AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
OncogenesGenes, rasras ProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsGTP-Binding ProteinsGuanosine TriphosphateProto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)Oncogene Protein p21(ras)Molecular Sequence DataGTP PhosphohydrolasesCell Transformation, NeoplasticAmino Acid SequenceGuanosine DiphosphateMonomeric GTP-Binding ProteinsBase SequenceMutationSignal Transductionrab GTP-Binding ProteinsGuanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)GTPase-Activating ProteinsProtein BindingADP-Ribosylation FactorsPertussis ToxinSequence Homology, Amino Acidras GTPase-Activating Proteinsrho GTP-Binding ProteinsGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsVirulence Factors, BordetellaCell Line, TransformedCloning, MolecularCell LineADP Ribose TransferasesTransfectionHarvey murine sarcoma virusAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseBotulinum ToxinsThionucleotidesKinetics3T3 CellsrhoA GTP-Binding ProteinCarrier ProteinsCell MembranePoly(A)-Binding ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeBinding SitesCell DivisionOncogene Proteins, ViralGene Expression RegulationRNA, MessengerProto-Oncogene Proteins c-rafCells, CulturedCattleFibroblastsras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsCell Transformation, ViralOncogene ProteinsDNA-Binding ProteinsKirsten murine sarcoma virusTumor Cells, CulturedProtein Structure, TertiaryMice, NudePromoter Regions, GeneticEnzyme ActivationGTP CyclohydrolaseGuanine NucleotidesRecombinant ProteinsSarcoma Viruses, MurineGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticDNA, NeoplasmPhenotypePhosphorylationNeoplasm ProteinsTranscription FactorsPlasmidsHydrolysisNuclear ProteinsProteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsTacrolimus Binding ProteinsNeoplasms, ExperimentalTranscription, GeneticTumor Suppressor Protein p53Guanylyl ImidodiphosphateProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesModels, MolecularMembrane ProteinsSequence AlignmentEscherichia coliPoly(A)-Binding Protein IBlotting, WesternAlkyl and Aryl TransferasesMutagenesis, Site-DirectedDNA, ComplementaryDNACOS CellsRNA-Binding ProteinsPolymerase Chain Reactionrap GTP-Binding ProteinsInsulin-Like Growth Factor Binding ProteinsDNA Primers
KinasePathwaysProto-oncogeneGuanine nucleotidePhosphatidylinositolExtracellularHeterotrimeric G proteiReceptorSignal TransductionEncodesPathwayGenesMediateKinasesGTPasesSubfamilyIntracellularCytoskeletalIsoformsOncogenicGuanosineInvasivenessApoptosisRegulatorsTumorMoleculesTumorigenesisBiologicalGeneInactiveMolecularCellsRegulateRegulationMembraneInvasionSmallMovementFunctionsActivationDevelopmentCascadeFactorFunctionRoleDomain contaiExpressionFound
Kinase10
  • Binding of FGF to FGFR phosphorylates the idle kinase and activates the RTK pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activation of Ras has the potential to initiate three signaling pathways downstream of Ras: Ras→Raf→MAP kinase pathway, PI3 kinase pathway, and Ral pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • In primary mammalian cells oncogenic induces premature senescence depending on an active MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Relationship between Ras and Raf-1 qualified AP24534 prospects towards the sequential activation from the MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) MEK1 and MEK2 as well as the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • A-kinase interacting protein 1 [Source. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Patrick A. Lewis ABSTRACT Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multidomain scaffolding protein with dual guanosine triphosphatase ( GTPase ) and kinase enzymatic activities, providing this protein with the capacity to regulate a multitude of signalling pathways. (biologists.com)
  • Pleckstrin, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. (embl.de)
  • A ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and a variety of other G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although it is highly homologous to G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 2, it is not considered to play an essential role in regulating myocardial contractile response. (lookformedical.com)
  • A G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the MYOCARDIUM and may play a role in the regulation of cardiac functions. (lookformedical.com)
Pathways10
  • The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • RAS family proteins mediate extracellular signals, transduced through their receptors, with multiple signaling pathways, and consequently regulate a wide array of cellular processes [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Analysis with the RAS effector-loop mutants that interact specifically with Raf, Ral GDS pathways highlighted the importance of the RalGDS pathways in the regulation of S100A10 gene expression. (oncotarget.com)
  • Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways. (embl.de)
  • R-Ras proteins function distinctly from classic Ras proteins by regulating distinct signaling pathways that promote MPNST tumorigenesis by mediating migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously shown that three related Ras proteins (the classic Ras proteins) are highly activated in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells with neurofibromin loss and that they drive cancer cell proliferation and survival by activating multiple cellular signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined the activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in the presence and absence of R-Ras signaling and found that R-Ras proteins regulated 13 signaling pathways distinct from those regulated by classic Ras proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Proto-oncogene2
  • The proto-oncogene family members encodes little GTP binding proteins that transduce development indicators from cell surface area receptors in response to extracellular stimuli (1 6 37 Prior studies have recommended that aberrant activation of is certainly a crucial stage during tumorigenesis. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Guanine nucleotide3
  • Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
  • Like other members of the RAS superfamily, ARF family proteins can be activated by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr. (embl.de)
Phosphatidylinositol1
  • Point mutations cluster into the positively charged end of the molecule around the predicted binding site for phosphatidylinositol lipids. (embl.de)
Extracellular4
  • Due to the fact that the receptor spans across the membrane from the extracellular environment, through the lipid bilayer, and into the cytoplasm, the binding of the receptor to the ligand also causes the trans phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The link between oncogenic RAS expression and the acquisition of the invasive phenotype has been attributed to alterations in cellular activities that control degradation of the extracellular matrix. (oncotarget.com)
  • Oncogenic RAS-mediated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is critical for invasion through the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. (oncotarget.com)
  • The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. (lookformedical.com)
Heterotrimeric G protei1
  • They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
Receptor8
  • Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • This pathway begins at the cell membrane surface, where a ligand binds to its specific receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • An adaptor protein (such as SOS) recognizes the phosphorylated tyrosine on the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • G protein-coupled receptor 137B [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • G protein-coupled receptor 3 [Source:H. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Plasminogen receptor profiling revealed RAS-dependent increases in both S100A10 and cytokeratin 8. (oncotarget.com)
  • Ser/Thr protein kinases such as the Akt/Rac family, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinases, the mu isoform of PKC and the trypanosomal NrkA family. (embl.de)
  • They are regulatory proteins that play a role in G-protein-coupled receptor densensitization. (lookformedical.com)
Signal Transduction1
Encodes1
  • This gene encodes a member of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family, and can function as a cellular transcription factor. (antibodies-online.com)
Pathway2
  • RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Closer study of an R-Ras regulated pathway containing the signaling protein ROCK1 showed that inhibition of either R-Ras, R-Ras2 or ROCK1 similarly impaired cellular migration and invasion and altered cellular morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes2
  • RAS family proteins include 23 genes coding for at least 25 proteins that are divided into eight paralog groups based on sequence identity, structure, and function: RAS, RAS-like (RAL), RAS-related protein (R-RAS), RAS-like protein in tissues (RIT), RAS-related protein Rap (RAP), RAS homolog enriched in brain (RHEB), Dexamethasone-induced RAS-related protein (RASD), and GTP-binding protein Di-RAS (DIRAS) [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The paralog group of RAS proteins is composed of four isoforms (H-RAS, N-RAS, K-RAS4A, and K-RAS4B) that are encoded by three genes, H-RAS , N-RAS , and K-RAS [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Mediate1
  • When ARF family proteins are activated, they bind to effector molecules, which in turn mediate downstream functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Kinases2
GTPases3
  • In cellular signaling, the monomeric small GTPases (small G proteins) are known to play an important role in diverse molecular processes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RAS family proteins are membrane-associated, small GTPases that have the function of transmitting a multitude of cellular signals [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Moreover, RAS and RAS GTPases are changed in the development and regression of the corpus luteum. (encyclopedia.pub)
Subfamily3
  • cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B m. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Neurofibromin loss potentially hyperactivates classic Ras (H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras), M-Ras, and R-Ras (R-Ras, R-Ras2/TC21) subfamily proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells were transfected with doxycycline-inducible vectors expressing either a pan-inhibitor of the R-Ras subfamily [dominant negative (DN) R-Ras] or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). (biomedcentral.com)
Intracellular3
  • This protein functions as a bridge which connects the RTK to an intermediate protein (such as GNRP), starting the intracellular signaling cascade. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. (lookformedical.com)
  • Inhibition of R-Ras/R-Ras2 and ROCK1 signaling also triggered the accumulation of abnormal intracellular vesicles, indicating that these signaling molecules regulate the movement of proteins and other molecules in the cellular interior. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytoskeletal3
  • engagement triggers rapid GTP-loading of the small GTPase Rac as a master regulator of cytoskeletal rearrangements and lamellipodia-driven internalization. (biologists.com)
  • Cytoskeletal proteins such as dynamin (see IPR001401 ), Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see IPR001752 ), spectrin beta-chain, syntrophin (2 PH domains) and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1. (embl.de)
  • Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Isoforms1
  • Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 47 kDa and 52 kDa exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. (lookformedical.com)
Oncogenic3
