NeuronsNeurotoxicKynurenineNMDATryptophanNiacinSuicidal moodsNeuroprotectionSerotoninPotentKYNAInflammatoryAmino acidDisordersMiceCompoundBrainEffectLeadKynurenic acidProduce quinolinic acidAgonistMacrophagesPyridineAstrocytesToxicityStriatumMicrogliaInduceNeurotoxinNeurodegenerationDependentScientificOxidaseAspartateEffectsRoleLevelsTime
Neurons2
- Quinolinic acid affects neurons located mainly in the hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex, due to the selectivity toward quinolinic acid by the specific NMDA receptors residing in those regions. (wikipedia.org)
- The current examine was undertaken to find out the potential neuroprotective results and the related mechanism of papaverine (PAP), a PDE10A isoenzyme inhibitor, towards quinolinic acid (QUIN)-induced excitotoxicity utilizing human major cortical neurons. (aabioetica.org)
Neurotoxic2
- Quinolinic acid has a potent neurotoxic effect. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to a loss of niacin synthesis, when vitamin B6 is deficient and the tryptophan pathway is disturbed, the incomplete degradation of tryptophan produces several metabolites that are neurotoxic, including one called quinolinic acid . (hormonesmatter.com)
Kynurenine8
- Quinolinic acid is a downstream product of the kynurenine pathway, which metabolizes the amino acid tryptophan. (wikipedia.org)
- Quinolinic acid is a byproduct of the kynurenine pathway, which is responsible for catabolism of tryptophan in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
- This pathway is important for its production of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and produces several neuroactive intermediates including quinolinic acid, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA). (wikipedia.org)
- When inflammation occurs, quinolinic acid is produced in excessive levels through the kynurenine pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway in vertebrate organisms. (mdpi.com)
- With the appropriate vitamin B6, quinolinic acid is not the final product of tryptophan catabolism, NAD+ or niacin is, and any damage initiated by quinolinic acid as a natural by-product within this pathway is offset by two neuroprotective factors, kynurenine and picolinic acid. (hormonesmatter.com)
- enzymes that lead to neuroprotective compounds, kynurenine or picolinic acid. (hormonesmatter.com)
- Kynurenine blocks the cytotoxic effects of quinolinic acid by blocking the NMDA receptor, making it unavailable to quinolinic acid, while picolinic acid is the primary metal chelator (remover) in the brain (likely critically important in post vaccine reactions). (hormonesmatter.com)
NMDA3
- Quinolinic acid's neuroactive and excitatory properties are a result of NMDA receptor agonism in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- The quinolinic acid produced in microglia is then released and stimulates NMDA receptors, resulting in excitatory neurotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
- Quinolinic acid produces its toxic effect through several mechanisms, primarily as its function as an NMDA receptor agonist, which triggers a chain of deleterious effects, but also through lipid peroxidation, and cytoskeletal destabilization. (wikipedia.org)
Tryptophan5
- Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous tryptophan (Trp) metabolite known to possess neuroprotective property. (mdpi.com)
- While quinolinic acid cannot pass the BBB, kynurenic acid, tryptophan and 3-hydroxykynurenine do and subsequently act as precursors to the production of quinolinic acid in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- QUIN is produced in glial cells from tryptophan, and is normally converted into NAD+ by an enzyme. (phoenixrising.me)
- It is critical for the catabolism (breakdown) of the essential amino acid tryptophan. (hormonesmatter.com)
- Excess tryptophan is degraded resulting in the by-products nictonic acid and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - or as most of us recognize, niacin, vitamin B3. (hormonesmatter.com)
Niacin3
- Quinolinic acid may undergo further decarboxylation to nicotinic acid (niacin): Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate, containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- If you have abundant dietary niacin, your cells might not produce as much of that enzyme, leaving an excess of QUIN. (phoenixrising.me)
- with dietary niacin, that evil QUIN would remain in my brain cells, doing its nastiness. (phoenixrising.me)
Suicidal moods1
- I think the cause of the suicidal moods was quinolinic acid, which is known to have that effect. (phoenixrising.me)
Neuroprotection1
- In abstract, these information point out that PDE10A is concerned in QUIN-mediated synaptotoxicity and its inhibition elicit neuroprotection by decreasing the oxidative stress and defending synaptic proteins through up-regulation of cAMP signalling cascade. (aabioetica.org)
