• [ 4 ] Saturday night palsy, a radial nerve compression injury, commonly results from placing one's arm over the backrest of a chair. (medscape.com)
  • The term Saturday Night Palsy refers to an injury to the radial nerve in the spiral groove of the humerus caused while sleeping in a position that would under normal circumstances cause discomfort. (wikipedia.org)
  • The majority of radial neuropathies due to an acute compressive event (Saturday night palsy) do recover without intervention. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are a number of colloquial terms used to describe radial nerve injuries, which are usually dependent on the causation factor: Saturday night palsy from falling asleep with one's arm hanging over the arm rest of a chair, compressing the radial nerve at the spiral groove. (wikipedia.org)
  • Saturday night palsy from falling asleep with one's arm hanging over the arm rest of a chair, compressing the radial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radial Nerve Palsy, commonly known as Saturday Night Palsy, Honeymoon Palsy or Crutch Palsy, refers to an injury or compression of the radial nerve at the upper arm. (emg-ncv.com)
  • The posterior interosseous branch is a pure motor nerve that supplies the supinator and then dives into the supinator through the fascia to supply the muscles of the wrist and finger extension. (medscape.com)
  • The damage also has motor consequences, as it interferes with the radial nerve's innervation of the muscles associated with the extension at the elbow, wrist, and fingers, as well the supination of the forearm. (wikipedia.org)
  • People experiencing radial nerve dysfunction may also experience any of the following symptoms:[medical citation needed] Lost ability or discomfort in extending the elbow Lost ability or discomfort bending hand back at the wrist Numbness Abnormal sensations near the thumb, index and middle fingers Sharp or burning pain Weakness in grip Drooping of the hand, also called wrist drop There are many ways to acquire radial nerve palsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome is a painful compression (pinching) of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. (msdmanuals.com)
  • By systematically checking each one of the muscles in the forearm and wrist, the surgeon was able to find the clues needed to identify the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) as the culprit. (davisandderosa.com)
  • For one thing, the nerve does seem to recover spontaneously without surgical intervention, whereas other similar nerves in the forearm and wrist (e.g., ulnar, median, radial nerves) do not naturally heal. (davisandderosa.com)
  • Guyonâ s canal is where the ulnar nerve runs into the hand through the wrist. (ensemble.digital)
  • If you have a ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome use the exercises in this video to floss, mobilize, and release this nerve from its surrounding tissuesâ ¦ The ulnar nerve can be compressed at the wrist, beneath the collarbone, or as it comes out of the spinal cord in the neck. (ensemble.digital)
  • The Ulnar Nerve originates at the brachial plexus and traverses down from the neck to the medial side of the elbow, to t he forearm, and then to the wrist where it terminates. (ensemble.digital)
  • Neural mobilization ulnar nerve in upside-down glasses neural flossing gliding exercises In standing, with your thumb and index finger make a circle Bring your hand to your face and rotate your wrist making glasses around your eye with your thumb and index. (ensemble.digital)
  • Management and functional outcomes of combined injuries of flexor tendons, nerves, and vessels at the wrist. (medscape.com)
  • Isolated wrist drop is usually considered due to peripheral nerve lesions. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Ulnar neuropathy affects the ulnar nerve , which runs from the shoulder down to the hand and controls the fingers' sensation and movement. (centenoschultz.com)
  • Ulnar neuropathy can significantly affect daily activities and quality of life. (centenoschultz.com)
  • What Is Ulnar Neuropathy? (centenoschultz.com)
  • Simply put, ulnar neuropathy refers to the compression or damage to the ulnar nerve in the arm. (centenoschultz.com)
  • The symptoms of ulnar neuropathy can vary depending on the extent and location of the nerve damage or compression. (centenoschultz.com)
  • Ulnar neuropathy can be caused by various factors, including direct trauma to the nerve, overuse, or long-term compression at the elbow. (centenoschultz.com)
  • Compression of the ulnar nerve is called cubital tunnel syndrome, and it is one of the most common causes of ulnar neuropathy. (centenoschultz.com)
  • In addition to cubital tunnel syndrome, there are several other conditions that can contribute to ulnar neuropathy. (centenoschultz.com)
  • Diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy should involve a thorough medical history and comprehensive physical examination. (centenoschultz.com)
  • Treatment for ulnar neuropathy depends on the underlying cause of the nerve damage and the severity of the symptoms. (centenoschultz.com)
  • Histological Evidence of Intrinsic Muscle Degeneration in Compression Ulnar Neuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Here, the radial nerve divides into the deep posterior interosseous branch and a sensory branch. (medscape.com)
  • The sensory branch arises near the elbow and travels down the forearm with the radial artery, inferiorly to the anterolateral portion of the radius deep to the brachioradialis. (medscape.com)
  • The damage has sensory consequences, as it interferes with the radial nerve's innervation of the skin of the posterior forearm, lateral three digits, and the dorsal surface of the lateral side of the palm. (wikipedia.org)
