Protozoan parasite toxoplasma antigens protozoan. Medical search. Frequent questions

A plant-based recombinant antibody against Toxoplasma antigen may offer a potential approach in developing strategies to produce such molecules. (um.edu.my)
Field Evaluation of Recombinant Antigen ELISA in Detecting Zoonotic Schistosome Infection Among Water Buffaloes in Endemic Municipalities in the Philippines. (obihiro.ac.jp)
Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant TgSRS2 for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats. (obihiro.ac.jp)
Advances in understanding underlying immune mechanisms are feasibale using a variety of candidate antigens, including attenuated live parasites, crude antigens, pure or recombinant Leishmania proteins, Leishmania genes encoding protective proteins, as well as immune system activators from the saliva of parasite vectors. (ac.ir)

This WP aims to explore key components regulating gene expression in Toxoplasma, Plasmodium and Leishmania and their infected host cells and to gain insight on non-canonical mechanisms governing gene regulation in protozoan parasites. (labex-parafrap.fr)
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. (scite.ai)
Coinfection by Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. (scite.ai)
Blood samples were obtained to detect antibodies for T. gondii and Leishmania spp.The immunofl uorescence antibody test (IFAT) was performed, according to the method described by Camargo 7 , which used whole Leishmania major-like promastigote and the RH strain of T. gondii as the antigen for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis, respectively. (scite.ai)
9 with specifi c anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) in 63 (16.3%) of 386 cats and IgG against Leishmania spp. (scite.ai)
The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii among household dogs in Shanghai (the most important industrial and commercial city in China), and to assess the possible risk factors associated with the infection. (aaem.pl)
Unlike the protozoan Leishmania major , Toxoplasma parasites avoid destruction by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome and live permanently in a unique parasitophorous vacuole, a specialized structure within the cytoplasm that is entirely segregated from the endocytic system of the host cell. (ppdictionary.com)
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan Leishmania parasites that are transmitted through female sandfly bites. (ac.ir)

The value of molecular characterisations and comparisons between species is well illustrated by the close phylogenetic relationship between Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. (uky.edu)
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are closely related intracellular protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary concern by causing abortions and systemic illness. (frontiersin.org)
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that invades host cells and replicates within the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), which resists fusion with host cell lysosomal compartments. (biomedcentral.com)
Neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Neospora caninum . (rekombiotech.com)
The parasite Neospora caninum is an important abortifacient agent in cattle worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
The obligate-intracellular protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is a major cause of reproductive failure in cattle worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite capable of infecting warm-blooded animals by ingestion. (life-science-alliance.org)

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii. (um.edu.my)
Water was the suspected vehicle of Toxoplasma gondii dissemination in a toxoplasmosis outbreak in Brazil. (cdc.gov)
We investigated a large toxoplasmosis outbreak in which the exposure to known sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection was assessed. (cdc.gov)
Toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii , which infects approximately 30% of the world's population. (nature.com)
These data demonstrated that ME49Δ cdpk3 inoculation induced effective cellular and humoral immune responses against acute and chronic Toxoplasma infections with various strains and was a potential candidate to develop a vaccine against toxoplasmosis. (nature.com)
The above characteristics of Toxoplasma strains pose great challenges to the control of toxoplasmosis. (nature.com)
Thus, the development of an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine is critical for limiting the infection of various Toxoplasma strains. (nature.com)
Serum from mouse orally ingested with tissue cyst forming strain (Me49) of Toxoplasma gondii was assayed by Western blot and immunofluorescene assay (IFA) to establish early responses in antigenicity of the parasite in mouse model of foodborne toxoplasmosis. (koreamed.org)
Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled, intracellular protozoan that causes the parasitic diseases known has Toxoplasmosis ( Figure 1 ). (ppdictionary.com)
The protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii , is one of the world's most common parasites and is the causative agent of Toxoplasmosis. (becomingjessi.com)
Toxoplasma is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes an important disease, toxoplasmosis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Seroprevalence of antibody to TgGRA7 antigen of Toxoplasma gondii in livestock animals from Western Java, Indonesia. (obihiro.ac.jp)
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Farm Animals in West Kordofan, and Blue Nile states, Sudan. (obihiro.ac.jp)

The Apicomplexa are a diverse group of parasitic protozoa with very ancient phylogenetic roots. (uky.edu)
Toxoplasma gondii is a wide spread protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. (pdfmedarticles.com)