  • We have observed that transformation of cancer cells with oncogenic forms of RAS increases plasmin proteolytic activity by 2- to 4-fold concomitant with a 3-fold increase in cell invasion. (oncotarget.com)
  • Oncogenic RAS expression increased S100A10 gene expression which resulted in an increase in S100A10 protein levels. (oncotarget.com)
  • These results strongly suggest that increases in cell surface levels of S100A10, by oncogenic RAS, plays a critical role in RAS-stimulated plasmin generation, and subsequently, in the invasiveness of oncogenic RAS expressing cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
Guanosine2
Invasiveness1
  • Depletion of S100A10 from RAS-transformed cells resulted in a loss of both cellular plasmin generation and invasiveness. (oncotarget.com)
Apoptosis1
  • Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
Regulators1
  • Mutations of the NF1 gene potentially results in the activation of multiple Ras proteins, which are key regulators of many biologic effects. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor2
  • Loss of the Ras GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin promotes nervous system tumor pathogenesis in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have shown that classic Ras proteins promote proliferation and survival, but not migration, in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecules1
  • Eye proteins are the biological molecules that make up the various structures of the eye and are essential for its proper function. (lookformedical.com)
Tumorigenesis1
  • RASSF1A Deficiency Enhances RAS-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis. (cancerindex.org)
Biological1
  • Thus, we have reviewed the role of RAS protein related to the biological events of the corpus luteum in the ovary. (encyclopedia.pub)
Gene1
Inactive1
  • GAP eventually returns Ras to its inactive state. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular2
Cells7
  • Cancer cells that have acquired an invasive phenotype release proteases that attack and digest the protein component of the matrix that would restrict the movement of these malignant cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • We assessed the expression and activation of these proteins in MPNST cells and inhibited them to determine the effect this had on proliferation, migration, invasion, survival and the phosphoproteome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proteins in cells with or without DN R-Ras expression were differentially labeled with SILAC and mass spectrometry was used to identify phosphoproteins and determine their relative quantities in the presence and absence of DN R-Ras. (biomedcentral.com)
  • R-Ras2 was uniformly expressed in MPNST cells, with R-Ras present in a major subset. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both proteins were activated in neurofibromin-null MPNST cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we examined the expression, activation and action of R-Ras proteins in MPNST cells that have lost neurofibromin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both R-Ras and R-Ras2 are expressed in MPNST cells and activated. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulate2
  • Additionally, reproductive hormones regulate RAS activity in the cellular physiological function of ovarian follicles during pre-ovulatory maturation and ovulation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors. (lookformedical.com)
Regulation1
  • Several S. cerevisiae proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and bud formation like BEM2, BEM3, BUD4 and the BEM1-binding proteins BOI2 (BEB1) and BOI1 (BOB1). (embl.de)
Membrane1
Invasion2
  • However, DN R-Ras inhibition impaired migration and invasion but not survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of R-Ras action inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion but not survival. (biomedcentral.com)
Small2
  • Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are small modular domains that occur in a large variety of proteins. (embl.de)
  • Small oviparous fishes in the family Cyprinodontidae, usually striped or barred black. (lookformedical.com)
Movement1
  • Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics identified thirteen protein networks distinctly regulated by DN R-Ras, including multiple networks regulating cellular movement and morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
Functions2
  • Although the FGF family of paracrine factors has a broad range of functions, major findings support the idea that they primarily stimulate proliferation and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The domain family possesses multiple functions including the abilities to bind inositol phosphates, and various proteins. (embl.de)
Activation3
  • In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Here, we describe the first transgenic mouse model for activation of K-RAS in the lung in a RASSF1A-defective background. (cancerindex.org)
  • Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. (lookformedical.com)
Development1
Cascade1
  • A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. (lookformedical.com)
Factor2
  • Ligands that bind to RTKs include fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factors, platelet-derived growth factors, and stem cell factor. (wikipedia.org)
  • CCCTC-binding factor [Source:HGNC Symb. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Function2
  • However, the function of RAS in the ovarian corpus luteum is not clear. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The uPA converts cell surface-bound plasminogen to plasmin, a process that is regulated by the binding of plasminogen to specific receptors on the cell surface, however, the identity of the plasminogen receptors that function in this capacity is unclear. (oncotarget.com)
Role1
  • Recently, we focused on the role of RAS protein in the ovarian corpus luteum. (encyclopedia.pub)
Domain contai1
Expression2
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
Found1