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Cell Cycle ProteinsCheckpoint Kinase 2DNA DamageCell CycleGenes, cdcProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesMitosisG2 PhaseCell Cycle CheckpointsDNA RepairProtein KinasesAtaxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsMad2 ProteinsSpindle ApparatusM Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsS PhaseDNA-Binding ProteinsSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsNuclear ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesRad52 DNA Repair and Recombination ProteinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDNA ReplicationHydroxyureaFungal ProteinsG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsKinetochoresMutationG1 PhaseGamma RaysPhosphorylationDNA, FungalTumor Suppressor Protein p53DNA Repair EnzymesDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedTumor Suppressor ProteinsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsUltraviolet RaysNocodazoleChromosomal InstabilityRad51 RecombinaseRadiation, IonizingCdc20 ProteinsGenes, FungalCyclin BCDC2 Protein KinaseGenomic Instabilitycdc25 PhosphatasesMolecular Sequence DataRecombination, GeneticAtaxia TelangiectasiaHeLa CellsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21S Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsChromosome SegregationCyclinsProtein BindingMetaphaseRadiation ToleranceCell DivisionMethyl MethanesulfonateCyclin B1Calcium-Binding ProteinsApoptosisRepressor ProteinsSignal TransductionDNA HelicasesCell LineCell Line, TumorAmino Acid SequenceG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsDNAAneuploidyGene DeletionModels, BiologicalHistonesBRCA1 ProteinMeiosisExonucleasesUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesAnaphaseAnaphase-Promoting Complex-CyclosomeBase SequenceEndonucleasesChromosomes, FungalFibroblastsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneRecombinational DNA RepairReplication Protein ACell NucleusRNA, Small InterferingFlow CytometryCarrier ProteinsEndodeoxyribonucleasesMicrotubulesPhenotypeRetinoblastoma ProteinPrometaphaseCell Survival

KinaseMec1SaccharomycesTranscriptionalHomologousHydroxyureaResectionMeioticForksTelomereRecombinationReplicationMechanismsPolymeraseNuclearSurroundHumansInefficientSystemFamilyRepairFormProcessProgramDamage checkpointPhosphorylationArrestsForkheadEukaryoticDegradationInteractionInteractsKinasesAccessionBiolDescriptionIncludesHumanArticles

Kinase2

• Emerging evidence indicate that the mammalian checkpoint kinase ATM induces transcriptional silencing in cis to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a poorly understood mechanism. (elifesciences.org)
• The SAD1/RAD53 protein kinase controls multiple checkpoints and DNA damage-induced transcription in yeast. (academicinfluence.com)

Mec13

• Checkpoint suppressor 1 suppresses multiple yeast checkpoint mutations including mec1, rad9, rad53 and dun1 by activating a MEC1-independent checkpoint pathway. (wikipedia.org)
• Here we show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae a single DSB causes transcriptional inhibition of proximal genes independently of Tel1/ATM and Mec1/ATR. (elifesciences.org)
• Once activated by DSBs, ATM/Tel1 and ATR/Mec1 promote DSB repair, delay cell cycle progression or trigger the elimination of genetically unstable cells by inducing cell death. (elifesciences.org)

Saccharomyces2

• In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the telomere-associated protein Ndj1 is required for bouquet formation. (biorxiv.org)
• To address this question, we monitored fork progression, arrest, and restart in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells lacking RNase H1 and H2, two enzymes responsible for degrading RNA:DNA hybrids. (bvsalud.org)

Transcriptional1

• Furthermore, Rad9 and generation of γH2A reduce this DSB-induced transcriptional inhibition by counteracting DSB resection. (elifesciences.org)

Homologous3

• Homologous recombination' is one of the main mechanisms used by cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks. (elifesciences.org)
• The proteins involved in homologous recombination have to work around other processes that go on inside the nucleus, such as the transcription of DNA in genes into RNA molecules. (elifesciences.org)
• Recombination between homologous sequences is a fundamentally important process both in meiosis and in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)

Hydroxyurea1

• We found that while RNase H-deficient cells could replicate their chromosomes normally under unchallenged growth conditions, their replication was impaired when exposed to hydroxyurea (HU) or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). (bvsalud.org)

