Pthrp cells nuclear localization signals. Medical search. Frequent questions

The correl ation of the differentiation stage of chondrosarcoma cells for the degree of malignancy in the tumors indi cates that signaling pathways that management standard chondrogenesis may perhaps possess a regulatory perform within the progression of those tumors. (sirnalibrary.com)
Bone morphogenic protein and transforming development component B signaling is one of the crucial pathways controlling chondrogenic differentiation while in the ordinary growth plate. (sirnalibrary.com)
As proven by detection of nuclear Smad proteins, the TGFB and BMP signaling pathways are lively in many cells of the growth plate and they are controlled by tight temporal and regional patterns of expression of your components in the TGFB superfamily and of their receptors. (sirnalibrary.com)
Growth, metabolism, and differentiation of chondrocytes, which are the key cellular players in this process, are regulated by systemic hormones, local factors, and cellular signaling pathways. (pfmjournal.org)
Local factors, including transcription factors such as SRY-box 9 protein (SOX9), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), along with signaling pathways such as the Wnt pathway, play critical roles in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. (pfmjournal.org)
The regulation of chondrocyte function is mediated by several systemic, local, and cellular signaling pathways. (pfmjournal.org)
In this review, we summarized key regulatory factors and signaling pathways involved in chondrocyte functions, to understand how they affect chondrocyte growth and development. (pfmjournal.org)
Depletion of VDAC1 from tumor cells reduced metabolism, leading to inhibition of tumor growth, and several tumor-associated processes and signaling pathways linked to cancer development. (pdbwiki.org)
acetylation and methylation, suggesting that the interchange between metabolism and cancer signaling pathways involves mitochondria-nucleus cross-talk. (pdbwiki.org)
Finally, we shed the light on the key molecular signalling pathways that are involved in the regulation of MECs' development and functions. (biomedcentral.com)
This is needed to enable spatio-temporal control and allow for crosstalk with other signaling pathways [ 21 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Current research suggests that PTHrP promotes the proliferation of early-phase chondrocytes and inhibits their differentiation into hypertropic chondrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Runx2 is known to mediate activation of osteoclast activity and inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by metastatic breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The function of Runx2/CBFβ-regulated genes in mediating the ability of MDA-MB-231 to inhibit osteoblast differentiation was subsequently established in primary bone marrow stromal cell cultures and MC-3T3 osteoblast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We show that Runx2/CBFβ mediates inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by MDA-MB-231 cells through induction of the Wnt signaling antagonist, sclerostin. (biomedcentral.com)
We also show that Runx2-dependent inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by breast cancer cells is mediated through the Wnt antagonist, sclerostin. (biomedcentral.com)
Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family also contribute to inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by metastatic breast cancer cells [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The morphology in the cells and the composition with the matrix in central chondrosarcoma propose par allels in between differentiation phases of tumor cells and of ordinary chondrocytes. (sirnalibrary.com)
Gene expression profiles have indicated that during progression chondrosar coma cells shift from a differentiated state in reduced grade tumors to a state additional very similar to early chondrogenic differentiation phases of mesenchymal precursor cells in higher grade tumors. (sirnalibrary.com)
Furthermore, the degree of the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-cultured with HGC-27 or SGC-7901 cells was analyzed by colony-formation assay, alizarin red staining, immunofluorescence, qPCR, immunoblotting, and alkaline phosphatase activity assay. (aging-us.com)
Expression of DKK1 inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and partially rescued osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. (aging-us.com)
These factors regulate gene expression, cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis. (pfmjournal.org)
Sonic 125256-00-0125B11 hedgehog (Shh) is a forty five-kDa potent signaling protein that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and cellular patterning throughout a extensive selection of cell types [2,3]. (acthreceptor.com)
It was described that hedgehog proteins right act on osteogenic precursor cells and osteoblasts to stimulate osteogenic differentiation [7]. (acthreceptor.com)
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a one hundred twenty five-kD non-receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a main position in mediating sign transduction by integrins, as effectively as by growth aspect receptors, in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation in a range of mobile varieties [12,thirteen,fourteen]. (acthreceptor.com)
A novel FAK Tyr397 inhibitor suppresses osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, as well as osteoclast formation, via PTHrP-induced RANKL expression in murine bone stromal ST2 cells [twenty]. (acthreceptor.com)
Currently, 17 murine and human KLFs are known to play crucial roles in the regulation of transcription, cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, stem cell maintenance, and tissue and organ pathogenesis. (mdpi.com)
In myocarditis, T cell differentiation can crucially contribute to aggravating or alleviating such conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Following the binding of TGFβ to its specific receptors that are expressed on nearly all cell types, TGFβ regulates a plethora of biological processes, ranging from cell proliferation and differentiation, embryogenesis, hormonal synthesis and secretion, immunity to tissue remodeling and repair [ 6 ] [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
DHH/PTC1 signaling triggers differentiation of Leydig cells by up-regulating Steroidogenic Factor 1 and expression of cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage enzyme located outside testicular cord [ 145 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)

Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway has been unambiguously tied to cancer development and progression in a variety of solid malignancies, and the recent approval of vismodegib, an orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of Smoothened, validates Hh signalling as a valuable therapeutic target. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the canonical Hh signalling pathway in mammals, highlight its roles in mammary gland development and breast carcinogenesis and discuss its potential therapeutic value in BLBC. (biomedcentral.com)
In recent years, the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway has emerged as a critical determinant of cancer initiation, progression and metastasis of an important subset of human cancers [ 3 - 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This review will provide an update on the Hh signalling pathway and its role in the regulation of normal mammary development and the aetiology of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The Hh pathway is an evolutionarily conserved system for regulating patterning and cell fate from Drosophila to humans. (biomedcentral.com)
We also found that cilia formation of MSCs was increased in the presence of HGC27 cells, which was associated with abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. (aging-us.com)
In summary, our results suggest that gastric cancer cells might cause bone damage prior to the occurrence of bone metastasis via cilia-dependent activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (aging-us.com)
The protective impact of PGRN on this may be associated with the early activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
PGRN also acts as a protective factor in hyperhomocysteinemia, probably by down-regulating the wingless-related integration site Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is essential for embryonic development and tissue regeneration. (regenmedres-journal.org)
The advance in understanding the SHH signaling pathway will give us more clues to the mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration, as well as the development of new treatment for diseases related to dysregulation of SHH signaling pathway. (regenmedres-journal.org)
In the Dhh -mutant epididymis, SHH plays a compensatory role in order to maintain the stability of the signaling pathway [ 21 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)

We also identified the osteoclast activators IL-11 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as new target genes of Runx2/CBFβ in metastatic breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This study demonstrates that Runx2 and CBFβ are required for the expression of genes that mediate the ability of metastatic breast cancer cells to directly modulate both osteoclast and osteoblast function. (biomedcentral.com)
It is well established that breast cancer cells induce osteolytic lesions by secreting soluble factors that lead to osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. (biomedcentral.com)
The decreased expression and inhibition of nuclear transfer of GLI1 downregulated macrophage M1 polarization and osteoclast activation, the effect of which was achieved by modulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) via transcriptional regulation and protein interactions. (elifesciences.org)
SHH stimulates osteoclast formation with PTHrP in a co-lifestyle technique consisting of ST2 cells and murine CD11b+ bone marrow cells [ten]. (acthreceptor.com)

