• From 2022 onwards, EU nationals will pay the International fee. (le.ac.uk)
  • ATSDR will accept comments from the public until March 1, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • She is the author of Australia as a Good International Citizen (Federation Press, 2014) and co-author of International Humanitarian Law (CUP, 3rd edition forthcoming, 2023, with Emily Crawford). (cambridge.org)
  • This year's months-long competition culminated at the 2023 International Convention as the 28 semifinalists competed for a title that transforms lives. (toastmasters.org)
  • By Tom Durso, Princeton School of Public and International Affairs on May 16, 2023, 4:26 p.m. (princeton.edu)
  • On 24 January 2023, International Day of Education, Education International is launching a new global campaign to fund public education and the teaching profession. (ei-ie.org)
  • To receive continuing education (CE) for WC4520R- Overdoses Involving Xylazine Mixed with Fentanyl: Clinical and Public Health Implications -please visit CDC TRAIN and search for the course in the Course Catalog using WC4520R-022924 . (cdc.gov)
  • Both networks maintained separate identities and programming until 2019, when the Public Radio International branding was retired. (wikipedia.org)
  • ATSDR will accept comments from the public until June 3, 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • The public comment version was released on April 1, 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • She has practised as a lawyer in government and in the private sector in London, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and has represented Australia at international organisations including Unidroit and UNCITRAL, and in treaty negotiations. (cambridge.org)
  • you want expertise in the law which governs relations between states, international organisations, corporations and individuals on a worldwide scale. (le.ac.uk)
  • The Public International Law LLM stream provides an outstanding foundation for you to further enhance your career in institutions related to public international law or within governmental and non-governmental organisations. (le.ac.uk)
  • How do international organisations need to change to be relevant and effective? (mdpi.com)
  • will support Education International´s member organisations in their fight against budget cuts, austerity, and privatisation, and as they mobilise to build inclusive, quality public education for all. (ei-ie.org)
  • The UIA Public Health Work Programme enjoys a rich history of seminars developed for its members, often in collaboration with partner organisations like the IHF and WHO. (uia-architectes.org)
  • Except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license . (creativecommons.org)
  • Public Radio International said its mission was to "serve audiences as a distinctive content source for information, insights and cultural experiences essential to living in our diverse, interconnected world. (wikipedia.org)
  • Programs on PRI-sometimes mis-attributed to National Public Radio-were produced by a variety of organizations, including PRI in the United States and other countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ANPC accomplishes this by facilitating clear and timely communication between and among affiliate associations and TESOL International Association, developing programming in support of affiliate organizations, and advising on initiatives and activities that advance the association's strategic direction. (tesol.org)
  • International news organizations covering the Arab-Israeli conflict frequently refer to international agreements and resolutions in ways that are prejudiced against Israel's legal rights and claims. (jcpa.org)
  • The International Public Management Journal (IPMJ) publishes high-quality empirical and theoretical work on managing large organizations, particularly public organizations. (scimagojr.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that the new coronavirus outbreak is a public health emergency of international concern, officials announced today (Jan. 30). (livescience.com)
  • Today's announcement is a reversal of WHO's decision last week not to declare a public health emergency of international concern. (livescience.com)
  • Under the current International Health Regulations, 194 states parties are obligated to report potential public health emergencies of international concern to the World Health Organization (WHO) within 72 hours of becoming aware of an event. (cdc.gov)
  • Twelve US events involved human influenza caused by a new virus subtype, including the first report of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, which constitutes the only public health emergency of international concern determined by the WHO director-general to date. (cdc.gov)
  • PRI merged with the Public Radio Exchange in 2018. (wikipedia.org)
  • Public Radio International and Public Radio Exchange merged in 2018. (wikipedia.org)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will hold a public meeting to receive input on topics pertaining to the regulation of cosmetics on June 7, 2018, from 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. at the Harvey W. Wiley Federal Building, 5001 Campus Drive, Auditorium (first floor), College Park, MD 20740. (fda.gov)