Parasites & Vectors. (obihiro.ac.jp)
Epimastigotes are an extracellular and noninfective form of the parasite found in the midgut of insect vectors, where they multiply by binary fission. (medscape.com)
The trypomastigote is the infective flagellated form of the parasite found in the blood of the mammalian hosts (blood trypomastigote) and in the hindgut of vectors (metacyclic trypomastigote). (medscape.com)

And now, a study recently published in the International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife goes much further in challenging the scapegoating. (voxfelina.com)

Research interests focus on: the study of the interface of the pathogen and host at the level of the host's immune response, the nature of the protective immune response and how the pathogen modulates the host response to ensure its success, the detection, treatment and prevalence of parasites of veterinary importance (including those of zoonotic concern), and the disinfection of wastewater and sewage. (cornell.edu)
Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ) is a common zoonotic intracellular parasite capable of infecting almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans 1 . (nature.com)
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent zoonotic protozoan parasites worldwide and affects the vast majority of warm-blooded animal species, including humans. (chemnews-japan.com)
Toxoplasma is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes an important zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. (biomedcentral.com)

The most important intestinal protozoan pathogens. (merckmanuals.com)

Nullscript inhibits Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma growth. (obihiro.ac.jp)
Examples are the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis , Trichomonas vaginalis , Toxoplasma gondii , and enteric parasites such as Giardia intestinalis (also known as G. duodenalis or G. lamblia ) and Cryptosporidium species. (merckmanuals.com)

Phagocytosis is the process of taking in particles such as bacteria, invasive fungi, parasites, dead host cells, and cellular and foreign debris by a cell. (wikipedia.org)
Notable exceptions include various species of Vibrio and Legionella bacteria and protozoan parasites such as the free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba . (nationalacademies.org)
This chapter describes basic principles of ecology and evolution for waterborne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (and yeasts and molds to a lesser extent) of public health concern as an aid to better understand how selective forces may alter one's ability to assess the microbial quality of water. (nationalacademies.org)
Some bacteria also shed bound antigen-antibody immune complexes [ 1737 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

A dog becomes infected with Giardia when it swallows the cyst stage of the parasite. (vcahospitals.com)
If your veterinarian suspects giardiasis, a stool sample may be analyzed for Giardia- specific antigens (cell proteins). (vcahospitals.com)

Immunoradiometric assays show that host erythrocyte antigen is lost from adult worm tegument with a half-life of up to 45 hours in vitro and ~5 days in vivo [ 493 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
2019). Parasiticide Screening: Volume 1: In Vitro and In Vivo Tests with Relevant Parasite Rearing and Host Infection/Infestation Methods. (researchgate.net)
Effects of ethanol and water extracts from Phyllanthus emblica fruits on the growth of bovine Babesia and equine piroplasma parasites in vitro and Babesia microti in mice. (obihiro.ac.jp)
The lack of NcGRA23 or NcGRA11 (a-e) did not affect the parasite propagation in vitro and virulence in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
Other drawbacks associated with the use of whole tachyzoites include the need to culture the parasite in vitro and to have trained personnel interpret IFA results. (rekombiotech.com)

To modify the PV, the parasite secretes an array of proteins, including dense granule proteins (GRAs). (biomedcentral.com)
The dense granule (GRA) proteins are essential in the formation of parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) within which the parasites multiply and grow [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To date, most NcGRAs have been discovered individually by bioinformatics searches for proteins exhibiting homology to known Toxoplasma dense granule proteins (TgGRAs). (biomedcentral.com)
Nested PCR assays targeting the dense granule protein 7 (GRA7) gene and B1 gene were also used to detect Toxoplasma in DNA samples extracted from 10 liver or blood specimens from 8 animals. (biomedcentral.com)

The objectives of the current presentation are to summarize the functional properties of HSPs and their role in innate and acquired immune responses, to throw light on their role in pathogenesis and parasites survival, to review the literature searching for new drug discovery and vaccine candidates for parasitic diseases, and finally to present their use in diagnosis and genotyping of some parasitic diseases. (eg.net)

the major helminth parasites found in wild, semi-wild and golden sovereign stock guinea fowl were heterakis gallinarum, ascaridia galli, capillaria caudinflata, raillietina tetragona and r. echinobothrida, while eimeria species was the most important gastro-intestinal protozoan parasite. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Thus, in this study, anti-Toxoplasma scFv antibody genes were introduced into the pCambia1304 vector and transformed into Musa acuminata cv. (um.edu.my)
Overall, the study proposes a potentially useful expression platform for production of anti-Toxoplasma scFv antibodies. (um.edu.my)

