Chemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
RadioisotopesIsotopesIsotope LabelingNitrogen IsotopesOxygen IsotopesCarbon IsotopesZinc IsotopesSulfur IsotopesDeuteriumIron IsotopesStrontium IsotopesRadioisotope Dilution TechniqueMass SpectrometryIndicator Dilution TechniquesMercury IsotopesGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryKineticsDeuterium OxideEvolution, Planetary
Uranium-isotopeArtificial isotopesStableNucleiUnstableAtomsThoriumNeutronsFluorineRelatively short half-livesPotassiumAbundantMineralsBeamsSulfurMolybdenum-99DecaysDiscoveryLaboratoriesPeriodicProtonsActinideAtomElementMethodsOrganismsChemistryDecay seriesFacilityReactionKidneysSolarCompoundsTimeMaterialsNumerousElementsPresentYearsMainMedicalFormNuclear physicsMethodNaturalLongHospitalsHumanConditionsHighHoursRocksLead
Uranium-isotope4
  • Comparing the amounts of the three lead isotopes, and relating those numbers to the known rates of uranium-isotope decay, gave the researchers their answer: 4.5682 billion years. (space.com)
  • The most abundant uranium isotope is 238 U (which has 146 neutrons and 92 protons in the nucleus), followed by 235 U (which has 143 neutrons and 92 protons in the nucleus) and trace amounts of 234 U (which has 142 neutrons and 92 protons in the nucleus). (wyo.gov)
  • 235 U is the only uranium isotope considered fissionable. (wyo.gov)
  • In these conditions another uranium isotope, 236U, may be present together with very small amounts of the transuranic elements plutonium, americium and neptunium and the fission product technetium-99. (who.int)
Artificial isotopes2
Stable13
  • Nuclear reactions, specifically of the (gamma, n) type, also known as photodisintegration, are utilized to accomplish this transmutation from troublesome, long-lived radioactive waste isotope(s) of given atomic mass to shorter-lived or stable materials of lower atomic mass, by exposing the troublesome isotopes to a high energy photon flux for a sustained time. (rexresearch.com)
  • The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. (ontologyportal.org)
  • Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 7.95*10^3 years. (ontologyportal.org)
  • Such lists of key uncertain reactions,often flagged by means of sensitivity studies, constitute a first guide for future, priority measurements at stable and/or radioactive ion-beam facilities. (chetec-infra.eu)
  • Strontium exists in other secure (i.e., not prone to decay) isotopes, together with strontium-86, -88 and -84, in stable amounts in other pure organisms, rocks and so on. (mendozalandscapingandlawnservicellc.com)
  • The most stable known isotope , copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 30 seconds. (knowpia.com)
  • Astatine is often reported as the rarest natural element on Earth, and exhibits 32 isotopes, none of them being stable. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Bismuth belongs to group 15 of periodic classification and exhibits 35 isotopes, most of them having short half-lives (from ns to a few minutes) and only one is considered stable, 209 Bi, due to a very long half-life of 1.9 × 10 19 years. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Uranium isotopes must undergo multiple decay events before reaching a stable form in a process known as a decay series. (wyo.gov)
  • The 235 U decay series ends when the stable 207 Lead isotope is produced. (wyo.gov)
  • Naturally occurring chromium is found as one of four stable isotopes. (wanttoknowit.com)
  • The four stable isotopes of chromium are known as 50 Cr , 52 Cr, 53 Cr and 54 Cr. (wanttoknowit.com)
  • The most stable of these isotopes is 51 Cr, with a half life of 27.7 days. (wanttoknowit.com)
Nuclei2
  • All isotopes of uranium are radioactive, meaning their nuclei are unstable and will decay over time. (wyo.gov)
  • Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
Unstable6
  • These radioactive isotopes decay over time at a predictable rate since they are unstable. (caribbeancricket.com)
  • Isotopic dating of rocks, or the minerals in them, relies on the fact that we all know the decay charges of certain unstable isotopes of elements and that these charges have been fixed over geological time. (mendozalandscapingandlawnservicellc.com)
  • There have also been 22 radioactive (unstable) isotopes of chromium discovered and all of these have been synthetically created. (wanttoknowit.com)