PTHrP can simulate most of the actions of PTH including increases in bone resorption and distal tubular calcium reabsorption, and inhibition of proximal tubular phosphate transport. (wikipedia.org)
PTHrP lacks the normal feedback inhibition as PTH. (wikipedia.org)
Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of PTH-stimulated β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts by bone marrow macrophages. (univ-paris5.fr)
The effect of LY294002 inhibition on cell survival was determined by growing cells to 80% confluence followed by development factor deprivation for 48 h while in the presence of DMSO or 25 uM LY294002. (sirnalibrary.com)
YOs) through binding a yet uncharacterized GPCR, which triggers a signalling cascade, leading to inhibition of the ecdysis sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
Because of its ability to induce cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in normal and pre-malignant cells, TGFβ has been described as a potent tumor suppressor [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

These receptors, which include Toll-like receptors, are portion of an internal sponsor defense Paroxetine HCl realizing nucleic acids aberrantly present in the cytoplasm from illness or cell stress. (columbiagypsy.net)
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ancient, ubiquitous, constitute the largest family of transducing cell surface proteins, and are integral to cell communication via an array of ligands/neuropeptides. (biomedcentral.com)
The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)

Overexpressing circIKBKB enhanced the capability of BC cells to induce formation of bone pre-metastatic niche dramatically by promoting osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Parathyroid hormone activates the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 to induce FGF23 transcription. (univ-paris5.fr)

Additionally, Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) are involved in the complex signaling network governing chondrocyte function. (pfmjournal.org)
It has been proven that hedgehog signaling is associated in fracture healing and bone servicing [4,five]. (acthreceptor.com)
In the first stages of fracture fix, the expression of sonic hedgehog is detected in proliferating callus-forming cells in the periosteum [6]. (acthreceptor.com)
On the other hand, Mark et al showed that conditional deletion of Ptch selectively in experienced osteoblasts boosts hedgehog signaling and qualified prospects to enhanced osteoclastogenesis [9]. (acthreceptor.com)
In the development of invertebrates and vertebrates, the members of the hedgehog (HH) signaling family mediate many essential processes, including short-term and long-term modeling. (regenmedres-journal.org)
In the fly, signals are regulated by a single Hh gene, while in mammals, Sonic (SHH), Indian (IHH), and Desert (DHH) hedgehog play different regulatory roles [ 37 , 148 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)

Parathyroid hormone receptor signaling induces bone resorption in the adult skeleton by directly regulating the RANKL gene in osteocytes. (univ-paris5.fr)
Normally, Hh ligand secreted by the notochord induces the ventral cell fate specification in the entire neural tube. (biomedcentral.com)
IHH signal induces activation of Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHRP) on the articular surface and gets rid of the hypertrophy of chondrocytes [ 49 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)

TβRI acts downstream of TβRII, and is the main component of the receptor complex that triggers various downstream signaling activities [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

G alpha(q) signal in osteoblasts is inhibitory to the osteoanabolic action of parathyroid hormone. (univ-paris5.fr)
Frequently, mesenchymal and hematopoietic progenitors are associated with the action of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a well-known regulator of tumour-associated bone destruction [ 1 ], as well as with the hypercalcemia seen in many types of cancer [ 2 ]. (aging-us.com)

It is one of the main proteins that regulates mesenchymal stem cell activity. (wikipedia.org)
Proteoglycan 4, a novel immunomodulatory factor, regulates parathyroid hormone actions on hematopoietic cells. (univ-paris5.fr)

Taken together, these outcomes indicate that endogenous TGFB signaling is respon sible for a substantial degree of apoptotic signaling in FET cells as abrogation of TGFB inhibitory signaling within the FET DN cells rendered the cells much more resistant to apoptosis. (sirnalibrary.com)
However, studies shortly thereafter discovered that this effect of TGFβ (unlike the effect of oncogenes) was reversible, and that TGFβ can have potent cell growth inhibitory effects [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The aim of this study was to determine how Runx2 mediates the ability of metastatic breast cancer cells to modulate the activity of bone cells. (biomedcentral.com)

There is also evidence for alternative translation initiation from non-AUG (CUG and GUG) start sites, in-frame and downstream of the initiator AUG codon, to give rise to nuclear forms of this hormone. (wikipedia.org)
These stories advise tha 16926152 t Shh has a osteogenic and osteoclastogenic activity in osteoblast cells [11], but the downstream signaling of SHH in fracture therapeutic has not been determined. (acthreceptor.com)