  • A minor sensory disturbance in the distribution of the superficial radial nerve was initially thought to be unrelated, but was likely caused by mass effect from the lipoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Direct infection of peripheral nerves by HIV, resulting in sensory and motor changes due to destruction of axons or their myelin covering. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Distal sensory neuropathy occurs in up to 30% of patients with AIDS, usually late in the disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, gabapentin, anticonvulsants, and topical agents have all been used with variable success to treat the pain of AIDS-related sensory neuropathy. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • ABBR: AN Hearing loss that results from nerve damage or impaired nervous system processing of normal signals received from sensory hair cells in the Organ of Corti. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In the late 1960s, neurophysiologic testing allowed the classification of CMT into 2 groups, one with slow nerve conduction velocities and histologic features of a hypertrophic demyelinating neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 or CMT1) and another with relatively normal velocities and axonal and neuronal degeneration (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 or CMT2). (medscape.com)
  • Inherited neuropathies in which autonomic or sensory features predominate, conditions in which the neuropathy is part of a multiple-organ disturbance, and neuropathies with specific metabolic dysfunction are not discussed. (medscape.com)
  • Sensory and motor symptoms are in the distribution of a single nerve-most commonly the ulnar or median nerve in the arm or peroneal (fibular) nerve in the leg. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • For the assessment of the sensory function of the nerves, a discriminatory two-point sensitivity test (Weber Test) and the Grigorovich scale were used. (rps-journal.ru)
  • Clinically, patients suffer from sensory loss as well as palsies and paresthesia upon mechanical stress on the nerve 5 , 6 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Diagnostic biopsies of peripheral nerves show inflammatory changes and loss of myelin. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Damage to peripheral nerves causing pain, muscle weakness, or autonomic failure after treatment with medications like cisplatin, vincristine, or taxol. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • It results in damage primarily to the peripheral nerves (the nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Considering the lack of literature on pediatric nerve lesions, we analyzed the results of treatment for children with injuries of the peripheral nerves of the upper extremities in the Department of Microsurgery of the N.F. Filatov Children's City Clinical Hospital. (rps-journal.ru)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the results of treatment for children with injuries of the peripheral nerves of the upper limb and to establish the relationship between the recovery of the function of the upper limb and the time elapsed from the moment of injury to surgery. (rps-journal.ru)
  • From 2017 to 2021, 114 patients with injuries of the peripheral nerves of the upper limb were treated in the Department of Microsurgery. (rps-journal.ru)
  • Considering the lack of statistically significant differences in the results of treatment for children at various times from the moment of injury to surgery, we can conclude that a period of more than 12 months from the moment of injury to surgery does not influence the achievement of satisfactory results of reconstructive surgical interventions for peripheral nerves in children. (rps-journal.ru)
  • Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) are sarcomas that originate in cells associated with the nerve sheath or peripheral nerves. (drvanessasammons.com.au)
  • Posterior interosseus palsy is distinguished from radial nerve palsy by the preservation of elbow extension. (wikipedia.org)
  • although the elbow extensors are also innervated by the radial nerve, their innervation is usually spared because the compression occurs below, distal, to the level of the axillary nerve, which innervates the long head of the triceps, and the upper branches of the radial nerve that innervate the remainder of the Triceps. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerve entrapment at the elbow has been described affecting the median, ulnar and radial nerves as well as their divisions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These include arthritis in the elbow, tumors in the arm, or injury to the nerve tissue itself. (centenoschultz.com)
  • ULNAR NERVE RELEASE General Comments: Cubital Tunnel Syndrome or Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the elbow is manifested by numbness and tingling into the ring and small fingers with associated pain and numbness in the forearm. (ensemble.digital)
  • The ulnar nerve runs from the neck to the shoulder, down the back of the arm, around the inside of the elbow and ends at the hand in the fourth and â ¦ neural flossing, check out this post on Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Exercises. (ensemble.digital)
  • Pull your elbow backward and â ¦ Ulnar Nerve Exercise. (ensemble.digital)
  • Forced elbow flexion and pressure during bicycling result in ulnar nerve traction and pressure exerted in Guyon's canal or the nerve's distal branches. (qxmd.com)
