Pulmonary and aortic stenosis. Medical search. Frequent questions

Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing comprehensive echocardiography and presenting peak aortic velocity ≥ 2.5 m/sec were prospectively enrolled. (univr.it)
Five cases are described in which clinical management was facilitated by the use of Doppler echocardiography to assess the severity of disease and pulmonary artery catheterization to manage maternal hemodynamics. (nih.gov)

Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was calculated by adding right atrial pressure to the tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient. (univr.it)
The infant was diagnosed with a hypoplastic left heart complex with an intact atrial septum (aortic and mitral valves stenosis variant), that led to the cardiogenic shock and acute pulmonary edema. (techscience.com)
As part of a comprehensive interventional cardiology program, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital offers a complete range of treatments for congenital heart conditions including atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), aortic stenosis (AS), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary atresia (PA) and more. (medindia.net)
Members of the congenital cardiac catheterization lab are actively involved in a number of clinical trials to push the non-invasive boundaries to replace pulmonary valves and close atrial septal defects. (yale.edu)
The benefit is to reduce pulmonary venous congestion secondary to elevated left atrial pressures. (medscape.com)

Background: Mitral regurgitation (MR) and elevated pulmonary artery pressure are common findings in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS). (univr.it)
While moderate injury promoted solitary AS, severe-injury induced mixed aortic valve disease with concomitant mild to moderate aortic regurgitation. (nih.gov)
Normal right ventricular size and function, mild-moderate tricuspid regurgitation with pulmonary arterial systolic pressure of 45-50 mm Hg. (acc.org)
Mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation 20. (muni.cz)
Aortic valve stenosis and regurgitation 21. (muni.cz)
Coronary artery disease -- Mitral stenosis -- Mitral regurgitation -- Aortic valvular disease -- Thoracic surgery for non-neoplastic disease -- Lung cancer -- Solitary pulmonary nodule -- Dissecting aortic aneurysm -- IX. (stanford.edu)
The aim of this study was to compare different MRI modalities and invasive angiogram to balloon sizing of RVOT.MethodsSingle-centre prospective study of patients who underwent PPVI for isolated pulmonary regurgitation assessed by 4D flow MRI, 3D steady-state free precession/gradient echo (3D SSFP/GRE) and contrast magnetic resonance angiogram. (bvsalud.org)
The mean difference between systolic 4D flow MRI and balloon sizing was 0.2mm (95%CI, 3.5 to 3.9 mm), whereas it was wider with other techniques.ConclusionsBeyond the quantification of pulmonary valve regurgitation, 4D flow allows accurate estimation of RVOT diameters, especially in systole, which is fundamental before planning PPVI. (bvsalud.org)

However, a systolic blood pressure higher than 200 mmHg is rare in patients with critical aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)
We present a clinical case of a successful surgical correction of a critical aortic stenosis using a hybrid method applied in a newborn during the first day of life. (techscience.com)
Critical aortic stenosis (AS) is the single most problematic valvular disease we encounter in the emergency department. (emra.org)
Treatment with prostaglandin E 1 is necessary for neonates with critical aortic stenosis and low cardiac output. (medscape.com)
Patients with critical aortic stenosis and low cardiac output require resuscitation with prostaglandin E 1 . (medscape.com)
Transvascular balloon dilation for neonatal critical aortic stenosis: early and midterm results. (medscape.com)
Alekyan BG, Petrosyan YS, Coulson JD, Danilov YY, Vinokurov AV. Right subscapular artery catheterization for balloon valvuloplasty of critical aortic stenosis in infants. (medscape.com)