As this is sometimes the first sign of the malignancy, hypercalcemia caused by PTHrP is considered a paraneoplastic phenomenon. (wikipedia.org)
PTHrP is responsible for most cases of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. (wikipedia.org)

By these findings, they demonstrated that PTHrP plays a central role in physiological regulation of bone formation by promoting recruitment and survival of osteoblasts. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation of beta catenin signaling and parathyroid hormone anabolic effects in bone by the matricellular protein periostin. (univ-paris5.fr)
Hh proteins are secreted morphogens that play essential roles in regulation of embryogenesis, development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration and stem cell maintenance in a concentration-dependent manner [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The AVP-producing (arginine-vasopressin, related to angiotensin and vasopressin peptides) neurons respond to signals relating to thirst and water regulation. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

In 2005, Australian pathologist and researcher Thomas John Martin found that PTHrP produced by osteoblasts is a physiological regulator of bone formation. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, few studies have identified mechanisms by which breast cancer cells suppress bone synthesis by osteoblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
T cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes: interacting lineages key for the bone anabolic and catabolic activities of parathyroid hormone. (univ-paris5.fr)
FAK deficiency in osteoblasts and osteocytes in vivo benefits in delayed bone healing and transforming and interrupts the response of bone marrow cells to anabolic mechanical stimuli in a tibial injuries product [seventeen,18]. (acthreceptor.com)

showed that disruption of the PTHrP gene in mice caused a lethal phenotype and distinct bone abnormalities, suggesting that PTHrP has a physiological function. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic or teratogenic disruption of Hh signalling during development in vertebrates results in a characteristic series of anomalies [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Indeed, disruption of the MECs layer was reported to facilitate the invasion of the cancer cells to the surrounding stroma. (biomedcentral.com)

For bone formation to happen, osteoblast cells need to proliferate and migrate from the bone marrow compartment to bone surfaces, the place they adhere, differentiate, and deposit the bone matrix concurrently with bone and bony callus resorption by osteoclasts [1]. (acthreceptor.com)

In this review, we provided an overview of the myoepithelial cells' histogenesis, molecular and biological markers, and physiological commitments. (biomedcentral.com)

At the same time, the nucleus pulposus cells release Fas ligand (FasL) tumor necrosis factor to destroy the infiltrating immune cells and maintain immune isolation [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Currently, the clinical interventions for patients with BC-bone metastasis (BC-BM) are bisphosphonates (BPs) or denosumab (an anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) monoclonal antibody), which disrupt the vicious cycle by targeting osteoclasts [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
which promoted receptor activator for nuclear factor B ligand (RANKL). (acthreceptor.com)

In this study, GLI1 expression in the synovial tissue of RA patients was positively correlated with RA-related scores and was highly expressed in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse articular macrophage-like cells. (elifesciences.org)

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a proteinaceous hormone and a member of the parathyroid hormone family secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
The embryonic limb is first visible as a small bud that protrudes from the body and initially contains a presumed uniform mass of mesenchymal cells covered by a layer of ectoderm. (silverchair.com)
The skeletal elements of the limb are formed through a process known as endochondral ossification in which condensations of mesenchymal cells differentiate into cartilage and with maturation are replaced by bone. (silverchair.com)
In contrast to this activity, TGFβ can also function as a tumor promoter by promoting cancer cell proliferation, stimulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration of cancer cells, and indirectly by acting on the tumor microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis, and/or immune evasion in advanced stages of tumor progression [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Loss of PTHrP or its receptor causes the mammary bud cells to change back into epidermal cells. (wikipedia.org)
PTHrP shares the same N-terminal end as parathyroid hormone and therefore it can bind to the same receptor, the Type I PTH receptor (PTHR1). (wikipedia.org)
Localization and function of the renal calcium-sensing receptor. (univ-paris5.fr)
Signaling is initiated when BMPs bind to the sort II receptor BMPRII and TGFB mole cules to TGFBRII. (sirnalibrary.com)
In endothe lial cells and chondrocytes, selleckchem the TGFBALK1Smad1 sig naling axis appears to get favored in presence of your TGFB co receptor endoglin, also known as CD105. (sirnalibrary.com)