  • Radial neuropathy is a type of mononeuropathy which results from acute trauma to the radial nerve that extends the length of the arm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pressure on a nerve for a long time is the most common cause of mononeuropathy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Over the past three decades, radial tunnel syndrome has come to be recognized as a true clinical entity and surgical treatment has become more common [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Radial tunnel syndrome: A spectrum of clinical presentations. (wikism.org)
  • Bilateral widespread mechanical pain sensitivity in carpal tunnel syndrome: evidence of central processing in unilateral neuropathy. (1library.co)
  • in others (eg, certain cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and inherited brachial plexus neuropathy [IBPN]/hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy [HNA]), proximal weakness predominates. (medscape.com)
  • Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is a well known, challenging condition that afflicts 1% of births. (medscape.com)
  • Most obstetric injuries to the brachial plexus involve the upper trunk and cervical nerve roots C5 and C6. (medscape.com)
  • The renowned British obstetrician Smellie is attributed with providing the first medical description of obstetrica brachial plexus palsy. (medscape.com)
  • In 1861, Duchenne invented the term obstetric palsy of the brachial plexus after examining 4 infants with paralysis of identical muscles in the arm and shoulder. (medscape.com)
  • In the same year, Klumpke described lesions of C8 and thoracic nerve T1 in birth palsy and associated the Horner sign with lower-trunk lesions of the brachial plexus. (medscape.com)
  • However, the initial enthusiasm for surgical treatment of obstetric brachial plexus palsy was not applied until 1984. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Because of their encouraging results with early surgical intervention, primary nerve repair for obstetrica brachial plexus palsy resurfaced. (medscape.com)
  • Most brachial plexus injuries are the classic Erb or upper type and occur at spinal nerves C5 and C6. (medscape.com)
  • In the upper arm, the radial nerve gives off motor branches to the triceps and anconeus muscles before it wraps around the humerus at the spiral groove (also known as the radial groove). (medscape.com)
  • After exiting the spiral groove, the radial nerve supplies the brachioradialis muscle before passing over the lateral epicondyle and into the cubital fossa and forearm. (medscape.com)
  • When this nerve is compressed or damaged, it can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, and pain in the affected arm and hand. (centenoschultz.com)
  • When the ulnar nerve is damaged or compressed, it can lead to a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, weakness, and tingling in the affected hand. (centenoschultz.com)
  • At the Centeno-Schultz Clinic, we are experts in the treatment of left-arm numbness due to cervical nerve irritation, cervical stenosis, thoracic outlet syndrome, and peripheral nerve injuries. (centenoschultz.com)
  • It is not accompanied by nerve root pain and often develops with unilateral or bilateral upper limb numbness. (epainassist.com)
  • A compressed nerve like what happens in carpal tunnel syndromes may also result in tingling or numbness. (bayareanuccacare.com)
  • One of the side effects from prolonged skin contact is numbness and neuropathy. (crossdressers.com)
  • She didn't have any numbness or tingling to suggest a nerve problem. (davisandderosa.com)
  • Radial nerve dysfunction is a problem associated with the radial nerve resulting from injury consisting of acute trauma to the radial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, depending on the type of trauma, other nerves may be affected such as the median nerve and axillary nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unless there is complete loss of nerve transmission due to some type of trauma, infection, or tumor, surgical treatment is not advised. (davisandderosa.com)
  • Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) and ultrasonography (US) may be useful for diagnosing and evaluating peripheral nerve pathology, including trauma. (medscape.com)
  • 5 m/s) velocities observed in Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) and congenital hypomyelination neuropathy (CHN). (medscape.com)
  • Anterior interosseous nerve palsy or syndrome is a fairly uncommon problem. (davisandderosa.com)
  • Pillai AK, Bashir M, Ferral H, Paruchuri S, Domkan A. Median nerve injury as a result of medial brachial fascial compartment syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Radial neuropathies can occur from surgical procedures such as humeral nailing performed to stabilize an acute humeral fracture. (medscape.com)
  • Radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fracture is divided into primary paralysis immediately after injury and secondary paralysis after reduction or surgery. (handmicro.org)
  • The PMP22 gene is located on chromosome 17p11.2 and mutations as well as alterations in the gene dosage are causative for a group of hereditary neuropathies affecting approximately 1 in 2500 humans 2 , 3 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Radial neuropathy may be diagnosed using MRI , ultrasound , nerve conduction study or electromyography (EMG). (wikipedia.org)
  • Tests such as nerve conduction studies, electromyography, or imaging such as diagnostic ultrasound or MRI can help provide additional information. (centenoschultz.com)
  • Holzgrefe RE, Wagner ER, Singer AD, Daly CA. Imaging of the Peripheral Nerve: Concepts and Future Direction of Magnetic Resonance Neurography and Ultrasound. (medscape.com)
  • Radial nerve injuries resulting from open humerus fractures are managed with surgical exploration and, if necessary, repair including primary neurorrhaphy and neural grafting. (medscape.com)