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites (Giemsa stain). (medscape.com)

Giardiasis is an intestinal infection in humans and animals caused by a microscopic protozoan. (vcahospitals.com)
Other examples of protozoan parasites that can cause enteric (intestinal) disease are Coccidia , Cryptosporidia, and Toxoplasma . (vcahospitals.com)
These microscopic parasites attach themselves to the intestinal wall, and the damage causes an acute, sudden onset of foul-smelling diarrhea. (vcahospitals.com)
Overview of Intestinal Protozoan and Microsporidia Infections Protozoa is a loose term for certain nucleated, unicellular organisms (eukaryotes) that lack a cell wall and are neither animals, plants, nor fungi. (merckmanuals.com)
After ingestion, Toxoplasma first multiplies asexually in the intestinal epithelia and then spreads through blood circulation to peripheral tissues, including the brain, liver, muscle, and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
In the intestinal epithelia of felids, Toxoplasma also multiplies sexually to produce oocysts, which are shed in the excrement to contaminate the environment [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In contrast, studies regarding the influence of dose on the protective response, which allow the optimisation of the number of live parasites inoculated per animal, could provide results that prove valuable to cost-efficient industrial production. (biomedcentral.com)

Camels (n = 460) recently imported from Sudan and destined mainly for human consumption, were tested for specific antibodies against these protozoans using commercially available ELISAs. (frontiersin.org)
They stated though that a larger and more diverse number of cases were needed to to see if the findings (presence of antibodies against the surface antigens of the parasite) are reproducible. (becomingjessi.com)

A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. (bvsalud.org)

An active T-cell response to the parasite is required to prevent reemergence of the virulent tachyzoites from pseudocytes. (ppdictionary.com)
The serodiagnosis of Neosporosis with tests elaborated with complete tachyzoites of N. caninum can give rise to false positives due to cross-reactions with Toxoplasma gondii , another protozoan closely related to N. canine . (rekombiotech.com)

Characterisation of gene and protein diversity is important for distinguishing between related parasites, for determining their phylogeny, and for providing insight into factors that determine host restriction, cell preference, and virulence. (uky.edu)

Host immune response to Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris lumbri-coides in an endemic area: Evidence of parasite co-immunomodulation proper-ties influencing the outcome of both in-fections. (ac.ir)
In heavily infected kittens, deworming with pyrantel can begin at 3 weeks of age and repeated at 2 week intervals ( www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/ascaris/prevention.htm ). (vin.com)

Antibody bound to worm tegumental antigen causes shedding of the bound complex in ~20 minutes at 37 o C [ 503 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

Felids are the definitive hosts of this parasite, while virtually all warm-blooded animals, including birds, serve as intermediate hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
Virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans and birds, can be infected by Toxoplasma , making it one of the important parasites affecting public health and animal husbandry worldwide [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Even so, most warm-blooded animals serve merely as intermediate hosts, and felids are the sole definitive hosts of this parasite [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These show homology to T. gondii proteins, yet possess unique antigenic characteristics that distinguish them from their homologues and enable their use for specific serological diagnoses and parasite identification. (uky.edu)
To understand the diverse mechanisms of protozoan motion and its role in the molecular process sustaining invasion of cells and tissues, we will investigate the role of surface parasite proteins during the invasion process of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium (intracellular parasites) with a major goal toward the characterization of the moving junction, a unique structure powered by the parasite to propel itself into the host cell. (labex-parafrap.fr)
however, the precise roles of these GRA proteins in the intracellular survival and growth of the parasites are not well elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)

All patients positive for cysticercosis on the TS POC test and every tenth patient who was negative for cysticercosis received a brain CT examination and underwent reference testing for T solium cysticercosis (ie, rT24H-EITB, LLGP-EITB, and antigen ELISA). (cdc.gov)
Sensitivity was similar to that of the rT24H-EITB (44%, UI 37-51) and the antigen ELISA (50%, 43-56). (cdc.gov)
For the subset of neurocysticercosis cases with at least one active (ie, vesicular) lesion, sensitivity was above 98% for the TS POC test, the rT24H-ETIB, and the antigen ELISA. (cdc.gov)
An indirect multispecies ELISA was used for the first time to screen for Toxoplasma infection in 326 serum samples collected from 75 species of animals. (biomedcentral.com)
According to the serological investigation, we speculated that over one-third (36.2%) of animals in Taipei Zoo presented the infection of Toxoplasma , and the indirect multispecies ELISA we used can be applied to detect Toxoplasma infection in 31 animal species included in this study. (biomedcentral.com)

