AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Purine NucleotidesPurinesNucleotidesPurine NucleosidesInosine MonophosphateAmidophosphoribosyltransferaseAdenine NucleotidesPhosphoribosyl PyrophosphateRibose-Phosphate PyrophosphokinasePyrimidine NucleotidesAMP DeaminaseNucleotide DeaminasesGuanine NucleotidesHypoxanthinesAdenylosuccinate LyaseInosine NucleotidesPurine-Nucleoside PhosphorylaseHypoxanthineAdenylosuccinate SynthaseInosineHypoxanthine PhosphoribosyltransferaseRibonucleotidesMolecular Sequence DataAdenosine TriphosphateAdenineMethylthioinosinePhosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide FormyltransferasePentosyltransferasesPentosephosphatesGMP ReductaseAdenosine MonophosphateGuanosine TriphosphateRibonucleosidesAzaserineGuanosine MonophosphatePurine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn ErrorsBase Sequence5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (FADH2)Acanthamoeba castellaniiAmino Acid SequenceHydroxymethyl and Formyl TransferasesKineticsGuanineAminoimidazole CarboxamideGuanine DeaminaseLesch-Nyhan SyndromePolymorphism, Single NucleotideIMP DehydrogenaseSulfanilic AcidsCarbon-Nitrogen LigasesEscherichia coliAdenine PhosphoribosyltransferaseAdenosineCloning, MolecularUridine TriphosphateXanthineAdenosine DiphosphateGuanosine DiphosphateAmmoniaPhosphoribosylglycinamide FormyltransferaseMutationAdenosine DeaminaseDNAMitochondrial Proteins5'-NucleotidaseSuraminBinding SitesNucleotidasesSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidGlutamineXanthinesNucleic Acid ConformationSubstrate SpecificityAdipose Tissue, BrownReceptors, Purinergic P2NADTranscription, GeneticCarcinoma, Ehrlich TumorNucleotides, CyclicReceptors, PurinergicCarbamyl PhosphatePhosphotransferasesRestriction MappingUric AcidIon ChannelsGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsGuanosineRNASequence Analysis, DNAModels, MolecularMitochondriaCell LineProtein BindingPhosphatesPurinergic P2 Receptor AntagonistsGlycineLyasesUncoupling AgentsNucleosidesStructure-Activity Relationship
PyrimidinesNucleosidesNucleic acidsMetabolismUric acidPathwaysAdenine nucleotidesAdenosineSynthesis of purine nucleotidesProduct of purineBiosynthesisGuaninePathway of purineRegulation of purineRibose or deoxyriboseNucleoside phosphorylaseBasesAminoEnzymesOverproductionDeaminationGlutamateSynthetase superactivityCytosineReactionsDerivativesNovo pathwayUridinePentoseCompoundsSpecificityPhosphocreatineOccursPhosphate groupsCycleDisruptionPRPPMoleculesSpeciesCompoundContrastProteinsBreakdown
Pyrimidines12
  • Purines and pyrimidines may be synthesized de novo or recycled by a salvage pathway from normal catabolism. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • Bio-synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines PPT) How nucleotides are synthesized in the cells? (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • conversion of exogenous uridine to UMP by uridine phosphotransferase.B. Chapter 28 The Metabolism of Purines and Pyrimidines. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Purines and pyrimidines may be manufactured from smaller molecules, or they can be recycled from the breakdown of DNA and RNA in a series of reactions called the salvage pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Manufacturing purines and pyrimidines uses much more energy and takes more time than recycling them, which makes recycling these molecules more efficient. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The salvage pathway ensures that cells have a plentiful supply of purines and pyrimidines. (medlineplus.gov)
  • PRPP synthetase 1 and PRPP are involved in the manufacture of new purines and pyrimidines, and are also essential for the purine salvage pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Island like structures of primordial soup were formed in the oceans, Compounds such as hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde were formed in the primordial soup, which readily got transformed into amino acids, sugars, purines and pyrimidines. (boloji.com)
  • Sugar, pyrimidines, purines and phosphate organized to form nucleotides. (boloji.com)
  • The biologically important bases are the purines Adenine and Guanine and the pyrimidines Cytidine, Thymine, and Uracil. (agemed.org)
  • The nitrogen-containing bases belong to two families of compounds: the purines and the pyrimidines. (pharmacy180.com)
  • These enzymes catalytically interact with a wide range of nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines) and their derivatives. (copewithcytokines.org)
Nucleosides6
Nucleic acids4
  • uric acid is a breakdown product of purines (ATP, GTP, nucleic acids) and its excretion permits the necessary removal of nitrogen waste from the body Overview of purine catabolism - may also play a role in immunity as an adjuvant vaccination of an organism with antigen alone is likely to induce tolerance contains adequate amounts of the nucleotides. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • MZB inhibits the de novo purine biosynthesis of purines, but unlike azathioprine (AZT), it is not incorporated into nucleic acids in the cell. (hindawi.com)