  • Of the 5627 acute flaccid paralysis cases reported, 456 were identified as traumatic injection neuropathy by case review. (who.int)
  • 2001 and 31 December 2003 to identify and radial nerves presents as acute periph- potential cases of TIN, using multiple diag- eral neuropathy with flaccid paralysis of nostic terms such as traumatic injection, the injected limb within 24 hours after in- traumatic neuritis, injection injury, etc. (who.int)
  • Some studies showed that untreated, a few patients went on to develop paralysis and disability from unresolved nerve compression. (davisandderosa.com)
  • However, the appropriate timing of surgical exploration for radial nerve injuries remains controversial. (medscape.com)
  • Based on the study of these patients, when internal fixation is indicated, early surgical exploration of the radial nerve should be considered to minimize poor prognosis and conflict with the patient. (handmicro.org)
  • We utilize the latest diagnostic techniques and surgical strategies to restore function and minimize pain for patients with peripheral nerve disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • Stanford Health Care's Peripheral Nerve Surgery Program offers comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and testing, as well as leading-edge surgical techniques, provided by a highly specialized and experienced nationally-recognized team. (stanford.edu)
  • Because of Seddon's disappointing outcomes with nerve grafts to treat a traction injury, surgical treatment steered away from primary repair and toward muscle releases and transfers. (medscape.com)
  • When surgical care is required, the surgeon attempts to remove pressure from the nerve. (davisandderosa.com)
  • The following data were extracted from the case histories and at the follow-up appointment: age, gender, level of damage, type of surgical intervention, period from the moment of injury to surgical intervention, and postoperative recovery of peripheral nerve functions. (rps-journal.ru)
  • Cempla J, Pieniazek M, Pelczar-Pieniazek M. Regimen and results of physiotherapy in patients following surgical treatment of ulnar nerve injury. (medscape.com)
  • In this blog post, we'll take a look at the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for radial nerve palsy. (floridaboneandjoint.com)
  • Pathology in the olecranon bursa is not expected to cause compression of the radial nerve or related symptoms due to the distance between the two structures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When the nerve roots and spinal cord are pressed and damaged, neurological symptoms occur. (epainassist.com)
  • Based on the evidence that anterior interosseous nerve palsy has a natural history of spontaneous recovery, and the fact that this particular patient came to them after only three months of symptoms, the surgeons followed the wait-and-see approach. (davisandderosa.com)
  • The nerves most commonly involved in these symptoms are the median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerveâ all located in the armsâ and the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lumbar spine down the legs into the feet. (ensemble.digital)
  • However, sometimes the body is subjected to various external or internal injuries resulting in a type of neuropathy known as radial nerve palsy. (floridaboneandjoint.com)
  • Repetitive manual work and injuries can lead to scars and adhesions in surrounding soft tissue that restrict the ulnar nerve. (ensemble.digital)
  • strong>Peripheral nerve injuries are severe types of injury with potential life-long impairment, which is crucial in the pediatric population. (rps-journal.ru)
  • One out of every ten patients with radial nerve dysfunction do so because of a fractured humerus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to diagnose radial nerve dysfunction, a doctor will conduct a physical examination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since most of them seem to get better on their own with time, it's possible there is a temporary nerve dysfunction of some type. (davisandderosa.com)
  • A compressive neuropathy that results from prolonged, direct pressure on the axilla, such as from a crutch. (medscape.com)
  • A compressive neuropathy resulting from prolonged direct pressure against a firm object on the upper medial arm or axilla such as draping one's arm over furniture. (medscape.com)
  • If the injury is demyelinating (meaning only the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve is damaged), then full recovery typically occurs within 2-4 weeks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute or chronic inflammatory myelin damage may be the first sign of peripheral nerve involvement. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This is not surprising given the strong evidence for interaction between myelin and axon gene expression in development and after experimental nerve lesions. (medscape.com)
  • The myelin is the thick insulation that protects the axons and allows for faster transmission of information along the nerve. (centenoschultz.com)
  • The severity of nerve injury is often classified based on the damage to the myelin and axons. (centenoschultz.com)
  • NCV is related to the diameter of the nerve and the degree of myelination (the presence of a myelin sheath on the nerve fiber) of the nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Duplication of the gene encoding the myelin protein PMP22 causes the hereditary neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A (CMT1A), characterized by hypomyelination of medium to large caliber peripheral axons. (biorxiv.org)