The innate immune response first induces IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. (life-science-alliance.org)
The latter motion induces the secretion of calcium ions from the parasite, which is a unique feature that helps parasitologist identify the organism. (ppdictionary.com)

Members of this group of parasites cause economically and medically important diseases in a varietyof animals, including humans. (pdfmedarticles.com)

Do antenatal parasite infections deval-ue childhood vaccination? (ac.ir)
Parasite co-infections and their impact on survival of indigenous cattle. (ac.ir)
To identify essential parasite and host factors, which contribute to successful establishment of parasitic infections and constitute potential targets for therapeutic interventions. (labex-parafrap.fr)
Parasitic infections due to protozoa and helminths are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. (merckmanuals.com)
The characteristics of protozoan and helminthic infections vary in important ways. (merckmanuals.com)
With rare exceptions, protozoan infections do not cause eosinophilia. (merckmanuals.com)
In particular, owners of cats as companion animals may acquire Toxoplasma infections from their pets. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinician-Patient Relationship can present with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. (lecturio.com)

Postnatal infection in humans occurs through the ingestion of sporulated T. gondii oocysts or via the oral intake of parasite tissue cysts during the consumption of raw or undercooked meat. (chemnews-japan.com)

Normally, in the presence of a competent immune system, the tachyzoite stage is cleared from the tissues while the more slowly dividing form of the parasite, persists within pseudocytes. (ppdictionary.com)

The epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi is the multiplying stage of the parasite that grows in the gut of the insect vector and also in cell-free culture medium as shown here. (medscape.com)

The developmental and adult stages of the parasite are mostly invisible to the immune system [ 496 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
The family Felidae is the definitive host, and sexual stages of the parasite are found in the epithelial cells of the gut, and oocysts are shed in the feces. (ppdictionary.com)

Cocktail of Theileria equi antigens for detecting infection in equines. (obihiro.ac.jp)
We will characterize the role of Phosphoinositides in protein trafficking to specific organelles of Toxoplasma and the role of autophagy in survival and development of T. gondii and Theileria (imaging, genomics, proteomic and functional analysis). (labex-parafrap.fr)

Prior to the cross that gave riseto the clonal lineages, and in all closely related parasites, transmission occurred by an obligatorytwo-host life cycle that alternated between definitive (carnivorous) and intermediate (herbivorous)hosts. (pdfmedarticles.com)
are intracellular spore-forming organisms that used to be classified as protozoa, but genetic analysis indicates that they are fungi or closely related to them. (merckmanuals.com)

Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes chronic infection and inflammation in the brain parenchyma. (escholarship.org)
The serologic diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease, caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is challenging and lacks a gold-standard assay. (cdc.gov)

mice injected intravenously with a commercially available extract of coxiella burnetii prepared for use as the antigen in the complement fixation diagnostic test for q fever were subsequently resistant to infection with babesia microti, babesia rodhaini, and plasmodium vinckei petteri. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Using Toxoplasma and Plasmodium as paradigms, we will characterize, quantify and model the interactions between key epigenetic regulators and chromatin components, upon parasite differentiation, cellular stress and during monoallelic expression of surface variant antigens in P. falciparum (high-throughput ChIP-Chip, ChIP-Seq and mass spectrometry techniques). (labex-parafrap.fr)
The cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors involved in transcriptional and post- transcriptional control of stage conversion will be analyzed in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium (genome-wide analyses, proteomics and genetics). (labex-parafrap.fr)

Two sets of primers were used for DNA amplification targeting the specific sequence of a 529 bp repeat element and another set of primers was utilised for the surface antigen protein-1 gene. (chemnews-japan.com)
WP3 will group together experts in parasite cell and molecular biology to address key questions related to gene regulation and differentiation, parasite-specific organelle and cellular functions, and interactions with host cells and tissues. (labex-parafrap.fr)

Toxoplasma strains have a complex population structure. (nature.com)
There are three main types of Toxoplasma strains (I, II, and III) in North America and Europe. (nature.com)
Toxoplasma strains in South America are more genetically diverse than those in North America and Europe. (nature.com)

From the B1 nested PCR and the sequence data of GRA7 fragments amplified from infectious specimens, the animals in the Zoo were speculated to have been infected by at least three different Toxoplasma variants. (biomedcentral.com)

