of readmission for black patients compared to white patients. (rand.org)
Public hospitals are the front line of our complex health system and spending money on them is highly progressive: they treat the most disadvantaged patients who have nowhere else to turn. (thelimbic.com)
Hospital ratings are intended to help patients decide where to get medical care and encourage hospitals to improve the quality of their services. (medicalxpress.com)
The results showed that hospitals caring for patients in neighborhoods with higher social risks garnered lower quality scores, but largely in areas that hospitals may have little control over. (medicalxpress.com)
Don't penalize hospitals that are taking care of less-resourced patients. (medicalxpress.com)
Optimal hospital care includes serving plant-based foods to assist patients on their road to recovery while in the hospital and informing patients of the benefits of a plant-based diet beyond their hospital stay. (pressmediarelease.com)
In a hospital, the food provided to patients is a key part of their treatment. (pressmediarelease.com)
By adopting plant-based options and eliminating cancer-causing food products, hospitals not only provide a vital service to patients, staff, and visitors. (pressmediarelease.com)
Healthful diets may also play a role in the economics of medical care, particularly for heart patients. (pressmediarelease.com)
To the extent that hospitals help patients adopt healthful habits, their health benefits may be accompanied by financial benefits. (pressmediarelease.com)
Given the impact of nutrition on a patient's recovery process and overall health, the proponents of these resolutions believe the board of directors and management teams of these companies have a responsibility to their investors and stakeholders to require their hospitals to provide plant-based food options to hospital patients, staff and visitors. (pressmediarelease.com)
However, there is no consensus on the optimal LOS for adolescent psychiatric patients, and the relationship between LOS and unplanned readmissions is unclear. (apstudybay.com)
Some studies have suggested that shorter LOS may increase the risk of readmission by compromising the stabilization and continuity of care for patients [6]. (apstudybay.com)
The recommendation also includes a stop-loss policy to limit the loss of Medicare revenue for hospitals that provide services to a disproportionate share of low-income Medicare patients. (crfb.org)
Design, setting and participants The study prospectively recruited 297 patients ≥60 years old who were presenting to the General Medicine Department of a tertiary care hospital in Australia. (bmj.com)
Does Case Management For Patients With Heart Failure Based In The Community Reduce Unplanned Hospital Admissions? (assignmenthelpbureau.com)
Postoperatively, many patients experience care fragmentation, including readmission to "outside hospitals" (OSH), which is associated with increased mortality. (bvsalud.org)

Since the inception of star ratings in 2016, however, hospital leaders and industry groups have criticized the program's methodology. (medicalxpress.com)
2016). For instance, if older individuals are more prone to the unplanned readmissions, there would be strategies to address the needs of the specific population. (assignmenthelpbureau.com)

This policy was controversial when implemented, although the actual financial implications to hospitals were unclear . (ahrq.gov)

Recent enthusiasm for outcome evaluation such as in-hospital mortality, however, has been challenged because of the difficulties of ensuring adequate risk adjustment for different patient populations, an indispensable factor for fairly evaluating healthcare performance [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The focus is on outcome measures and the data collected is unplanned readmission rates at two different hospitals. (assignmenthelpbureau.com)

She obtained further training in Trauma and Surgical Critical at San Francisco General Hospital, completing her training in 2008. (stanford.edu)
The new report identified 66 groups of services where OPD payment rates can be aligned with physician office rates, and 12 groups of services where OPD payment rates can be aligned with ambulatory surgical center (ASC) rates. (crfb.org)
Surgical complications managed at an OSH were associated with greater readmission mortality: 8.4% vs 5.7% (p (bvsalud.org)

CONCLUSION: Direct care was associated with higher odds of readmissions, similar overall complications, and higher costs. (bvsalud.org)

Shorter hospital stays can lead to higher readmission rates. (joekvedar.com)
The authors suggested that LOS may have a nonlinear relationship with readmission risk, such that both very short and very long stays may increase the likelihood of readmission. (apstudybay.com)

We used Medicare claims data from 2010 to 2015 to identify admissions for lower joint replacement surgery and the following medical conditions: congestive heart failure, renal failure, sepsis, pneumonia, urinary tract and kidney infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke. (ajmc.com)
In most of the cases, sepsis and other chronic conditions such as COPD and heart disease is the main cause of unplanned readmissions (Straatmann et al. (assignmenthelpbureau.com)

Among the studied hospitals, 446 (95%) had a c-index of ≥0.8 and were classified as the higher c-index group. (biomedcentral.com)
Hospital administrative overheads are far higher in the US than in other high-spending countries (Himmelstein et al. (who.int)