Resection2

• One of the next challenges will be to see if the resection process makes any contribution to changes in the transcription of genes that surround a double-strand break in mammals as well. (elifesciences.org)
• Similar impairments in nascent DNA resection and ssDNA formation at HU-arrested forks were observed in human cells lacking RNase H2. (bvsalud.org)

Meiotic2

• To this end we have expressed the site-specific HO endonuclease in meiotic cells so that we can compare recombination events at the same loci where we have used HO to stimulate recombination in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)
• Here we identified Nup2 in a pool of enriched proteins that co-purify with tagged Ndj1 from meiotic cell extracts. (biorxiv.org)

Forks2

• Treated cells exhibited increased levels of RNA:DNA hybrids at stalled forks and were unable to generate RPA-coated single-stranded (ssDNA), an important postreplicative intermediate in resuming replication. (bvsalud.org)
• In this review, we discuss how these different cotranscriptional processes disrupt the progression of replication forks and how they contribute to genetic instability in cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)

Telomere1

• Nup2 is a nonessential nucleoporin that functions in nuclear transport, boundary activity, and telomere silencing in mitotically dividing cells. (biorxiv.org)

Recombination5

• We are interested in understanding at the molecular level how recombination occurs and what roles are played by the many proteins involved in DNA recombination, repair and replication. (brandeis.edu)
• Using synchronized cells undergoing recombination that is initiated at a specific site on a chromosome by an inducible endonuclease, we use physical monitoring techniques (Southern blots, PCR analysis) to follow the sequence of molecular events that occur in real time. (brandeis.edu)
• We are interested in determining what are the specific biochemical roles played by the many proteins implicated in DNA recombination, repair and replication. (brandeis.edu)
• We have shown that the invasion of DNA strands into a donor template region requires the action of the chromatin remodeling protein Rad54 that enables the recombination machinery to gain access to "closed" regions of DNA. (brandeis.edu)
• We have shown that this regulation involves the action of a small Recombination Enhancer (RE) sequence that enables a donor on the left chromosome arm to recombine preferentially in MATa cells. (brandeis.edu)

Replication1

• We have identified the proteins necessary to carry out the initial steps in strand invasion and the beginning of new DNA synthesis, which is significantly different from the normal process of replication. (brandeis.edu)

Mechanisms1

• consequently cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). (brandeis.edu)

Polymerase1

• We show that, under physiological conditions, Sen1 removes RNA polymerase II at TRCs within genes and the rDNA and at sites of transcription-transcription conflicts, thus qualifying as a "key regulator of conflicts. (bvsalud.org)

Nuclear1

• These attachment sites are linked to actin-bundles that surround the nucleus via an Ndj1-Mps3-Csm4 protein bridge that spans the inner and outer nuclear membranes. (biorxiv.org)

Surround1

• Previous research has reported that forming a double-strand break in the DNA reduces the levels of transcription for the genes that surround the break, but it was not clear how this occurred. (elifesciences.org)

Humans2

• Forkhead box protein N3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXN3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
• DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous for cells, since their inefficient or inaccurate repair can result in deletions and chromosomal translocations that can lead to cancer and/or severe developmental abnormalities in humans. (elifesciences.org)

Inefficient1

• We are also interested in gene targeting methods and in figuring out why these types of gene replacement and modification are quite inefficient, even in yeast. (brandeis.edu)

System1

• In addition cells have evolved a damage-sensing checkpoint system whereby the cells delay entry into mitosis until the break has been repaired. (brandeis.edu)

Family1

• This gene is a member of the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor family. (wikipedia.org)

Repair2

• We have focused a lot of attention on yeast mating-type gene switching ( MAT switching) as an example of DSB repair that we can study in great detail. (brandeis.edu)
• MAT switching is an example of a repair process called gene conversion. (brandeis.edu)

Form1

• Breaks that form across both strands in a DNA double helix are considered the most dangerous type of DNA damage, and can cause a cell to die or become cancerous if they are not repaired accurately. (elifesciences.org)

Process1

• We have been fascinated by the process of yeast mating-type gene switching, in which cells replace about 700 bp of Ya or Y-specific DNA sequences at the MAT locus by recombining with one of two donor loci, called HMLDescription: image3 and HMRa. (brandeis.edu)