Schistosome parasites, despite being multicellular organisms up to several millimeters in length, can survive in the bloodstream of mammalian hosts for decades [ 496 ] even in the face of an ongoing antiparasite immune response by the infected host [ 492 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of L. infantum and T. gondii infection in household dogs in Shanghai, which shows that these two important parasites are still prevalent in this region. (aaem.pl)

The vector potential of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks for Babesia microti parasites under experimental condition. (obihiro.ac.jp)

After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. (wikipedia.org)
T. gondii infects not only macrophages but also many other cell types in an uptake process actively controlled by this protozoan ( Figure 3 ). (ppdictionary.com)
Expression profile of microRNAs in porcine alveolar macrophages after Toxoplasma gondii infection. (hzau.edu.cn)

Although this study was performed in samples from individuals with subarachnoid neurocysticercosis who likely had high circulating antigen levels, it provides the proof of concept for a functional urine antigen point-of-care assay that detects viable cysts. (cdc.gov)
After entering the human body, the protozoan forms cysts within various tissues including the skeletal tissue, the heart, brain, and eyes. (becomingjessi.com)
Depending on how old a person is when they come into contact with Toxoplasma and the strength of their immune system, the cysts may remain throughout the individual's lifetime. (becomingjessi.com)
Infection of Toxoplasma is contracted mainly by ingesting undercooked or raw meat containing viable tissue cysts or by ingesting food or water contaminated with oocysts. (biomedcentral.com)

Toxoplasma gondii coinfection can modify host immune responses and the severity and spread of other parasites. (ac.ir)
The parasite burden, the expression of T. gondii rhoptry kinase ROP18 and T. spiralis putative serine protease (TsSP), the IgG1 and IgG2a responses, besides histopathological and immunohistochemical staining with iNOS and arginase were used to evaluate the dynamics of coinfection. (ac.ir)
which suggested coinfection by these two protozoa in the same animal. (scite.ai)

wild and domestic animals trapped from forests, villages, and rice fields in south kalimantan (3 degrees 20' s, 115 degrees 02' e, 25 m) were examined for blood parasites using giemsa stained thick and thin blood films and nuclepore filter preparations of peripheral vein and heart puncture blood. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Protozoa can multiply in their human hosts, increasing in number to cause overwhelming infection. (merckmanuals.com)
As with other parasites that infect both mammalian and insect hosts, the life cycle of T cruzi is complex (see image below). (medscape.com)

Soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) triggers release of cytokine IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and infected individuals [ 505 ], and the IL-10 then suppresses lymphoproliferative responses to SWAP by 90-100% [ 504 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

Occasionally, the parasites may be seen on a direct smear of the feces. (vcahospitals.com)
We come into contact with Toxoplasma gondii , through either under cooked infected meats, infected cat feces (as cats are a host for the protozoan), or it is passed from mother to child during pregnancy. (becomingjessi.com)
Infected insects take blood meals from humans and their domestic animals and deposit parasite-laden feces. (medscape.com)

Writing last week for Scientific American , Yale School of Medicine research fellow Jack Turban waded into the controversy surrounding cat ownership, Toxoplasma gondii , and the parasite's alleged role in mental illness- asking (and answering) the question , "are cats really to blame for psychotic behavior? (voxfelina.com)

In the intermediate host (any mammal or bird), the parasite undergoes asexual division in one of two stages. (ppdictionary.com)

Some parasites are endemic in the United States and other resource-rich countries. (merckmanuals.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms23

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes8

Information Science3

Recombinant4

Leishmania8

Neospora6

Obligate intracellular protozoan parasite1

Toxoplasmosis11

Seroprevalence2

Apicomplexa2

Vectors3

Parasitology1

Zoonotic4

Pathogens1

Cryptosporidium2

Bacteria4

Giardia2

Vitro5

Dense granule4

Vaccine1

Helminth parasites1

Anti-Toxoplasma2

Gondii tachyzoites1

Intestinal6

Live parasites1

Antibodies2

Coccidia1

Tachyzoites2

Virulence1

Ascaris2

Antibody1

Warm-blooded animals3

Proteins3

ELISA5

Induces2

Including humans1

Infections8

Ingestion1

Form of the parasite1

Stage of the parasite1

Stages of the parasite2

Theileria2

Closely related2

Chronic2

Plasmodium3

Gene2

Strains3

GRA71

Multicellular1

Important parasites1

Babesia1

Macrophages3

Cysts4

Coinfection3

Giemsa1

Hosts2

Soluble1

Feces3

Parasite's1

Asexual1

Endemic1