Systolic hypertension can coexist with aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)
Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is not uncommon in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) and portends a dismal prognosis. (elsevierpure.com)
The pathophysiologic role of quantitatively defined MR as a determinant of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is incompletely characterized across the whole spectrum of AS degrees. (univr.it)
In older children, congestive heart failure may be caused by left-sided obstructive disease (valvar or subvalvar aortic stenosis or coarctation), myocardial dysfunction (myocarditis or cardiomyopathy), hypertension, renal failure,[1] or, more rarely, arrhythmias or myocardial ischemia. (medscape.com)
Coarctation of the Aorta Coarctation of the aorta is a localized narrowing of the aortic lumen that results in upper-extremity hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and, if severe, malperfusion of the abdominal. (msdmanuals.com)
This is a functional nonagenarian with multiple comorbidities including previous cerebrovascular accident, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, hyperlipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic kidney disease stage 3, in addition to his advanced age, which contribute to the high-surgical risk of isolated aortic valve replacement in this patient. (acc.org)
Chronic pulmonary hypertension 31. (muni.cz)
Whether to terminate a pregnancy "is a relatively common discussion I have with women with bad heart failure about their risk of further decompensation, death, or needing a heart transplant or heart pump after delivery, or the risk of death in women with pulmonary hypertension. (medscape.com)
Some conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension and severe aortic valve stenosis, during pregnancy are well recognized as very high risk, and there are various scoring systems to help clinicians with risk stratification, she observed. (medscape.com)

Aortic stenosis is the obstruction of blood flow across the aortic valve (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Determination of total body water with tritium oxide, FAO Udekwu, PD Kozoll, KA Meyer - Journal of nuclear Medicine, 1963 Aneurysm of the left pulmonary artery with hemoptysis and bronchial obstruction. (wikipedia.org)
Aortic sclerosis, which is clinically defined as valve thickening without obstruction to outflow, is the most prevalent valve disease in developed countries, being present in about 25% of patients over age 65 years. (medscape.com)
Causes of primary diastolic dysfunction include an anatomic obstruction that prevents ventricular filling (eg, pulmonary venous obstruction), a primary reduction in ventricular compliance (eg, cardiomyopathy, transplant rejection), external constraints (eg, pericardial effusion), and poor hemodynamics after the Fontan procedure (eg, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance). (medscape.com)
Lipid deposition and inflammation lead to thickening of aortic valve structures by fibrosis and calcification initially without causing significant obstruction. (msdmanuals.com)
Regardless of the etiology, calcification of the aortic valve leads to stenosis, inevitably resulting in a fixed obstruction to LV emptying. (medscape.com)
In response to the progressive narrowing of the aortic valve opening, the LV myocardium becomes hypertrophic in order to generate increased pressure during systole and thus force blood past the obstruction. (medscape.com)
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis -- Intestinal obstruction of neonates and infants -- Tracheoesophageal malformations -- Tracheoesophageal malformations -- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia -- Abdominal tumors -- Congenital cysts and sinuses of the neck -- X. Transplantation. (stanford.edu)
Common examples include mild aortic arch obstruction, branch pulmonary stenosis, mild to moderate degrees of atrioventricular and semilunar valve insufficiency, and aortopulmonary collateral flow. (hgexperts.com)
Mild degrees of aortic arch obstruction are common following Norwood palliation for hypoplastic heart syndrome. (hgexperts.com)

A patient presenting with uncontrolled heart failure should be treated supportively with oxygen, cardiac and oximetry monitoring, intravenous access, loop diuretics, nitrates (keep in mind the potential nitrate sensitivity of patients with aortic stenosis), morphine (as needed and tolerated), and noninvasive or invasive ventilatory support (as indicated). (medscape.com)
Aortic stenosis often can be treated without open-heart surgery through a less invasive procedure called a cardiac catheterization. (childrensmn.org)
As the stenosis progresses, patients are unable to increase stroke volume, and as a result, they are unable to increase cardiac output so as to compensate for increases in myocardial oxygen demand. (medscape.com)
It is a catheter-based procedure which is performed by the interventional cardiologist and cardiac surgeon for patients with calcified, narrowed aortic valve (aortic valve stenosis). (yashodahospitals.com)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation -- How to treat all cardiac dysrhythmias -- How to think about shock -- Congestive heart failure (CHF) and pulmonary insufficiency -- Mechanical ventilation -- Why get arterial blood gases? (stanford.edu)
Our's is the only congenial cardiac catheterization laboratory in the State of Connecticut that offers transcatheter pulmonary valve replacements, including the Melody and Edwards valves. (yale.edu)
Inotropic drugs, such as dopamine, dobutamine, and epinephrine, are indicated in cases of reduced cardiac output in aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)
Loop diuretics such as intravenous furosemide may be used carefully in pediatric patients with reduced cardiac function and/or significant mitral valve insufficiency when associated with severe aortic valve stenosis. (medscape.com)
The purpose of our paper is to present the case of a fetus diagnosed with a complex association of cardiac anomalies: interrupted aortic arch type B, large malalignment-type ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve dysplasia, and aberrant right subclavian artery for whom the result of genetic testing revealed 22q11.2 deletion. (bvsalud.org)