  • The remaining unstable isotopes have half lives of less than 1 day, and most are actually shorter than 1 minute. (wanttoknowit.com)
  • The most unstable isotope of chromium is 66 Cr with a half life of just 10 milliseconds. (wanttoknowit.com)
  • It is likely that most unstable isotopes of chromium will be discovered in the future. (wanttoknowit.com)
Atoms3
  • Number of natural isotopes (atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons): 1. (livescience.com)
  • When molten rock cools, forming what are referred to as igneous rocks, radioactive atoms are trapped inside. (mendozalandscapingandlawnservicellc.com)
  • Naturally occurring uranium consists primarily of three isotopes (atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons). (wyo.gov)
Thorium1
  • Background radioactivity - radioactive elements in the natural environment including those in the crust of the earth (like radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium isotopes) and those produced by cosmic rays. (cdc.gov)
Neutrons1
  • Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
Fluorine5
  • So in testing the biological uptake of drugs that incorporate CF 3 compounds, it's useful to incorporate fluorine-18 ( 18 F), a radioactive isotope of fluorine, in the CF 3 compound as a sort of label or "tracer" that can be detected by PET scanners. (lbl.gov)
  • We've developed a chemical technique, based on a new discovery in gold chemistry, that lets us attach a radioactive fluorine atom to a specific class of molecule that was previously challenging to do," Levin said. (lbl.gov)
  • The tumor imaging was made possible by fludeoxyglucose, a chemical compound containing a radioactive form of fluorine known as fluorine-18. (lbl.gov)
  • The most commonly used isotope in the Positron Emission Tomography is fluorine 18F. (deepdyve.com)
  • It is worth mentioning that the first radioactive isotope of fluorine (17F) was discovered in 1934 by Marian Danysz (co-discoverer of hyper-nucleus in 1952) and M. y a, when they were working in the Warsaw Radiological Laboratory as students of Ludwik Wertenstein [3]. (deepdyve.com)
Relatively short half-lives2
  • Astronomers can do this sort of sleuthing with many different isotopes that have relatively short half-lives. (space.com)
  • Because 234 U and 235 U have relatively short half-lives, the relative abundance of these isotopes has decreased compared to 238 U since the formation of the Earth. (wyo.gov)
Potassium1
Abundant2
  • But as a result of rubidium-87 is abundant in the Earth's crust, the focus of strontium-87 is far greater than that of the opposite isotopes of strontium. (mendozalandscapingandlawnservicellc.com)
  • 227 Ac is the most abundant isotope, exhibiting a long half-life of 21.7 years and decaying mainly through β − emissions. (encyclopedia.pub)
Minerals2
  • By enabling highly accurate dating of historical items and materials using a variety of scientific procedures, chronometric dating has transformed archaeology.Numerous creatures and minerals contain radioactive isotopes including U-235 and C-14. (caribbeancricket.com)
  • The radiometric device detects associated radioactive minerals which are decay products of the uranium, rather than the uranium itself. (world-nuclear.org)
Beams6
  • The beams of several radioactive isotopes (such as those of 44S) have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements, especially those ones in the vicinity of island of stability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the conception of the idea of "isotope separation on-line" in the fifties and the first separation of short-lived radioactive isotopes in 1967 at CERN, ISOLDE has grown into a world-class RIB facility producing beams with high intensity and excellent emittance, at a wide range of energies, ideal for precision studies. (isolde.cern)
  • The facility provides low energy (30-60 keV) and post-accelerated radioactive ion beams. (isolde.cern)
  • Radioactive ion beams are delivered from two target and ion source units, using 20 different types of targets and five types of ion sources. (isolde.cern)
  • Delivery of radioactive ion beams of energies at low energies (30-60 keV) or post-accelerated from 2.8 to 9.2 MeV/u for A/q=4.5 and up to 11 MeV/u for A/q=3.5. (isolde.cern)