Recognition of the effective involvement of the myoepithelial cells in mammary gland development and in hampering tumorigenesis has renewed the interest in investigating the biological roles of this second main mammary lineage. (biomedcentral.com)

We have previously demonstrated that Runx2 requires the co-activator core binding factor beta (CBFβ) to regulate gene expression in breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, the pathological process of RA is promoted through the synergistic action of the cellular resident in the bone and in joint compartments, such as osteoclasts, chondrocytes and stromal cells ( Komatsu and Takayanagi, 2022 ). (elifesciences.org)

The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), localized at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is a central protein in controlling energy production, cell growth, Ca 2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis. (pdbwiki.org)

To confirm that PI3KAKT signaling was linked to cell survival in FET DN cells we treated cells with LY294002, a potent inhibitor of PI3K. (sirnalibrary.com)

PTHrP is critical in intraosseous phase of tooth eruption where it acts as a signalling molecule to stimulate local bone resorption. (wikipedia.org)
However, PTHrP has a less sustained action than PTH on PTHR1 activation, which may explain at least in part its reduced ability to stimulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D) production and indirectly intestinal calcium absorption through an action to increase circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D. PTHrP is found in the proliferative zone of the growth plate. (wikipedia.org)

In contrast to these effects suggesting that TGFB signaling may very well be involved in chondrosarcoma progression, data demonstrating lively BMP signaling in chondrosarcoma tissue are lacking. (sirnalibrary.com)

Many types of cells are involved in the progression of RA joint inflammation, among which the overactivation of M1 macrophages and osteoclasts has been thought to be an essential cause of joint inflammation and bone destruction. (elifesciences.org)
Persistent activation of immune cells leads to the progression of symptoms such as synovitis in RA. (elifesciences.org)

Hathaway-Schrader JD, Novince CM , Hathaway-Schrader JD, Novince CM. GPR65, a novel regulator of helper T-cell polarization in inflammatory bowel disease. (musc.edu)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) was discovered more than thirty years ago as a secreted polypeptide from sarcoma virus-infected cells that promoted the soft agar independent growth of normal rat kidney (NRK) cells [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The resting zone, a source of stemlike progenitor cells that restores the reservoir of proliferative chondrocytes, is located farthest from the primary ossification center and assumes responsibility for preserving the architectural integrity of the growth plate [ 4 ]. (pfmjournal.org)

We demonstrate that MDA-MB-231 cells secrete sclerostin and that sclerostin-expression is critically dependent on both Runx2 and CBFβ. (biomedcentral.com)
To alter the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the nucleus, we used specific siRNA to silence the expression of VDAC1 in glioblastoma (GBM) U87-MG and U118-MG cell-derived tumors, and then monitored the nuclear localization of mitochondrial proteins and the methylation and acetylation of histones. (pdbwiki.org)
An important mechanism by which the expression, localization, and activity of TGFβ signaling components is controlled is by post-translational modification (PTMs). (encyclopedia.pub)

PTHrP is related in function to parathyroid hormone(PTH). (wikipedia.org)

In support of this notion, mutations in the components of the TGFβ signaling cascade have been identified in a number of human cancers, including hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and pancreatic and ovarian cancer [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