The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. (healthline.com)
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the aorta and the main pulmonary artery both connect to the right ventricle instead the aorta connecting to the left ventricle. (umms.org)
Currently, babies with absent or defective pulmonary valves may require open-heart surgery to implant a valved-conduit (a two-inch tube with a valve inside) to open the connection between their right ventricle and pulmonary artery. (medindia.net)
Approximately 22 percent, or 4,800, of these babies born with congenital heart disease have defects disrupting the blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. (medindia.net)
Classically, this condition is a combination of four defects: 1) a large VSD, 2) narrowing of the exit to the right ventricle (pulmonary stenosis), 3) overdevelopment of the muscular wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy), and 4) the aorta is positioned above the wall separating the two sides of the heart (an overriding aorta). (drgreene.com)
This is a narrowing of the valve at the exit of the right ventricle that directs blood through the pulmonary artery to receive oxygen from the lungs. (drgreene.com)

See also Aortic Stenosis , Pediatric Valvar Aortic Stenosis , Pediatric Rheumatic Heart Disease , and Pathology of Rheumatic Heart Disease . (medscape.com)

Blood flows out of the heart and into the aorta through the aortic valve. (medlineplus.gov)
Blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve, one of the four valves in the heart. (childrensmn.org)

Our team has expertise in non-surgical transcatheter treatment of aortic and pulmonary valve stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, intravascular stent placement for narrowed arteries and vessels and blood vessel coil occlusion. (yale.edu)

Acquired stenosis of the aortic valve, which affects adults, is most often caused by calcification of the leaflets themselves and is considered an age-related or degenerative process. (medscape.com)
Hardening of the aortic valve, usually by degenerative calcification, with a jet velocity of less than 5 mm/second is considered aortic sclerosis and is asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
At present, the most common cause of valve replacement in the United States is aortic stenosis secondary to calcification. (medscape.com)
Over time, inflammation, atherosclerosis and calcification thicken the aortic valve leaflets and restrict mobility. (medscape.com)
Histological analysis revealed the classic hallmarks of human disease with aortic valve thickening, increased macrophage infiltration, fibrosis and calcification. (nih.gov)
She was diagnosed with severe stenosis of aortic valve, with extensive valve calcification. (yashodahospitals.com)

Most people with aortic stenosis do not develop symptoms until the disease is advanced. (medlineplus.gov)
Many people with aortic stenosis have no symptoms. (childrensmn.org)

It is beneficial in infants with congenital defects that restrict pulmonary or systemic blood flow and who depend on a patent ductus arteriosus to get adequate oxygenation and lower body perfusion. (medscape.com)

The systemic or pulmonary circulation may depend on the patency of the ductus arteriosus, especially in patients presenting in the first few days of life. (medscape.com)
It is important to recognize that the massive afterload of aortic stenosis is at the level of the aortic valve, with little contribution from the systemic vasculature. (emra.org)

Mutant 1: Cardiovascular defects: Right aortic arch (RAA), hypoplastic ascending aorta and brachiocephalic arteries. (jax.org)
Small and/or distorted pulmonary arteries can be plastied from hilum to hilum and mitral valves can be repaired at the time of surgery. (hgexperts.com)

Arterial insufficiency -- Carotid disease -- Abdominal aortic aneurysm -- Venous disease -- Noninvasive vascular diagnostic laboratory -- VIII. (stanford.edu)