  • Units of amino acids polymerized to form proteins and those of nucleotides to form Polynucleotide chains (Nucleic acids) here was a uniqueness in the constituents They could tolerate only a certain range of temperature,, configuration and organization of each chain. (boloji.com)
  • Note: The phosphate groups are responsible for the negative charges associated with nucleotides and cause DNA and RNA to be referred to as "nucleic acids. (pharmacy180.com)
Metabolism15
  • The Purine Nucleotide Cycle is a metabolic pathway in protein metabolism requiring the amino acids aspartate and glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
  • IMP is synthesized de novo from glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway which produces ribose 5-P, which then converts to PRPP that with the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartate (see Purine metabolism) can be further converted into IMP. (wikipedia.org)
  • Purine catabolism pathway is one of the Nucleic acid Metabolism. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • Textbook of Biochemistry: With Clinical Correlations 7th, Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism. (euroasfalti.net)
  • ATP.E. Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Rebecca S. Wappner PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are important constituents of RNA, DNA, nucleotide sugars, and other high-energy compounds and of cofactors such as adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. (euroasfalti.net)
  • AMP, GMP, and IMP shift PRPP amido transferase from a small form to a large form.B. Human diseases that involve abnormalities in purine metabolism include gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, adenosine deaminase deficiency, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (euroasfalti.net)
  • mathrm{C} . The disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism exhibit a wide array of clinical symptoms, which include renal calculi, neurologic problems, delayed physical and mental development, self-mutilation, hemolytic anemias, and immunodeficiencies. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism. (euroasfalti.net)
  • As a phosphoribosyltransferase is … metabolism of purine & pyrimidine nucleotides participate in many organisms carbamoyl phosphate is by. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Break down purines that are inhibited by anticancer drugs, may nevertheless be metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides DNA. (euroasfalti.net)
  • In addition, increases in GPX, SOD3, G6PD, HK, and PFK at proteomic and transcriptomic levels suggested elevation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, synthesis of glutathione and nucleotides, and antioxidative pathway activity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation, TCA and mitochondrial energy metabolism were reduced. (frontiersin.org)
  • Inosine monophosphate is oxidised by the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase , yielding xanthosine monophosphate , a key precursor in purine metabolism. (wikidoc.org)
  • Nucleotides are very important as cosubstrates in metabolism. (heresy.is)
  • Furthermore, metabolome analysis of HPRT1-knockout cells revealed increased intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway and elevated metabolic flux in the purine de novo pathway, indicating compensated metabolism between the de novo and salvage pathways in purine nucleotide biosynthesis. (bvsalud.org)
Uric acid9
  • â ¢Uric acid is end product of purine catabolism hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • Purines are catabolized to xanthine and uric acid in human.Uric acid then is secreted in urine. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • â ¢ The end product of purine catabolism is uric acid in humans. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • Catabolism of Purines: Uric acid is the chief end-product of purine catabo-lism in man and the higher apes. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • The end product of complete catabolism of purines is uric acid. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Under these conditions, uric acid, a waste product of purine breakdown, accumulates in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Uric Acid is an end product of purine nucleotide catabolism in humans. (salimetrics.com)
  • Systemic uric acid concentrations are influenced by dietary levels of purine rich foods, body mass index (BMI), and cardiometabolic risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride levels and fasting blood glucose. (salimetrics.com)
  • Uric Acid (UA) is an end product of purine nucleotide catabolism in humans that provides health benefits at normal levels, constituting a large portion of the antioxidant capacity of blood. (salimetrics.com)
Pathways4
  • 3). Xanthosine, the initial substrate of purine alkaloid syn-thesis, is supplied by at least four diï¬ erent pathways: de novo purine biosynthesis (de novo route), the degradation pathways of adenine nucleotides (AMP route) and guanine nucleotides (GMP route), and the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) cycle (SAM route) (Fig. No public clipboards found for this slide. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • It is used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases including granulomatosis with polyangiitis because the uptake of purine by actively dividing B cells can exceed 8 times that of normal body cells, and, therefore, this set of white cells (which cannot operate purine salvage pathways) is selectively targeted by the purine deficiency resulting from Inherited Metabolic Diseases (IMD) inhibition. (wikidoc.org)