  • Input gathered at this meeting will help the agency prepare for the International Cooperation on Cosmetics Regulation-12 (ICCR-12) meeting to be held July 10-12, 2018, in Tokyo, Japan. (fda.gov)
  • Yet the precise role that academic scholars of international affairs should play is not easy to specify. (harvard.edu)
  • On the one hand, there is a widespread sense that academic research on global affairs is of declining practical value, either as a guide to policymakers or as part of broader public discourse about world affairs. (harvard.edu)
  • Princeton School of Public and International Affairs opens new center in Washington, D.C. (princeton.edu)
  • The Princeton School of Public and International Affairs has long had a significant scholarly presence among and within the three branches of the federal government. (princeton.edu)
  • Dean of the School of Public and International Affairs Amaney Jamal (right) poses for a photo with one of the more than 250 alumni, faculty, students, staff and guests to a May 10 launch event for SPIA in D.C. (princeton.edu)
  • SPIA has leased space just off Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., to be used for education, public affairs and other engagement. (princeton.edu)
  • Alan Blinder, the Gordon S. Rentschler Memorial Professor of Economics and Public Affairs and a member of the planning committee for a SPIA in D.C. launch event held May 10, has considerable experience in Washington. (princeton.edu)
  • Todd Bristol, SPIA's acting associate dean of public affairs and communications, noted both the symbolic and practical impacts of SPIA's expansion to the District of Columbia. (princeton.edu)
  • The School of Public and International Affairs could not be more excited to plant our flag in Washington," he said. (princeton.edu)
  • Boeing has invited agencies to pitch for a public affairs monitoring account covering all the major European capitals. (prweek.com)
  • Please contact The School of Politics, Public Affairs & International Studies ( [email protected]) or the UW Foundation ( [email protected] ). (uwyo.edu)
  • Covering the fundamental topics of international law - including treaties, use of force and dispute settlement - this text also discusses specialised branches such as humanitarian law, criminal law and environmental law. (cambridge.org)
  • Emily Crawford is an Associate Professor at the University of Sydney Law School, where she teaches and researches in international law and international humanitarian law. (cambridge.org)
  • She has published widely in the field of international humanitarian law, including three monographs and a textbook, and is co-editor of the Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies. (cambridge.org)
  • The second normative framework is called jus in bello, also known as International Humanitarian Law (IHL). (jcpa.org)
  • International Orthodox Christian Charities (IOCC) was established in 1992 as the official international humanitarian arm of the Standing Conference of Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas (SCOBA). (publicintegrity.org)
  • Public Radio International (PRI) was an American public radio organization. (wikipedia.org)
  • World Vision chose to take a stand because the pandemic is growing and has the potential to undermine the long-term development work in poor communities where our organization has been active for decades," World Vision officials told the Center for Public Integrity in an e-mail message. (publicintegrity.org)
  • The organization has received funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. State Department Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration. (publicintegrity.org)
  • IPMJ seeks to provide a bridge between those conducting research on public management and public administration on the one hand, and those working in the areas of organizational behavior and organization theory on the other. (scimagojr.com)
  • Funded through Emory University by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, IANPHI is an international advocacy and professional organization for National Public Health Institute (NPHI) directors as well as a major investor in public health infrastructure projects in low-resource countries. (cdc.gov)
  • This area is governed by the UN Charter, as well as international customary law. (jcpa.org)
  • PRI was one of the main providers of programming for public radio stations in the US, alongside National Public Radio, American Public Media and the Public Radio Exchange. (wikipedia.org)
  • Denver International Airport has moved to terminate the contract for the $650 million remodel of the inside of the tented main terminal over safety concerns and project management. (cpr.org)
  • Today's workforce is global, and because of our large international student population, Purdue students are immersed with students from more than 120 countries while studying in West Lafayette, Indiana," said E. Daniel Hirleman, Purdue's chief corporate and global partnerships officer. (purdue.edu)
  • In many cases who has access to the data is unclear, and - although Peru has a legal framework for public-private partnerships - it does not use it for technology. (privacyinternational.org)
  • It is often extremely unclear what level of access the government has to the data generated in these public-private partnerships. (privacyinternational.org)