Aortic stenosis (AS) is narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta during systole. (msdmanuals.com)

This is called calcific aortic stenosis. (medlineplus.gov)
Calcific aortic stenosis has been also termed "degenerative aortic stenosis" and "fibrocalcific aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)

Other heart conditions can occur with DORV, such as ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis and aortic stenosis. (umms.org)

Children with mild or moderate aortic stenosis may get worse as they get older. (medlineplus.gov)
They might not recommend intervention if the stenosis is mild and not causing symptoms. (healthline.com)
Mild stenosis may improve with time. (healthline.com)
Greater jet flow velocity with a gradient of less than 20 mm Hg is considered mild stenosis. (medscape.com)
Mild cases of aortic stenosis may not need treatment. (childrensmn.org)

The only definitive treatment for aortic stenosis in adults is aortic valve replacement (surgical or percutaneous). (medscape.com)
A surgical procedure known as a valvuloplasty can stretch the pulmonary valve's walls to improve blood flow. (healthline.com)
1,2 Valve replacement, either surgical or catheter directed (ie, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, or TAVR), is the mainstay of treatment for advanced disease. (emra.org)
After discussion with the surgeons and his family, the patient is worried about the risk of open heart surgery as well as high morbidity associated with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) based on his STS scores. (acc.org)
D. He should not be considered a candidate for either surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR) and offered medical management only. (acc.org)
TAVR is indicated for a patient with intermediate or high-risk for complications related to surgical aortic valve replacement. (yashodahospitals.com)
With advances in catheter/interventional techniques alone or with hybrid (surgical/catheter) techniques it is possible to completely abolish aortic arch gradients. (hgexperts.com)

Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of PHT, with a pulmonary artery systolic pressure cutoff value of 40 mmHg. (elsevierpure.com)

Calcium buildup of the valve happens sooner in people who are born with abnormal aortic or bicuspid valves. (medlineplus.gov)
Bicuspid and unicommissural unicuspid valves generally function normally for the first few decades, after which superimposed degenerative changes occur, at a faster rate that normal trileaflet aortic valves. (medscape.com)
The pathologic findings, clinical symptoms, and treatment are similar to degenerative aortic stenosis in trileaflet valves. (medscape.com)
Calcific aortic valve disease occurs on previously normally-functioning valves, either bi- or trileaflet, and less commonly on unicuspid valves. (medscape.com)
The aortic valve is one of two valves that control the flow of blood as it leaves the heart . (childrensmn.org)
Since fibrous continuity exists between the mitral and aortic valves, the aortic flow is seen in the mitral wave flow velocity waveform in the opposite direction. (thieme-connect.de)
The experts at Boulder Heart are the only team in Boulder County performing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) - an innovative, minimally invasive procedure to replace failing aortic valves. (bch.org)
TAVR is a minimally-invasive procedure to replace damaged aortic valves to boost blood flow, allowing patients to enjoy longer lives and return to favorite activities. (bch.org)

Patients with severe calcific degenerative aortic stenosis can be categorized into three clinical groups at the time of diagnosis: those without evidence of congestive heart failure, those with chronic congestive heart failure, and those with acute heart failure requiring hospitalization. (medscape.com)
The prognosis is especially poor in the setting of acute heart failure, for which aortic valve replacement provides the least benefit. (medscape.com)
Hemodynamically significant AS must be on the differential in the undifferentiated patient presenting with acute pulmonary edema, syncope, or cardiogenic shock , particularly if they are elderly. (emra.org)

For this model, coronary wires were used to apply shear stress to the aortic valve cusps with increasing intensity. (nih.gov)
The stenotic aortic valve results in a buildup of pressure inside the left ventricle and a comparably lower pressure in the aortic root, resulting in low coronary perfusion pressure. (emra.org)
Angiography shows right dominant coronary anatomy with 40% stenosis of the mid left anterior descending artery and 30% stenosis of the proximal right coronary artery. (acc.org)

Likewise pulmonary artery narrowing or distortion can be approached in the same manner as aortic arch obstructions equalizing pulmonary blood flow and decreasing already elevated caval and lymphatic pressures in addition to reducing the total resistance the single ventricle faces. (hgexperts.com)