It links the two by sending and receiving signals from other regions of the nervous system while also controlling the body's "master gland"-the pituitary gland. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

and the properties of immune cells regulating autoimmunity. (columbiagypsy.net)
this activation occurs following a uptake of ICs into innate immune cells and the interaction of the cargo DNA or RNA with internal nucleic acid detectors. (columbiagypsy.net)
Finally, the infiltration of immune cells in the data were analyzed by MCPcounter analysis package. (hindawi.com)
The SNHG5/miR-299-5p/ATF2 can be used as biomarker of IDD, and infiltration of immune cells plays an important role in the pathological development of IDD. (hindawi.com)
In recent years, extensive research has established that some immune cells either reside in the heart or have very complicated interactions with cardiomyocytes through permanent blood circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, immune cells are typically expected to play a vital role in regulating the immune system responses in the heart. (biomedcentral.com)

demonstrated that osteoblast-specific ablation of PTHrP in mice results in osteoporosis and impaired bone formation both in vivo and ex vivo, which reiterates the phenotype of mice with haploinsufficiency of PTHrP. (wikipedia.org)
The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid, although inclusion of the analysis of cell type-specific GLI1-deficient mice would have strengthened the study. (elifesciences.org)
In addition, C57BL mice were injected with the human gastric cancer cell line HGC27 and its effect on bone mass was analyzed by Micro-CT, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. (aging-us.com)

The outcomes showed that phosphorylation selleck chemicals of AKT was decreased in FET cells relative to FET DN cells below each GFDS strain and ordinary development situations. (sirnalibrary.com)

The full-length PGRN can thus effectively reduce the calcification of valve interstitial cells, and the granulin precursor (GRN), among the degradation products of PGRN, can be beneficial. (biomedcentral.com)

Over the past decades, luminal epithelial cell lineage has gained considerable attraction as the functionally milk-secreting units and as the most fruitful acreage for breast cancer launching. (biomedcentral.com)
The ductal system is coated by a chain of luminal epithelial cells (LECs) situated on a layer of myoepithelial cells (MECs) and encompassed by a distinguished basement membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
Two major cell types cooperate to build up the ductal units: inner polarized luminal epithelial cells (LECs) embraced by a layer of myoepithelial cells (MECs), both cell types are rimmed by a cohesive basement membrane (BM) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, damaging the MECs layer resulted in the release of various factors (such as SDF1/CXCL12, CXCL14, MMP, and tenascin) [ 11 , 12 ] with a potential to modify the tumour microenvironment and facilitate the paracrine communication between the tumour epithelial cells and the enclosed stroma enhancing the tumour aggressiveness [ 11 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Common target genes, with a role in modulating bone-cell function, were confirmed using a combination of siRNA, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), ELISA, promoter reporter analysis, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. (biomedcentral.com)

It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells (for example, breast cancer, certain types of lung cancer including squamous-cell lung carcinoma). (wikipedia.org)
A number of recent publications have highlighted a role for Hh signalling in breast cancer models and clinical specimens. (biomedcentral.com)
Subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the initial steps of cancer cell invasion and dissemination by disrupting the integrity of the myoepithelial belt that encircles the LECs [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These hormones are made in the cell bodies and then transported to the axon terminals. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
The gland consists of numerous cell types, which specialize in making and releasing specific hormones. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Mitochondria supply metabolites for epigenetic modifications and other nuclear-associated activities and certain mitochondrial proteins were found in the nucleus. (pdbwiki.org)

PTHrP plays a major role in regulating calcium homeostasis in vertebrates, including sea bream, chick, and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
C3a-C3aR signaling is a novel modulator of skeletal homeostasis. (musc.edu)

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. (lookformedical.com)

Studies have shown that IDD is closely related to the activation of T cells [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
The mechanism underlying circIKBKB-mediated activation of NF-κB/bone remodeling factors signaling and EIF4A3-induced circIKBKB were investigated using RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter, chromatin isolation by RNA purification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (biomedcentral.com)

In the context of tooth eruption, PTHrP is secreted by the cells of the reduced enamel epithelium. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy27

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Phenomena and Processes67

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Regulates2

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