  • Although Peru has a proper legal framework for public private partnerships, developments are usually done outside of this system with little transparency, public scrutiny, and accountability. (privacyinternational.org)
  • In Peru, for several years now, we have a legal framework for public-private partnerships. (privacyinternational.org)
  • The most important is the Act that regulates the Promotion of Private Investment through Public-Private Partnerships and Active Projects (Legislative Decree No. 1362). (privacyinternational.org)
  • They explore the concerns public-private partnerships between Palantir and governments raise , and what this means for our rights. (privacyinternational.org)
  • The government positively frames these engagements as mutually beneficial public-private partnerships (PPPs). (privacyinternational.org)
  • The datasets Palantir might covet most are accessible only through partnerships with public entities like the NHS. (privacyinternational.org)
  • Identify opportunities for public health and clinical partnerships to improve communication, outreach, and outcomes in people exposed to xylazine mixed with fentanyl. (cdc.gov)
  • You will be able to tailor the course to suit your needs by choosing from a broad range of subjects including law of armed conflict, law of United Nations, international environmental law, international migration law, international criminal law, human rights and international finance law. (le.ac.uk)
  • To support this work and to increase transparency and accountability, the district has created and published public facing discipline dashboards for each school which became available on November 1, 2021. (seattleschools.org)
  • Please check our FAQ or contact the International Student Admissions . (uu.nl)
  • After you upload all documents in OSIRIS, International Student Admissions will verify them and send them to the Graduate School for evaluation. (uu.nl)
  • We support the IHR proposal by Eswatini, Bangladesh and the African Group to include provision for waiving IP protection in national legislation, share rights over products developed with public funds and share regulatory dossiers to kick start local production. (who.int)
  • ICCR is a voluntary international group of cosmetics regulatory authorities from Brazil, Canada, the European Union, Japan, and the United States. (fda.gov)
  • IHL applies in situations of armed conflict, whether international or non-international in nature. (jcpa.org)
  • Alison Pert (LLB (Hons), LLM, Ph.D.) is an adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Sydney where she lectures in public international law and international law and the use of armed force. (cambridge.org)
  • Glen Brodowsky, a marketing professor at Cal State San Marcos, said three study projects have looked at airport options for the region and the latest one explores the economic impact of a new international airport on Camp Pendleton. (kpbs.org)
  • TxDOT El Paso District, in conjunction with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), will conduct a public hearing on Tuesday, June 7, 2016, at the Presidio Activity Center, 1200 East O'Reilly Street, Presidio, TX 79845. (txdot.gov)
  • ATLANTA, GA - The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has released for public comment its health consultation report, "Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Pease Public Water System ," in Portsmouth, Newington, and Greenland, New Hampshire. (cdc.gov)
  • ATSDR staff will hold public availability sessions to discuss the report's findings and recommendations with Pease International Tradeport workers and parents of children who attended the childcare centers. (cdc.gov)
  • To read the report with ATSDR's recommendations, visit https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/pease/Pease-Tradeport-Public-Water-PFAS-HC-508.pdf . (cdc.gov)
  • For more information about ATSDR's Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Pease Tradeport Public Water System report, community members can call 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636), email www.cdc.gov/info or visit https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/pease/index.html . (cdc.gov)
  • ATSDR, a federal public health agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, evaluates the potential for adverse human health effects of exposure to hazardous substances in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • ATLANTA, GA - The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has released a health consultation report, "Evaluation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Private Wells near the Saint-Gobain Site in Southern New Hampshire, Merrimack, New Hampshire", for public comment. (cdc.gov)
  • ATLANTA, GA - The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) need more participants in a study designed to better understand the extent of exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water near the Pease International Tradeport in Portsmouth, New Hampshire (the Pease Study). (cdc.gov)
  • This Web site is provided by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) ONLY as an historical reference for the public health community. (cdc.gov)