  • Purine nucleotides are supplied by two pathways: de novo and salvage. (bvsalud.org)
Adenine nucleotides2
Adenosine3
  • Since then, receptor subtypes for adenosine-selective (P1 receptors) and purine and pyrimidine selective (P2 receptors) have been cloned and characterized. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Binding to cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). (mcw.edu)
  • DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
Synthesis of purine nucleotides1
  • L-serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. (hmdb.ca)
Product of purine1
Biosynthesis7
  • State the relevance of coordinated control of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • Purine Biosynthesis Purine nucleotide biosynthesis is a complex 10 step process. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • This is a family of bifunctional enzymes catalysing the last two steps in de novo purine biosynthesis. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The protein produced by the rat cDNA using pET-expression system catalysed the penultimate and final steps of de novo purine biosynthesis. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • These steps of de novo purine biosynthesis, respectively. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • These results suggest that HPRT1 has therapeutic implications in SCLC and provide fundamental insights into the regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Implications: SCLC tumors preferentially utilize either the de novo or salvage pathway in purine nucleotide biosynthesis, and HPRT1 has therapeutic implications in SCLC. (bvsalud.org)
Guanine3
  • Neutrophil nucleotide receptors are coupled to guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Chick liver, in comparison with rat liver, was found to contain a high activity of purine synthesis de novo, a high content and availability of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PP-rib-P), comparable activity of PP-rib-P synthetase, and low activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT). (tau.ac.il)
  • Both DNA and RNA contain the same purine bases: adenine (A) and guanine (G). Both DNA and RNA contain the pyrimidine cytosine (C), but they differ in their second pyrimidine base: DNA contains thymine (T), whereas RNA contains uracil (U). T and U differ in that only T has a methyl group (Figure 22.1). (pharmacy180.com)
Pathway of purine2
  • The results suggest that the intensive activity of the pathway of purine synthesis de novo in the chick liver is mediated by the high PP-rib-P concentration, which may be due at least in part to the relative partial deficiency of HGPRT. (tau.ac.il)
  • The de novo synthesis pathway of purine nucleotides, which is involved in the malignant growth of SCLC, has emerged as a novel therapeutic target. (bvsalud.org)
Regulation of purine1
  • The differences between the uricotelic chick and the ureotelic rat, in the regulation of purine synthesis de novo, were studied in intact liver tissue. (tau.ac.il)
Ribose or deoxyribose1
Nucleoside phosphorylase2
Bases2
  • However, in contrast to purine catabolism, the pyrimidine bases in most organisms are subjected to reduction rather than oxidation. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
  • Nucleotides for which water-mediated pro- tein-DNA contacts with the bases were observed in the co-crystal structures are encircled with a continuous line. (lu.se)
Amino4
  • The K a /K s ratio can be used to examine the action of natural selection on protein-coding regions, [5] [6] it provides information about the relative rates of nucleotide substitutions that change amino acids (non-synonymous substitutions) to those that do not change the encoded amino acid (synonymous substitutions). (wikipedia.org)
  • Rat and human AICARFT/IMPCHase cDNAs show 84 and 91% homology at the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level, respectively. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The human and avian purH cDNAs are 75 and 81% similar on the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level, respectively. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Why, then, do cosubstrates so often possess nucleotides as their binding tags, rather than for example amino acids or peptides? (heresy.is)
Enzymes1
  • Note: The presence of an unusual base in a nucleotide sequence may aid in its recognition by specific enzymes or protect it from being degraded by nucleases. (pharmacy180.com)
Overproduction2
  • are formed in a sequential pathway,C must come from exogenous sources.D. Gout is a disease characterized by hyperuricemia from an overproduction of purine nucleotides via the de novo pathway. (euroasfalti.net)
  • disorder causes purine overproduction. (msdmanuals.com)
Deamination1
Glutamate2