But if population and other determinants of health-care demand grow strongly in the coming years, hospitals will hit the cap and be effectively working under a "block grant" with no incentive to improve their efficiency. (thelimbic.com)
UChicago Medicine researchers examined associations between neighborhood SRFs and seven CMS quality scores-effectiveness of care, efficiency of care, hospital readmission, mortality, patient experience, safety of care and timelessness of care-for 3,608 hospitals nationwide. (medicalxpress.com)
Scores in safety, efficiency and effectiveness of care-measures that occur within the hospital walls-were minimally affected by SRFs. (medicalxpress.com)

In return, state and territory leaders agreed to improve the quality of health care to keep people out of hospitals and reduce the number of avoidable re-admissions. (thelimbic.com)
Reducing hospital admissions overall is notoriously difficult . (thelimbic.com)

On the economics front, insurance companies and Medicare have reduce reimbursements for readmissions that occur shortly (10 - 31 days) after a patient has been discharged. (j2interactive.com)

One frequently proclaimed advantage of single-payer health care is its potential to reduce administrative costs, but new Vancouver School of Economics research calls that assumption into question. (medicalxpress.com)
An experiment in Maryland designed to save health care dollars by shifting services away from expensive hospital-based care and toward less costly primary, preventive and outpatient services has yielded disappointing results. (medicalxpress.com)
With concerns about overwhelming the healthcare system, and reducing the spread of the virus in hospitals, came a new focus on telehealth, or providing care remotely. (lark.com)
Post-pandemic hospitals and healthcare providers will undergo transformations in how they offer care on site and outside of traditional healthcare settings. (lark.com)
We are the hospitals that are least able to effect change, and we're being asked to do the most," says Stephen Estes, of Rockcastle Regional Hospital and Respiratory Care Center. (unboundmedicine.com)
Hospitals participating in Medicare's Bundled Payments for Care Improvement model did not concentrate skilled nursing discharges among smaller groups of skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). (ajmc.com)
To address these issues, CDEHA promotes the study of trends in demography, economics, health, and health care, and the effects of these trends on the well-being of the elderly. (stanford.edu)
Researchers found little difference in the quality of nursing home care provided to Medicare enrollees in managed care and those enrolled in traditional fee-for-service nursing homes. (rand.org)
These programs of care will link up the services they require from hospitals, general practitioners and community services, as proposed by the Hambleton review of primary care . (thelimbic.com)
The agreement claims initiatives to improve quality of care "to keep people out of hospitals" will also contain costs. (thelimbic.com)
But while quality improvement efforts in primary care and in reducing readmissions to hospital are laudable, I am sceptical of their role as a cost saving measure in the long run. (thelimbic.com)
The impact of neighborhood SRFs was most evident in scores for timeliness of care, hospital readmissions, and patient experience. (medicalxpress.com)
Our study suggests that a hospital's quality rating may be tied to its geographic location -its place," said Elizabeth Tung, MD, MS, senior author of the paper published in the journal Medical Care . (medicalxpress.com)
Last year, MedPAC recommended that Medicare payment rates for office visits should be the same regardless of if care is provided in an outpatient department (OPD) or in a freestanding physician's office. (crfb.org)
I would choose the Continuity of Care Document (CCD) format to display data about unplanned readmission rates. (assignmenthelpbureau.com)
Continuity of Care Document for Hospital Management Systems: An Implementation Perspective. (assignmenthelpbureau.com)
Unplanned Hospital Care Use in Older Adults: The Role of Psychological and Social Well‐Being. (assignmenthelpbureau.com)
There is a provision of the law ("Chapter 176T, Risk-bearing Provider Organizations") that was written to provide some assurance that provider organizations--physician organizations, physician-hospital organizations, independent practice associations, provider networks, accountable care organizations and any other organization that contracts with carriers for payment for health care services--would be financially capable of bearing the risk of alternative payment contracts. (blogspot.com)
I'd like to suggest that a factor in the differential premium growth rates relates to whether companies have affirmatively counteracted the strategic plans of health insurers to migrate employees to plans that correspond to greater use of health care services. (blogspot.com)
Under these rate-setting systems, the federal or state government establishes how much providers are paid for health care services. (who.int)
Medicare was established in response to the specific medical care needs of the elderly, coverage was extended for disabled persons and persons with kidney disease in 1973. (who.int)

It would be nice to see the current debate over cutting waste in Medicare linked to funding public hospitals. (thelimbic.com)