  • Rapid information exchange among WHO and member states facilitated by the International Health Regulations leads to better situation awareness of emerging threats and enables a more coordinated and transparent global response. (cdc.gov)
  • This course is intended as an introduction to the norms, rules and practices of international law that are recognized as being binding obligations on sovereign states in their mutual relationships. (yorku.ca)
  • As the number of international law norms increases, so does its fragmentation. (asil.org)
  • To address issues related to public health and chemical exposures, there is a need to better use the data already being collected, and to further broaden the information that is collected. (cdc.gov)
  • From the time of Samuel Pufendorf, international law has been a topic of research at the Faculty of Law. (lu.se)
  • Public international law is a global legal system which regulates the conduct of countries and other actors. (cambridge.org)
  • Global cooperation in international public health / Gill Walt and Kent Buse -- Globalization and health / Kelley Lee and Derek Yach. (who.int)
  • IPMJ features work from scholars around the world who conduct research in the areas of public management and government reform, comparative public administration, organizational theory, and organizational behavior. (scimagojr.com)
  • We provide guidance and training opportunities to support academics in their international policy engagement activities, and signpost to relevant external opportunities and resources. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • UCL Public Policy provides opportunities, training and support to help enable UCL academics to engage with policymakers in the UK and across the world. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Discuss concerns and/or issues related to preparedness for and/or response to urgent public health threats. (cdc.gov)
  • The corporation changed its name to Public Radio International in 1994 to reflect its growing interest and involvement in international audio publishing, as typified by its many collaborations with the BBC. (wikipedia.org)
  • UCL Global Engagement helps put UCL's knowledge and ideas to work in the world by supporting international academic collaborations. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • How do national and international health policies interface - particularly with reference to global public goods? (mdpi.com)
  • In this context, Education International is launching a new campaign to mobilise at the local, national, regional, and global level, so that governments commit to the education funding necessary to implement the Commission's recommendations, to guarantee every student's right to have a well-supported qualified teacher and a quality learning environment. (ei-ie.org)
  • Health technologies are global public goods. (who.int)
  • It is our mission as an international, interdisciplinary, and academic entity to provide essential opportunities to study complex global concepts and understand the intricacies of worldly functions. (uwyo.edu)
  • The public sector plays a critical role in achieving global goals that aim to address poverty, environmental sustainability, and economic stability. (deloitte.com)
  • YanGuFang International Group Co., Ltd. is primarily engaged in the production, research and development, and sales of oat and grain products through its massive sales and distribution network. (yahoo.com)
  • Cal State San Marcos will unveil research this week that examines the feasibility of building an international airport on Camp Pendleton, when Lindbergh Field reaches capacity in 2035. (kpbs.org)
  • Cal State San Marcos will unveil research this week that examines the feasibility of building a new international airport on the Camp Pendleton Marine base. (kpbs.org)
  • Research by Education International points to an overworked, underpaid, and undervalued teaching profession. (ei-ie.org)
  • We urge MS to create legally binding conditionalities to ensure that health technologies that originate from public-funded research are kept in the public domain. (who.int)
  • Today, this topic area is represented by a vibrant community of scholars, and their research concerns the structure of the international legal system, the theory and history of international law, and the relationship of international law with other legal orders. (lu.se)
  • The research environment is enriched by regular seminars, workshops and conferences, and every so often acts as host of international guest researchers. (lu.se)
  • The Public Health Agency of Sweden conducts research aimed at strengthening national and European preparedness for outbreaks of severe communicable diseases. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The Agency leads or participates in several international research projects concerning haemorrhagic fevers, and it is a member of several national and European networks. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • One might also expect scholars of international relations to play a prominent role in public debates about foreign policy, along with government officials, business interests, representatives of special interest groups, and other concerned citizens. (harvard.edu)
  • IPMJ intends to stimulate and reflect the academic interests of an international constituency of readers and scholars. (scimagojr.com)