Serotonin5
- Quinolinic acid (QUIN) and serotonin (5-HT) are chemicals that can affect pain perception and depressive disorders. (balimedicaljournal.org)
- This study aims to analyze the relationship between quinolinic acid and serotonin levels with depression and pain degree in cancer pain patients. (balimedicaljournal.org)
- The patient's quinolinic acid and serotonin plasma were collected through blood samples and assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. (balimedicaljournal.org)
- Spearman's comparison test determined the correlation between quinolinic acid and serotonin levels with depression and pain degree. (balimedicaljournal.org)
- Spearman's comparison test was conducted on quinolinic acid and serotonin levels against depression degree and pain degree, resulting in a weak correlation. (balimedicaljournal.org)
Potent1
- Quinolinic acid is a potent and self-perpetuating neurotoxin when unopposed in the brain. (hormonesmatter.com)
KYNA1
- While astrocytes do not produce quinolinic acid directly, they do produce KYNA, which when released from the astrocytes can be taken in by migroglia that can in turn increase quinolinic acid production. (wikipedia.org)
Inflammatory3
- Under inflammatory conditions and conditions of T cell activation, leukocytes are retained in the brain by cytokine and chemokine production, which can lead to the breakdown of the BBB, thus increasing the quinolinic acid that enters the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- The gliotoxic effects of quinolinic acid further amplify the inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. (researchgate.net)
Amino acid1
- The top molecule is bound reversibly, but the lower one is bound covalently as it has reacted with an amino acid residue through its nitrogen mustard group. (pdk1signaling.com)
Disorders1
- Studies have demonstrated that quinolinic acid may be involved in many psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative processes in the brain, as well as other disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Mice1
- Lapin followed up this research by demonstrating that quinolinic acid could induce convulsions when injected into mice brain ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
Compound1
- The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. (researchgate.net)
Brain3
- Within the brain, quinolinic acid is only produced by activated microglia and macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, quinolinic acid has been shown to play a role in destabilization of the cytoskeleton within astrocytes and brain endothelial cells, contributing to the degradation of the BBB, which results in higher concentrations of quinolinic acid in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- Once that cycle becomes initiated, quinolinic acid potentiates its own release and that of other neurotoxins, ensuring continued brain inflammation and damage. (hormonesmatter.com)
Effect1
- RESULTS: The findings showed that YJSB reduced the levels of aspartate aminotr ansferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bile acid (TBA), both of which are indicators of liver function and had a protective effect against liver injury. (bvsalud.org)
Lead2
- After this, Schwarcz demonstrated that elevated quinolinic acid levels could lead to axonal neurodegeneration. (wikipedia.org)
- High levels of quinolinic acid can lead to hindered neuronal function or even apoptotic death. (wikipedia.org)
Kynurenic acid4
- This pathway is important for its production of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and produces several neuroactive intermediates including quinolinic acid, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA). (wikipedia.org)
- While quinolinic acid cannot pass the BBB, kynurenic acid, tryptophan and 3-hydroxykynurenine do and subsequently act as precursors to the production of quinolinic acid in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- The pathway is named for the first intermediate, Kynurenine , which is a precursor to kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine . (cloudfront.net)
- Cell supernatants were analysed using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to measure kynurenine, kynurenic acid (KYNA), quinolinic acid (QUIN) and tryptophan. (scilifelab.se)
Produce quinolinic acid2
- While astrocytes do not produce quinolinic acid directly, they do produce KYNA, which when released from the astrocytes can be taken in by migroglia that can in turn increase quinolinic acid production. (wikipedia.org)
- There is experimental evidence that macrophages incubated with Bb produce quinolinic acid. (blogspot.com)
Agonist2
- Quinolinic acid produces its toxic effect through several mechanisms, primarily as its function as an NMDA receptor agonist, which triggers a chain of deleterious effects, but also through lipid peroxidation, and cytoskeletal destabilization. (wikipedia.org)
- Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is an agonist of the neurotransmitter glutamate (Glu) capable of binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) increasing glutamatergic signaling. (nih.gov)
Macrophages2
- Within the brain, quinolinic acid is only produced by activated microglia and macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
- Microglia and macrophages produce the vast majority of quinolinic acid present in the body. (wikipedia.org)
Pyridine1
- Quinolinic acid (abbreviated QUIN or QA), also known as pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with a pyridine backbone. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes3
- Furthermore, quinolinic acid has been shown to play a role in destabilization of the cytoskeleton within astrocytes and brain endothelial cells, contributing to the degradation of the BBB, which results in higher concentrations of quinolinic acid in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent evidence suggests that astrocytes are also susceptible to QUIN cytotoxicity by an unknown mechanism. (australasianresearch.org)
- This study investigated the putative role of NMDA receptor activation and oxidative stress in QUIN induced cytotoxicity in astrocytes. (australasianresearch.org)
Toxicity2
- In Caenorhabditis elegans, the mechanism by which QUIN induces behavioral and metabolic toxicity has not been fully elucidated. (nih.gov)
- The effects of QUIN on behavioral and metabolic parameters in nmr-1 and nmr-2 NMDA receptors in transgenic and wild-type (WT) worms were performed to decipher the pathway by which QUIN exerts its toxicity. (nih.gov)
Striatum2
- Detailed analysis, at a single time point of 1 d post-QUIN injection, showed excitotoxin-injected striatum to exhibit marked increases in microgliosis (ED1 marker), astrogliosis (GFAP marker) and VEGF expression, compared with PBS injection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Leakiness of BBB was indicated by infiltration of Evans blue dye and plasma protein fibrinogen into QUIN-injected striatum with barrier permeability restored by 62% (Evans blue permeability) and 49% (fibrinogen permeability) with Cyclo-VEGI application. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia1
- The quinolinic acid produced in microglia is then released and stimulates NMDA receptors, resulting in excitatory neurotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
Induce2
- Lapin followed up this research by demonstrating that quinolinic acid could induce convulsions when injected into mice brain ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
- QUIN is known for being an endogenous neurotoxin, able to induce neurodegeneration. (nih.gov)
Neurotoxin1
- The most frequently mentioned neurotoxin is quinolinic acid. (blogspot.com)
Neurodegeneration1
- After this, Schwarcz demonstrated that elevated quinolinic acid levels could lead to axonal neurodegeneration. (wikipedia.org)
Dependent2
- Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for studies on quinolinic acid-induced NMDAR-dependent glutamatergic disorders. (nih.gov)
- QUIN increased locomotion parameters such as wavelength and movement amplitude medium, as well as speed and displacement, without modifying the number of body bends in an NMDAR-dependent-manner. (nih.gov)
Scientific1
- Scientific evidence, from my review of the literature, does not support the accumulation of quinolinic acid in the brains, spinal fluid or bile of Lyme patients. (blogspot.com)
Oxidase2
- Quinolinic acid may undergo further decarboxylation to nicotinic acid (niacin): Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate, containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate , containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. (cloudfront.net)
Aspartate1
- However, it was not until 1981 that Stone and Perkins showed that quinolinic acid activates the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). (wikipedia.org)
Effects1
- The effects of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, Cyclo-VEGI on expression of VEGF, microgliosis and astrogliosis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuronal viability have been studied following intra-striatal injection of the excitotoxin, quinolinic acid (QUIN). (biomedcentral.com)
Role1
- This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with cardiac mitochondrial impairment and its role in CRS development in the folic acid-induced AKI (FA-AKI) model. (bvsalud.org)
Levels1
- High levels of quinolinic acid can lead to hindered neuronal function or even apoptotic death. (wikipedia.org)
Time1
- QUIN increased the response time to the chemical stimulant 1-octanol, which is modulated by glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ASH neuron. (nih.gov)