In August 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) significantly expanded the number of patients diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis who can receive TAVR. (bch.org)

In severe aortic stenosis, the carotid arterial pulse typically has a delayed and plateaued peak, decreased amplitude, and gradual downslope (pulsus parvus et tardus). (medscape.com)

Bicuspid and unicuspid aortic valve disease are congenital conditions. (medscape.com)
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Bicuspid aortic valve is the presence of only two (rather than the normal three) valve cusps. (msdmanuals.com)
Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital cardiovascular abnormality. (msdmanuals.com)
In patients with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), these degenerative changes occur at an earlier age as a consequence of the abnormal hemodynamics across the valve leaflets. (medscape.com)

In patients with severe stenosis, significant morbidity and mortality were experienced when aortic valve replacement was delayed beyond the postpartum period. (nih.gov)

Symptoms of aortic stenosis usually develop gradually after an asymptomatic latent period of 10-20 years. (medscape.com)
Progression of asymptomatic aortic stenosis identified in the neonatal period. (medscape.com)

Among symptomatic patients with medically treated moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis, mortality from the onset of symptoms is approximately 25% at 1 year and 50% at 2 years. (medscape.com)
Chest pain: Angina pectoris in patients with aortic stenosis is typically precipitated by exertion and relieved by rest. (medscape.com)
Patients with severe heart failure due to aortic stenosis that is resistant to medical management should be considered for urgent surgery. (medscape.com)
Introduction: This prospective study was planned to investigate the frequency and relationship of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) with aortic and pulmonary stenosis in patients. (kocaeli.edu.tr)
Over years, aortic sclerosis progresses to stenosis in as many as 15% of patients. (msdmanuals.com)
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) is used for patients with aortic stenosis, who are very weak and cannot tolerate a major heart surgery. (yashodahospitals.com)
TAVR is an FDA-approved procedure that is a good option for patients with severe aortic stenosis. (bch.org)
All patients are carefully assessed by our expert team to determine which aortic procedure is best for each individual patient. (bch.org)
The FDA has approved TAVR for patients with severe aortic stenosis who have been carefully assessed by a medical team. (bch.org)
Skin findings occur in about of patients with proven pulmonary emboli than complete anti-bodies and thus to decreased pulmonary perfu-sion in response to improved outcomes in adults. (elastizell.com)

Pulmonary embolism and thrombembolic disease 30. (muni.cz)

Cheatham et al has demonstrated that even complex transverse aortic arch obstructions can be successfully approached with open cell design stents allowing crossed head vessels to be re-dilated if needed. (hgexperts.com)

Prostaglandin E 1 is used for the treatment of ductal-dependent, cyanotic congenital heart disease caused by decreased pulmonary blood flow. (medscape.com)

Common TAVR candidates include individuals in their 70s or 80s or people with other conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (bch.org)

In severe cases, surgery may be required to replace the pulmonary valve. (healthline.com)
This is a catheter-based procedure to replace the pulmonary valve. (mountsinai.org)

The new transcatheter pulmonary valve (TPV) is designed to extend the lifespan of the conduit by improving the natural function of the patient's heart. (medindia.net)
The initial feasibility study is sponsored by Medtronic, Inc. CardioVascular Business Unit of Minneapolis, Minn., makers of the Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve (TPV) and Ensemble Transcatheter Delivery System used in the procedure. (medindia.net)

Mutant 2 (Lox gene mutation): Cardiovascular defects: Supravalvular aortic stenosis (narrowed ascending aorta), Thickened great artery walls, Biventricular hypertrophy, and Pulmonary artery branch stenosis. (jax.org)
Aortic valve replacement is therefore important to treat the patient completely of the valve defects and associated symptoms. (yashodahospitals.com)

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) is a catheter-based interventional method of repairing the stenosed aortici valve. (yashodahospitals.com)
The minimally invasive procedure, which involves the implantation of the first-ever catheter-based pulmonary valve replacement, is currently performed by interventional cardiologists at Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian and Columbia University Medical Center-the only New York City site and one of only three sites nationally that is offering the procedure as part of an ongoing clinical research trial. (medindia.net)