For example, the A$3.7bn a year spent on subsidising private in-hospital procedures benefiting mainly the more affluent could be cut to fund public hospitals. (thelimbic.com)

For analytic purposes, we re-categorized the 18 MDCs into 10 MDCs based on mortality rates. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the optimal LOS to prevent readmissions is not well established. (apstudybay.com)

More research is needed to understand how hospitals are responding to bundled payment incentives and specific practices that contribute to improvements in cost and quality. (ajmc.com)

Evaluation of the association between Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) measures and catheter-associated infections: results of two national collaboratives. (ahrq.gov)
Redesigning hospital alarms for patient safety: alarmed and potentially dangerous. (ahrq.gov)
When a Medicare beneficiary receives a certain type of echocardiogram in a doctor's office, the government and the patient together pay a total of $188. (crfb.org)
Little is known about patient-level and hospital-level variables associated with this mortality difference. (bvsalud.org)

However, the dataset used in the previous study was derived mainly from large university-affiliated teaching hospitals, which may compromise the ability to generalize results to a broader array of hospitals. (biomedcentral.com)

A more visually appealing version can be found at www.checkmypenalty.com , a website created by a new company, Health Recovery Solutions, dedicated to helping hospitals solve this problem. (joekvedar.com)
Lawmakers would be wise to take on these suggestions and restart the debate on how to put Medicare and overall federal health spending on a more sustainable path. (crfb.org)

and possibly developing a joint readmission/mortality measure in the long run. (crfb.org)

They pay more than twice as much - $452 - for the same test in the outpatient department of a hospital. (crfb.org)
All-Payer Model for hospitals, which shifted the state's hospital payment structure from an all-payer hospital rate setting system to an all-payer global hospital budget that encompasses inpatient and outpatient hospital services. (who.int)

Few studies have examined whether risk adjustment is evenly applicable to hospitals with various characteristics and case-mix. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the calculation of risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality is often conducted for benchmarking purposes, whether the risk adjustment model is applicable to hospitals with varying characteristics and case-mix must be clarified. (biomedcentral.com)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals and other parts of the healthcare system had some major concerns. (lark.com)
We're starting to see some funny economics emerge as healthcare payment reform truly takes shape. (joekvedar.com)
Does Medicare Advantage Enrollment Affect Home Healthcare Use? (rand.org)

What US hospitals are currently doing to prevent common device-associated infections: results from a national survey. (ahrq.gov)

Success in hospital-acquired pressure ulcer prevention: a tale in two data sets. (ahrq.gov)
John Fahrenbach, Ph.D., data scientist at UChicago Medicine and lead author on the paper, acknowledges that it is a challenge for CMS and other organizations that rate hospitals to come up with good quality metrics, but calls for more fairness and equity in their approach. (medicalxpress.com)

Under this approach, a value-based withhold could be designed where Medicare would continue FFS payments to participating providers, but would withhold a certain amount and return some portion of savings if average spending is below a spending target. (crfb.org)

If you go into any given hospital and ask the cardiologists how to solve this problem, they'll educate you about left ventricular assist devices, better stents and improved "door to balloon time. (joekvedar.com)
While most of these recommendations and policy issues have been discussed and debated before, MedPAC's latest report helps to inject renewed support and analysis behind many of them at a time when momentum for Medicare reforms on Capitol Hill is critical. (crfb.org)

Further research is needed to assess specific hospital responses to bundled payment and their impacts on cost and quality. (ajmc.com)

To date, few studies have examined whether case-mix risk adjustment can be evenly applied such hospitals. (biomedcentral.com)

A few Massachusetts hospitals and physicians have long experience with risk. (blogspot.com)

Among the top categories of information I would include in the unplanned readmissions is the cause of the readmissions. (assignmenthelpbureau.com)

In our own experience with heart failure telemonitoring, we noted a 50% drop in readmissions. (joekvedar.com)

So now the states and territories will have the money to continue to meet basic needs for hospital services. (thelimbic.com)

Effect of nonpayment for hospital-acquired, catheter-associated urinary tract infection: a statewide analysis. (ahrq.gov)

The KFF article points out that some of the nation's best hospitals (by other measures) are doing the worst here. (joekvedar.com)

Preventing device-associated infections in US hospitals: national surveys from 2005 to 2013. (ahrq.gov)
Other studies have suggested that longer LOS may increase the risk of readmission by disrupting the patient's social and environmental support systems or exposing them to nosocomial infections or adverse events [7]. (apstudybay.com)

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

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