  • The access to the radioactive beams is given according to the operational schedule whereas other infrastructure of the ISOLDE facility is continuously available for all users. (isolde.cern)
Sulfur4
  • Other than 35S, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all comparatively short-lived. (wikipedia.org)
  • The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heavier radioactive isotopes of sulfur decay to chlorine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scans like this one, produced using a radioactive isotope of technetium labeled with a sulfur compound, assist doctors in assessments of organ function and in diagnoses. (sciencenews.org)
Molybdenum-993
  • But AECL has deliberately worked over the years to create a market for specialized isotopes that are produced in nuclear reactors, chiefly cobalt-60 and molybdenum-99. (ccnr.org)
  • Molybdenum-99 has a half-life of 66 hours, and it decays into a metastable isotope -- a pure gamma emitter -- called technetium-99m (the m has to be included) which has a half-life of only 6 hours. (ccnr.org)
  • The feedstock that supplies it - molybdenum-99 - also has a rather short half-life (66 hours), so neither isotope can be stockpiled. (sciencenews.org)
Decays1
  • Activity - the mean number of decays per unit time of a radioactive nuclide expressed as disintegrations per second. (cdc.gov)
Discovery3
  • The discovery of the natural radioactive decay of uranium in 1896 by Henry Becquerel, the French physicist, opened new vistas in science. (usgs.gov)
  • It is important to realize that isotopes were being used for diagnosis and therapy long before the discovery of nuclear fission -- and that even after the discovery of fission, cyclotrons and other types of particle accelerators were widely used to produce isotopes for medical and scientific research purposes. (ccnr.org)
  • Their discovery could aid in the synthesis of new "radiotracers" - chemical compounds that contain a radioactive form, or isotope, of an element - for use with a noninvasive, high-resolution 3-D medical imaging technology known as PET (positron emission tomography) scanning. (lbl.gov)
Laboratories2
  • The design and building of the device was carried out at the Cyclotron Department Laboratories (Nuclear Accelerator) and radioactive pharmaceuticals at King Faisal Specialist Hospital Research Centre. (edu.sa)
  • This is a common calculation in nuclear counting laboratories for short lived isotopes. (radprocalculator.com)
Periodic1
  • Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. (ontologyportal.org)
Protons1
  • The isotopes are produced at CERN by the impact of a 1.4-GeV proton beam from the PS Booster (at average intensity up to 2 μA, typically 3.5x10 13 protons per pulse) on a thick target that is hosted in a dedicated target/ion-source unit. (isolde.cern)
Actinide2
  • Actinium is the first element of the actinide series, and among its 32 known isotopes, only 228 Ac and 227 Ac occur naturally as part of the decay chains of 232 Th and 235 U, respectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Actinide elements are all radioactive. (cdc.gov)
Atom1
  • The threshold zones are placed against a carrier material or close to vol. zones of metals or metal layers, composed of metals capable of absorbing \-1 atom% of hydrogen or its isotope. (rexresearch.com)
Element3
Methods1
  • Methods for treating radioactive waste by transmutation and for forming a superconductive material from a plurality of constituents, as well as methods for forming improved semiconductor devices, improved atomic lattice structures and improved molecular structures and ionic compounds, are described along with selection rules for fine tuning these methods. (rexresearch.com)
Organisms5
  • In this article we briefly describe few examples of nuclear physics applications, such as: non-invasive imaging of living organisms by means of Positron Emission Tomography, remote identification of explosives and other dangerous substances, using the technique of atometry, and preservation of food by its exposure to nuclear radiation. (deepdyve.com)
  • Pioneering studies of Jan Danysz and Pierre Curie of the influence of irradiation on the living organisms led to modern, conscious usage of nuclear radiation not only in cancer therapy but also in a broad range of applications requiring reduction of microbes and pathogens as e.g. in food industry, decontamination of water, disinfection of medical devices and in transplantation. (deepdyve.com)