People with severe aortic stenosis may be told not to play competitive sports, even if they have no symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
What are the symptoms of pulmonary valve stenosis? (healthline.com)
In some cases, symptoms may not appear until the stenosis becomes severe. (healthline.com)
The incidence of symptomatic stenosis, a more advanced form of sclerosis that causes symptoms, is approximately 5 in 10,000 and is generally a disease of the elderly. (medscape.com)
Medicines sometimes can treat the symptoms of aortic stenosis, but it can only be corrected through surgery. (childrensmn.org)
Abstract Critical aortic valve stenosis in newborns is the cause of a severe clinical condition with the onset of symptoms during first hours after birth. (techscience.com)

Bedside ultrasound reveals diffuse B lines consistent with pulmonary edema, and he is placed on non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. (emra.org)

If you're diagnosed with pulmonary valve stenosis, your doctor will often recommend that you undergo additional tests to ensure your heart is healthy. (healthline.com)
If pulmonary valve stenosis is left untreated, the extra effort your heart must exert can lead to heart failure and death. (healthline.com)
Pulmonary valve stenosis can cause a heart murmur . (healthline.com)
Maintaining a heart-healthy lifestyle also can be beneficial when you have pulmonary valve stenosis. (healthline.com)
A gradient of between 20 and 40 mm Hg is considered moderate, and more than 40 mm Hg severe aortic stenosis, according to American Heart Association guidelines. (medscape.com)
Aortic stenosis makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the body. (childrensmn.org)
A 90-year-old male with a past medical history of severe aortic stenosis, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and chronic kidney disease presents with shortness of breath. (emra.org)
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) or implantation (TAVI) is a minimally invasive heart procedure to repair the aortic valve by wedging it with a replacement valve. (yashodahospitals.com)
Then, he makes a small incision in the groin, leg or chest to insert and guide the transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) in the heart and implants it over the existing valve. (yashodahospitals.com)
In Oct. 2022, BCH's Structural Heart team launched the Medtronic Evolut™ FX transcatheter aortic valve system. (bch.org)

The cause of aortic sclerosis and stenosis is not yet known but is mediated by an inflammatory process that is similar to but distinct from atherosclerosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Lipoprotein (a) is implicated in the pathogenesis of both aortic stenosis and atherosclerosis. (msdmanuals.com)
are at increased risk for atherosclerosis, and more recently, psoriasis has been tied to an increased risk of aortic stenosis. (msdmanuals.com)

Postrheumatic aortic stenosis is another common cause of acquired aortic stenosis, and is a result of remote infection from group A streptococci that triggers an autoimmune process resulting in scarring of the valve leaflets. (medscape.com)

Aortic stenosis mainly occurs due to the buildup of calcium deposits that narrow the valve. (medlineplus.gov)
Aortic stenosis occurs in about 2% of people over 65 years of age. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy25

Organisms1

Diseases81

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment102

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care34

Echocardiography2

Atrial5

Regurgitation8

Critical aortic stenosis7

Hypertension9

Obstruction10

Cardiac9

Right ventricle6

Pediatric Valvar Aortic Stenosis1

Aorta through the aortic valve2

Coarctation1

Calcification6

People with aortic stenosis2

Patent Ductus Art1

Systemic2

Arteries2

Venous1

Narrowing of the aortic valve1

Calcific aortic stenosis2

Ventricular septal1

Mild5

Surgical7

Systolic1

Valves8

Acute3

Coronary3

Equalizing pulmonary blood flow1

Diagnosed with severe1

Carotid1

Bicuspid4

Severe stenosis1

Asymptomatic2

Patients10

Embolism1

Arch1

CONGENITAL HEART-D1

Obstructive1

Replace the pulmonary valve2

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve2

Defects2

Catheter-based2

Symptoms6

Edema1

Heart10

Atherosclerosis3

Valve leaflets1

Occurs2