  • Presenters will also review the state of laboratory testing, outline potential harm reduction activities, and provide an example of an ongoing public health and clinical partnership to mitigate harms from xylazine mixed with fentanyl. (cdc.gov)
  • What role does public policy play in the face of an increasing array of health actors, in particular the private sector and civil society? (mdpi.com)
  • Amnesty International further urges all states to exercise universal jurisdiction over all officials reasonably suspected of criminal responsibility for crimes under international law and other grave violations of human rights. (amnesty.org)
  • The international students bring a new perspective into each of the course discussions as well as help us understand different cultures around the world. (ipl.org)
  • https://www.biicl.org/events/11576/thirty-seventh-itf-public-conference-overlapping-treaty-regimes-in-international-inve. (asil.org)
  • In this paper I will be discussing the problem, resolutions and my personal opinion on the ethical implications of grading international students. (ipl.org)
  • the United Nations Charter and limitations on the use of force and international dispute settlement. (yorku.ca)
  • We will stand united and mobilise to pressure governments to fully fund public education and invest in the teaching profession," explained David Edwards, General Secretary of Education International. (ei-ie.org)
  • Fund Education is an urgent and needed call for governments to invest in public education, a fundamental human right and public good, key to pandemic recovery, and to invest more in teachers, the single most important factor in achieving quality education. (ei-ie.org)
  • In HIV/AIDS relief specifically, World Vision's prevention, care and advocacy work has been largely financed through U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) grants. (publicintegrity.org)
  • citation needed] PRI was founded in 1983 as American Public Radio as an alternative to NPR for public radio program distribution. (wikipedia.org)
  • It pertains to areas of specialisation such as migration and refugee law, human rights law, environment and sustainability law, the law of new technologies and international economic law. (lu.se)
  • In 1995: PRI launches Classical 24, public radio's first 24-hour classical music service, as a co-production with Minnesota Public Radio. (wikipedia.org)
  • At Edmonton International Airport, sustainability is engrained in all the work it does. (flyeia.com)
  • This study sought to identify the instruments used in Brazil, to describe the procedures for implementing this program and to present the preliminary results of a public hospital. (bvsalud.org)
  • PPR instruments need to incorporate measures that guarantee decent work and strengthen public healthcare systems to build sustainable preparedness for health emergencies. (who.int)
  • Throughout my college experience I have seen an increase in international students in my upper college courses. (ipl.org)
  • The state of Indiana also saw a 6.4 percent increase in international students, from 26,406 to 28,104. (purdue.edu)
  • Colleges and universities in Colorado are seeing an increase in international students, though some schools are having a better time attracting them than others. (cpr.org)
  • The Greeley Tribune reports that a study released Monday found Colorado colleges and universities say a 12.3 percent increase in international students from the 2013-14 school year to the 2014-25 year. (cpr.org)
  • But when states transfer more power to private entities, the public loses. (privacyinternational.org)
  • Public International Law is the system of law relating to inter-state relations, the functioning of international institutions, the relations of such bodies with each other, and their relations with States, individuals, groups and other entities. (yorku.ca)
  • These programs are produced for dissemination to the public broadcasting stations and other public telecommunication entities. (lpbp.org)
  • 3 June 2015 - Stakeholders from across the health sector came together this week for Egypt's Second International Conference of Public Health, looking at the important role health promotion plays in an integrated lifecycle approach to health. (who.int)
  • On the other hand, closer engagement with the policy world and more explicit efforts at public outreach are not without their own pitfalls. (harvard.edu)
  • Dear Colleagues, Public health policy today has to deliver in an increasingly complex environment. (mdpi.com)
  • Subscribe to the UCL Public Policy newsletter for the latest information and opportunities. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Fill out our online form to receive relevant international policy engagement updates from the team. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • UCL Public Policy is funding a Policy Commission to help improve the policy engagement capacity of area experts at UCL. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Public International Law offers Australian students a comprehensive and accessible introduction to international law. (cambridge.org)
  • With our innovative course design, this course would suit students without a law background and provide you with an in-depth and critical understanding of public international law. (le.ac.uk)