  • Conversely, haplo-insufficiency of PMP22 leads to focal myelin overgrowth in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP). (biorxiv.org)
  • Schwann cells wrap myelin around peripheral nerve axons for fast neural transmission 1 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Proper expression of the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa (PMP22), an integral constituent of the compact myelin sheath, is important for development and function of peripheral nerve fibers. (biorxiv.org)
  • Bilateral femoral neuropathy complicating rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. (lhsc.on.ca)
  • The suprascapular , axillary , and radial nerves . (wikipedia.org)
  • He concluded that palsies of the deltoid, biceps, and subscapularis are derived from a lesion at the level of C5 and C6. (medscape.com)
  • If the lesion occurs distally and involves the upper trunk, the dorsal scapular and long thoracic nerves are spared, and function of the rhomboid and serratus anterior muscles is preserved. (medscape.com)
  • Isolated hand palsy is a rare presentation of stroke, often mistaken for peripheral lesion. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Nuwer MR, Pouratian N. Monitoring of neural function: electromyography, nerve conduction, and evoked potentials. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An introduction to radial nerve anatomy is essential for understanding the common mechanisms and locations of its injury. (medscape.com)
  • If the injury is axonal (meaning the underlying nerve fiber itself is damaged) then full recovery may take months or years, or may never occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerves that run close to the body's surface near a bone are more vulnerable to injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Peripheral Nerve Injury. (fpnotebook.com)
  • Therefore, nerve gliding exercises are often used post-surgery or as part of a rehabilitation program from an injury. (ensemble.digital)
  • Long-term outcome of muscle strength in ulnar and median nerve injury: comparing manual muscle strength testing, grip and pinch strength dynamometers and a new intrinsic muscle strength dynamometer. (medscape.com)
  • Tongue deviation from unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury (CN XII). (wikem.org)
  • The mechanism of radial neuropathy is such that it can cause focal demyelination and axonal degeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • This suggests that, in most cases, axonal damage is the root cause of the neuropathy, not demyelination. (medscape.com)
  • The authors suggest that perhaps the patients who develop anterior interosseous nerve palsy don't really have a compression neuropathy. (davisandderosa.com)
  • The radial nerve is a peripheral nerve originating from the ventral roots of the spinal nerves C5-T1. (medscape.com)
  • The nerve root runs about one vertebral body downward from the medullary segment and exits the spinal canal through the foramina. (epainassist.com)
  • Damage to the spinal cord and disk herniation (herniated nucleus pulposus) with nerve root compression can also cause abnormal results. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Neurology is the medical science related to nervous system, which is made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles. (ansaclinic.com)
  • Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is a test to see how fast electrical signals move through a nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Slowed nerve conduction velocity and conduction block can be observed at sites susceptible for compression while other regions are unaffected 10 , 11 . (biorxiv.org)
  • This can also refer to anterior interosseous nerve palsy from compression on the forearm resulting in an inability to flex the index and thumb tips. (wikipedia.org)
  • Is the Mystery of Anterior Interosseous Palsy Solved? (davisandderosa.com)
  • Because the patient could not make the "OK" sign with the thumb and first (index) finger, the surgeon knew the anterior interosseous nerve was compressed or pinched. (davisandderosa.com)
  • Younger patients (those who started developing anterior interosseous palsy before age 40) recovered faster. (davisandderosa.com)
  • Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. (slackbooks.com)
  • Our current research focuses on advanced imaging techniques such as Stimulated Raman Histology to develop improved intraoperative decision-making, attempting to understand the growth pattern of nerve sheath tumors (schwannomas and neurofibromas), and the evaluation of an approved device (Neurocap) for the treatment of nerve pain secondary to neuromas through a post-approval clinical trial. (stanford.edu)
  • The process of cutting the nerve sheath (protective covering around the nerve) lengthwise is called neurolysis. (davisandderosa.com)
  • Tendon transfers for radial palsy. (wheelessonline.com)
  • Highlights the latest advances and approaches, such as wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery, nerve transfer techniques, tendon transfer and tendon avulsion repairs, skin grafting techniques, and more. (medicscenter.com)
  • A large variety of reconstructive modalities involving nerve grafting, plexus neurolysis, nerve transfers, tendon transfers, muscle releases, neurotizations, and free muscle transplantations have surfaced to treat the deficits. (medscape.com)
  • EMG and nerve conduction studies are typically performed to diagnose the extent and distribution of the damage, and to help with prognosis for recovery. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, if the nerve is damaged, early neuro-exploration is needed to increase the possibility of full recovery, prevent secondary nerve damage by the bone or scar tissue and predict prognosis. (handmicro.org)