  • In this article, we briefly present few examples of applications of nuclear physics techniques: (i) in non-invasive imaging of physiological processes of living organisms, (ii) in remote detection and identification of explosives, and (iii) in food preservation. (deepdyve.com)
  • The married couple Joliot-Curie were also one of the first persons in the world who saw in their experiments positrons discovered in 1932 by Anderson (Nobel Prize in physics in 1936) which nowadays permit tomographic imaging of processes taking place in the living organisms. (deepdyve.com)
  • Biota - living organisms. (cdc.gov)
Chemistry1
  • Other researchers in Berkeley Lab's Chemical Sciences Division and Biomedical Isotope Facility, and in UC Berkeley's Department of Chemistry also participated in the study. (lbl.gov)
Decay series1
  • However, with the removal of most U-238, the following two short-lived decay products in the uranium decay series (Th-234 and Pa-234) soon disappear, leaving the tailings with a little over 70% of the radioactivity of the original ore after several months. (world-nuclear.org)
Facility1
  • He participated in the study as a UC Berkeley graduate student working as an affiliate researcher at the Biomedical Isotope Facility at Berkeley Lab. (lbl.gov)
Reaction2
  • After completing the necessary reaction the new isotope is transferred automatically to the hot cells (the radiation rooms) through special valves, where the material is pharmaceutically prepared before sending it to the Department of Nuclear Medicine to be used for patients' diagnosis. (edu.sa)
  • The corresponding reaction rates often rely on theory (i.e., statistical models, such as the Hauser-Feshbach theory), particularly when involving short-lived, radioactive isotopes. (chetec-infra.eu)
Kidneys2
  • Manganese is primarily found in the bones, liver, kidneys, and pancreas, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center , and helps the body form connective tissue, bones, blood-clotting factors, and sex hormones. (livescience.com)
  • about 66% is found in the skeleton, 16% in the liver, 8% in the kidneys and 10% in other tissues. (who.int)
Solar2
  • As an example, Bouvier and Wadhwa cite the abundance of the isotope iron-60 in the proto-solar system. (space.com)
  • The old dating method relies on measuring the amount of aluminum 26, which is a radioactive form, or isotope, of aluminum, present in meteorites to date the solar system. (livescience.com)
Compounds1
  • Flourine-18 has a half-life of about 110 minutes, which means its radioactive output is halved every 110 minutes, and the chemical processes incorporating it as a label must be designed to rapidly attach it to compounds of interest. (lbl.gov)
Time2
  • Geologists have done the same thing to geologic time by dividing the Earth's history into Eras -- broad spans based on the general character of life that existed during these times, and Periods -- shorter spans based partly on evidence of major disturbances of the Earth's crust. (usgs.gov)
  • However, the supply of Mo-99 has to be uninterrupted or hospitals will run out of Tc-99m in a short time. (ccnr.org)
Materials4
  • Embodiments of a method for processing radioacive materials, with a particular embodiment comprising processing uranium with hydrogen isotope plasmas, and a process for remediation of nuclear wastes by transmutation. (rexresearch.com)
  • In this review we present examples of using radioactive isotopes as probes to study functional materials of fundamental and applied interest presenting colossal magnetoresistance, multiferroic effects, and magnetostructural coupling. (ua.pt)
  • A separate beamline from GPS can provide RIBs for materials research or isotope collections. (isolde.cern)
  • Depleted uranium has several peaceful applications: as counterweights or ballast in aircraft, radiation shields in medical equipment used for radiation therapy and containers for the transport of radioactive materials. (who.int)
Numerous1
Elements4
  • To obtain an electrode for cold nuclear fusion which can manufacture isotopes, precious metals, rare elements or thermal energy through nuclear transformation by containing as a material for the electrode a substance which can cause nuclear transformation. (rexresearch.com)