  • As the purine nucleotide cycle produces ammonia (see below in ammonia synthesis), skeletal muscle needs to synthesize glutamate in a way that does not further increase ammonia, and as such the use of glutaminase to produce glutamate from glutamine would not be ideal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Catabolism of the pyrimidine nucleotides leads ultimately to β-alanine (when CMP and UMP are degraded) or β-aminoisobutyrate (when dTMP is degraded) and NH 3 and CO 2.The β-alanine and β-aminoisobutyrate serve as -NH 2 donors in transamination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
Synthetase superactivity2
  • Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity treatment is with allopurinol and a low-purine diet. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The genetic and functional basis of purine nucleotide feedback-resistant phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity. (medlineplus.gov)
Cytosine1
Reactions2
  • The de novo pathway for synthesizing pyrimidine nucleotides has about the same number of reactions as the purine pathway, but also has a different strategy. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Inosine is also an intermediate in a chain of purine nucleotides reactions required for muscle movements. (wikidoc.org)
Derivatives1
  • Synthesis of 8-hydroxy and 8-mercapto derivatives of acyclic adenine nucleoside and nucleotide analogs. (cas.cz)
Novo pathway1
  • We also demonstrated that HPRT1 expression confers resistance to lemetrexol (LMX), an inhibitor of the purine de novo pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Uridine3
  • Pyrimidine nucleotides stimulated fMet-Leu-Phe-induced O2- formation in the effectiveness order uridine 5'-O-[3-thio]triphosphate (UTP[gamma S]) = UTP greater than CTP. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • conversion of exogenous uridine to UMP by uridine phosphotransferase.B. Which of the following is a purine base? (euroasfalti.net)
  • Salvage pathway, c must come from exogenous uridine providing substrate for synthesis nucleotides! (euroasfalti.net)
Pentose2
  • Thus, when the 5-carbon of a nucleoside (or nucleotide) is referred to, a carbon atom in the pentose, rather than an atom in the base, is being specified. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The first phosphate group is attached by an ester linkage to the 5 I -OH of the pentose, forming a nucleoside 5I -phosphate or a 5 I -nucleotide. (pharmacy180.com)
Compounds1
  • 6-thiopurines are compounds containing a purine that carries a thiol group at the 6-position. (hmdb.ca)
Specificity1
  • Our results suggest that purine and pyrimidine nucleotides act via nucleotide receptors, the nucleotide specificity of which is different from nucleotide receptors in other cell types. (uni-regensburg.de)
Phosphocreatine2
  • When the phosphagen system (ATP-PCr) has been depleted of phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate), the purine nucleotide cycle also helps to sustain the myokinase reaction by reducing accumulation of AMP produced after muscle contraction in the below reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphocreatine stores: These stores, consumed in the purine nucleotide cycle, are vital for very high-intensity exercise of short duration, as other stores are depleted early. (medscape.com)
Occurs2
  • The purine nucleotide cycle occurs in the cytosol (a gel-like substance) of the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle, and in the myocyte's cytosolic compartment of the cytoplasm of cardiac and smooth muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, HPRT1-knockout had less effect on SCLC SBC-5 cells, which are more sensitive to LMX than other SCLC cell lines, suggesting that a preference for either the purine de novo or salvage pathway occurs in SCLC. (bvsalud.org)
Phosphate groups1
  • The addition of one or more phosphate groups to a nucleoside produces a nucleotide. (pharmacy180.com)
Cycle1
  • Fumarate, produced from the purine nucleotide cycle, is an intermediate of TCA cycle and enters the mitochondria by converting into malate and utilizing the malate shuttle where it is converted into oxaloacetic acid (OAA). (wikipedia.org)
Disruption1
  • The disruption of purine production, and to a lesser extent pyrimidine production, may impair energy storage and transport in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
PRPP2
Molecules3
  • As nucleotides are released from cells under physiological and pathological conditions, they may play roles as intercellular signal molecules in neutrophil activation. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • These nucleotides are building blocks of DNA, its chemical cousin RNA, and molecules such as ATP and GTP that serve as energy sources in the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In a world dominated by RNA, one would expect cosubstrates and carrier molecules to contain some nucleotide moieties also. (heresy.is)
Species1
  • The end products of purine catabolism are different in dif-ferent species. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
Compound1
  • Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. (hmdb.ca)
Contrast1
Proteins1
  • ENPP5 belongs to a group of widely and phylogenetically conserved proteins known as Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphates/phosphodiesterases (ENPP). (copewithcytokines.org)
Breakdown1