It was shown that Y. pestis recently diverged from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , an enteropathogen, and likely comprises a clonal lineage ( 1 , 3 , 37 , 40 ). (asm.org)
Three pandemics have been attributed to plague in the third pandemic are all of the Orientalis biovar (3). (cdc.gov)
the other two biovars, Medievalis and Orientalis, and convenient for Y. pestis genotyping. (cdc.gov)
Antiqua, from East Africa, may have descended from bac- biovars (11 Antiqua isolates, 12 Medievalis isolates, and 12 teria that caused the first pandemic, whereas Medievalis, Orientalis isolates) isolated from 1947 to 1996 from vari- from central Asia, may have descended from the bacteria ous host species in 13 countries are presented in Table 1. (cdc.gov)
Y. pestis strains have historically been classified according to their ability to utilize glycerol and reduce nitrate and have been grouped into three main subtypes or biovars: antiqua, medievalis, and orientalis. (asm.org)
Isolates from the orientalis biovar have worldwide distribution due to spreading via steamship beginning 100 years ago. (asm.org)
[ 2 ] Three biovars (with minor genetic variations) have been identified within the Y pestis clone: Antiqua, Medievalis, and Orientalis. (medscape.com)
Medievalis2
Y. pestis strain KIM, a Medievalis biovar, are now avail- called multiple spacer typing (MST). (cdc.gov)
In contrast, isolates of the antiqua and medievalis biovars are generally limited to localized regions containing long-term plague foci from enzootic rodent hosts in Africa and central Asia. (asm.org)
Antiqua2
To further investigate the genomic diversity among this group and to help characterize lineages of the plague organism that have no sequenced members, we present here the genomes of two isolates of the "classical" antiqua biovar, strains Antiqua and Nepal516. (asm.org)
The results presented here clearly demonstrate the differences between the two biovar antiqua lineages and support the notion that grouping Y. pestis strains based strictly on the classical definition of biovars (predicated upon two biochemical assays) does not accurately reflect the phylogenetic relationships within this species. (asm.org)
Strains1
Though both strains belong to one of the three classical biovars, they represent separate lineages defined by recent phylogenetic studies. (asm.org)
Isolates2
We first demonstrated that MST plague, a reemerging zoonotic disease transmitted to allowed biovar genotyping of a large collection of Y. pestis humans through flea bites and typically characterized by isolates and further applied it to the dental pulp collected the appearance of a tender and swollen lymph node, the from persons whose deaths are attributed to the first and bubo (2). (cdc.gov)
The Y. enterocolitica isolates were classified into 54 sequence types (STs) and 125 cgMLST types (CTs), with 4/O:3 being the dominant bioserotype in Ningxia. (biomedcentral.com)
Plague2
It has been argued that each of the biovars was associated with one of the plague pandemics ( 14 , 20 , 34 ), and recent studies have tried to provide direct evidence of whether Y. pestis was associated with any of the historical pandemics ( 15 , 44 ). (asm.org)
[ 2 ] One theory is that these biovars emerged before any of the plague epidemics. (medscape.com)
Pestis2
We found that MST able (4,5), which provides an opportunity to examine them differentiated every biovar in a collection of 36 Y. pestis iso- for differences associated with the biovar and for genotyp- lates representative of the three biovars. (cdc.gov)
fore, hypothesized that sequencing of several intergenic spacers would allow determination of a biovar-specific spacer pattern in Y. pestis . (cdc.gov)
Glycerol1
biovars on the basis of their abilities to ferment glycerol and to reduce nitrate. (cdc.gov)