Program1

• Meiosis is a specialized cellular program required to create haploid gametes from diploid parent cells. (biorxiv.org)

Damage checkpoint4

• Rad53 FHA domain associated with phosphorylated Rad9 in the DNA damage checkpoint. (embl.de)
• In response to DNA DSBs, cells activate a complex DNA damage checkpoint (DDC) response that arrests the cell cycle, reprograms gene expression, and mobilizes DNA repair factors to prevent the inheritance of unrepaired and broken chromosomes. (nih.gov)
• 28. Two serine phosphorylation sites in the C-terminus of Rad9 are critical for 9-1-1 binding to TopBP1 and activation of the DNA damage checkpoint response in HeLa cells. (nih.gov)
• 38. Recruitment of DNA damage checkpoint proteins to damage in transcribed and nontranscribed sequences. (nih.gov)

Phosphorylation2

• Inactivation of this domain abolished DNA damage-dependent Rad53 phosphorylation, G2/M cell cycle phase arrest, and increase of RNR3 transcription but did not affect replication inhibition-dependent Rad53 phosphorylation. (embl.de)
• 25. Phosphorylation of nucleotide excision repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum group A by ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related-dependent checkpoint pathway promotes cell survival in response to UV irradiation. (nih.gov)

Arrests2

• Checkpoints are eukaryotic DNA damage-inducible cell cycle arrests at G1 and G2. (wikipedia.org)
• May be involved in DNA damage-inducible cell cycle arrests (checkpoints). (nih.gov)

Forkhead4

• Forkhead box protein N3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXN3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
• This gene is a member of the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor family. (wikipedia.org)
• The forkhead-associated (FHA) domain [ ( PUBMED:7482699 ) ] is a phosphopeptide recognition domain found in many regulatory proteins. (embl.de)
• The Rad9 protein was phosphorylated in response to DNA damage, and phosphorylated Rad9 interacted with the COOH-terminal forkhead homology-associated (FHA) domain of Rad53. (embl.de)

Eukaryotic3

• Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins. (embl.de)
• To date, genes encoding FHA-containing proteins have been identified in eubacterial and eukaryotic but not archaeal genomes. (embl.de)
• FHA domains are conserved sequences of 65-100 amino acid residues found principally within eukaryotic nuclear proteins, but which also exist in certain prokaryotes. (embl.de)

Degradation1

• The domain is present in a diverse range of proteins, such as kinases, phosphatases, kinesins, transcription factors, RNA-binding proteins and metabolic enzymes which partake in many different cellular processes - DNA repair, signal transduction, vesicular transport and protein degradation are just a few examples. (embl.de)

Interaction2

• These findings indicate that the FHA domain is a phospho-specific protein-protein interaction motif and have important implications for mechanisms of intracellular signaling in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (embl.de)
• 36. Interaction between Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 and TopBP1 activates ATR-ATRIP and promotes TopBP1 recruitment to sites of UV-damage. (nih.gov)

Interacts1

• 22. Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) interacts with paraspeckle protein NONO to co-regulate gene expression with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). (nih.gov)

Kinases2

• The FHA domain: a putative nuclear signalling domain found in protein kinases and transcription factors. (embl.de)
• DSBs originating from endogenous or exogenous sources trigger the activation of DDC kinases that coordinate an intricate cellular response that includes cell cycle arrest and the mobilization of DSB-repair pathways. (nih.gov)

Accession1

• Gene symbols, accession ids and various other target identifiers. (nih.gov)

Biol1

• Mol Cell Biol. (wikipedia.org)

Description1

• Description of the protein which includes the UniProt Function and the NCBI Gene Summary. (nih.gov)

Includes1

• Total count of NCBI Gene Reference Into Function hits for target listed in parenthesis, and summary table with links to publications per PMID with the specific text in article that includes the reported target. (nih.gov)

Human2

• 29. Knockdown of p54nrb inhibits migration, invasion and TNF-α release of human acute monocytic leukemia THP1 cells. (nih.gov)
• 34. Is activation of the intra-S checkpoint in human fibroblasts an important factor in protection against UV-induced mutagenesis? (nih.gov)

Articles1

• Jensen Lab generated fractional counting score for the prevalence of this gene in Pubmed articles. (nih.gov)