  • This is as a outcome of when radioactive elements first come into being, they're presumed to consist entirely of a single isotope. (mendozalandscapingandlawnservicellc.com)
  • Actinides - radioactive elements with atomic numbers equal to or greater than that of actinium (i.e., 88). (cdc.gov)
  • The term background is also sometimes used in this report to indicate radioactive elements present in the environment that are not a direct result of SRS activities (e.g. atmospheric weapons testing fallout, see definition for fallout ). (cdc.gov)
Present1
  • We also present a methodological and nuclear physics related contribution consisting on the characterization of a new short-lived isotope adequate for PAC studies. (ua.pt)
Years4
  • C-14 isotopes are not detectable in samples older than 50,000 years due to its short half-life, making it impossible to date older samples. (caribbeancricket.com)
  • It has a half-life of 5.3 years and so loses about 13% of its inventory in one year through radioactive decay. (ccnr.org)
  • Iron-60 is radioactive, with a half-life of about 2.6 million years. (space.com)
  • 235 U has a half-life of 703 million years, while 234 U has an even shorter half-life of 245,300 years. (wyo.gov)
Main1
  • Today, its slow radioactive decay provides the main source of heat inside the earth's crust. (wyo.gov)
Medical2
  • Of all the radioactive isotopes used in medical diagnostics, none plays a more pivotal role than technetium-99m. (sciencenews.org)
  • While uranium is used almost entirely for making electricity, a small proportion is used for the important task of producing medical isotopes. (world-nuclear.org)
Form1
  • For the transmutation of long half-life isotopes, their surfaces are exposed to an electrolyte or a gas or plasma atmosphere to form intermediate layers or vol. zones of a number of structure layers. (rexresearch.com)
Nuclear physics1
Method3
  • Finally, an ultra-sensitive method to quantify the uptake of Hg by nano sorbents based on the tracking the radioactive isotopes of mercury is also reviewed. (ua.pt)
  • The method requires an application of a short-lived radioactive isotope constituting part of a radio-pharmaceutical administered to the patient. (deepdyve.com)
  • In 1946, Willard Libby (1908-1980) developed a method for dating natural supplies by measuring their content of bear411.com carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon. (mendozalandscapingandlawnservicellc.com)
Natural1
  • Solution: Radioactive or nonradioactive isotopes are manufactured by the nuclear transformation in an electrode and the combination of nuclear reactions such as neutron capture and natural nuclear disintegration of products made through the nuclear reactions. (rexresearch.com)
Long2
  • FEW GOOD ALTERNATIVES The University of Missouri reactor core could be harnessed to make moly for the short and eventually the long run. (sciencenews.org)
  • This summer such shutdowns led to technetium shortages so severe that U.S. officials now say efforts must begin, at long last, to establish American sources of these critical isotopes. (sciencenews.org)
Hospitals1
  • Dr. Al Romian added that the hospital began using production of radioactive pharmaceutical isotope (Krypton 81m) and supplies to other hospitals with this material and the developing team plans to make various studies exceeding its current usages. (edu.sa)
Human2
  • It was discovered that manganese is vital to human lives in the 1950s, according to Emsley, in an article published in Nature . (livescience.com)
  • Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer . (wikipedia.org)
Conditions1
  • Ion traps are of growing popularity at rare-isotope-beam facilities due to their textbook-like conditions and tailorability. (fnal.gov)
High1
  • The downside to this is that Mo-99 (called moly for short) is only produced, now, in a very high-intensity neutron field, which means a nuclear reactor. (ccnr.org)
Hours1
Rocks3
Lead1
  • This research allows us to make new classes of radioactive tracers that had been too difficult, or even impossible, to prepare previously," said Mark D. Levin, who served as the lead author in the study, published in Science . (lbl.gov)