  • International students are an important part of the US university system. (ipl.org)
  • There are several problems that can arise when grading and giving feedback to international students. (ipl.org)
  • Purdue international students are welcomed as part of their 2015 orientation program, Boiler Gold Rush international. (purdue.edu)
  • The university has the third-largest number of such students among U.S. public institutions, according to a report issued Monday (Nov. 16) by the Institute of International Education. (purdue.edu)
  • Purdue continues to be one of higher education's leading destinations for international students, as the university has the third-largest number of such students among U.S. public institutions, according to a report issued Monday (Nov. 16) by the Institute of International Education. (purdue.edu)
  • These interactions are enriching to the educational experience, and we support various cross-cultural learning experiences between international and American students through orientation programs, classroom learning and cultural activities. (purdue.edu)
  • The 2015 Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange, based on the 2014-15 academic year, reports that Purdue had 10,230 international students a 2.4 percent increase over 2013-14. (purdue.edu)
  • In addition to the 9,080 international students that Purdue reported for fall 2014, this number also includes recent graduates who obtained employment eligibility in the United States and who are still affiliated with the university. (purdue.edu)
  • Purdue is one of eight U.S. institutions to host more than 10,000 international students. (purdue.edu)
  • Nationally, the number of international students attending U.S. universities and colleges increased more than 10 percent, from 886,052 in the previous report, to a record high 974,926. (purdue.edu)
  • During the fall 2015 orientation program, called Boiler Gold Rush international, international students learned about American college life, including football at Ross-Ade stadium. (purdue.edu)
  • Indiana is ranked 10th among states with the largest international student populations, and Indiana University is ranked 16th on the Open Doors overall list with 7,009 international students. (purdue.edu)
  • International students studying in Indiana contributed $919.2 million to the state economy, according to NAFSA: Association of International Educators. (purdue.edu)
  • It's estimated that international students at Purdue contribute more than one-third of that to the state's economy. (purdue.edu)
  • During the past year, Purdue also has been recognized by the U.S. government as the top STEM school for international students, and the university's programs were honored by the Institute of International Education for helping international students integrate into campus life and the local community," said Michael Brzezinski, dean of International Programs . (purdue.edu)
  • The STEM report, released earlier this year by the Student and Exchange Visitor Program as part of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Homeland Security Investigations, ranked Purdue first in the nation overall for international students studying STEM fields. (purdue.edu)
  • The Institute of International Education also recognized Purdue in March with a Heiskell Award for the university's programming that encourages more interaction between international and American students. (purdue.edu)
  • This requirement is fulfilled by students who have completed at least 45 EC on law courses at an undergraduate or graduate level, preferably including basic courses on public international law and/or European Union law. (uu.nl)
  • Our Public Health Projects are a great fit for students, graduates, and professionals. (projects-abroad.org)
  • Every project by every professional in every practice impacts the health of the people who use it, which means that the work of the Public Health Group is relevant and useful to every architect in every Member Section of the UIA - and the world. (uia-architectes.org)
  • We urge MS to work towards open, public-led R&D systems and design legally binding mechanisms to lift IP-related monopolies. (who.int)
  • We urge the international community to take all necessary measures to pressure the Iranian authorities to stop executions and quash death sentences. (amnesty.org)
  • The report concluded that workers at Pease International Tradeport and children attending the childcare centers were exposed to PFAS in contaminated drinking water at the Pease International Tradeport. (cdc.gov)
  • The university is seventh among more than 4,500 public and private institutions. (purdue.edu)
  • Last year, Purdue ranked second among U.S. public institutions, only behind the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (purdue.edu)
  • The horrific public execution of Majidreza Rahnavard today exposes Iran's judiciary for what it is: a tool of repression sending individuals to the gallows to spread fear and exacting revenge on protesters daring to stand up to the status quo. (amnesty.org)
  • The horrific public execution of Majidreza Rahnavard today exposes Iran's judiciary for what it is: a tool of repression sending individuals to the gallows to spread fear. (amnesty.org)