• Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
  • An instance of an oncogene is the HER2 gene, which creates the HER2 protein. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Extra copies of this gene may result in an overabundance of HER2 protein, causing cells to proliferate faster. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Third, reverse transcription is responsible for the insertion of oncogenes into retroviral genomes as well as some proto-oncogene and tumour suppressor gene alterations in non-virus induced cancers. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Many efforts have been undertaken to understand the causal function of activated oncogenes in cancer formation since their discovery in human tumours. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Oncogene expression and their possible function in immune cell abnormalities during carcinogenesis and tumour growth, however, have not even been adequately investigated [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • In general, oncogene function during multistep carcinogenesis is thought to be based on a growth advantage afforded by the proto-oncogene product's altered function. (alliedacademies.org)
  • We are investigating how Pbx and Meis proteins contribute to the specificity of Hox function in development and how disruption of their activities leads to neoplasia. (stanford.edu)
  • Scientific study has clearly proven the importance of oncogenes in human cancer over the last five decades. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Second, both strongly transforming retroviruses and non-virus induced malignancies, including human cancers, contain comparable oncogenes. (alliedacademies.org)
  • When protooncogenes are altered or amplification occurs as a result of DNA damage (such as carcinogen exposure), the proteins produced by these genes might affect the cell's development, proliferation, and survival, potentially leading to the creation of a malignant tumour. (alliedacademies.org)
  • All of this research has demonstrated that oncogene expression is essential not just for cancer development but also for disease maintenance, keeping oncogenes in the spotlight as important anti-cancer treatment targets. (alliedacademies.org)
  • This protein aids in the healthy division and development of breast cells. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The KRAS gene provides instructions for making a protein called K-Ras that is part of a signaling pathway known as the RAS/MAPK pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nearly all of the KRAS gene mutations associated with lung cancer change the amino acid glycine at position 12 or 13 (Gly12 or Gly13) or change the amino acid glutamine at position 61 (Gln61) in the K-Ras protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These mutations lead to a K-Ras protein that is more strongly overactivated than the mutations that cause cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (described above). (medlineplus.gov)
  • These mutations lead to production of an H-Ras protein that is always turned on. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the K-Ras protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in a critical region of the H-Ras protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • it replaces the amino acid glycine with the amino acid serine at protein position 12 (written as Gly12Ser or G12S). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most common mutation replaces the amino acid glycine with the amino acid valine at protein position 12 (written as Gly12Val or G12V). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments. (lookformedical.com)
  • The protein relays signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the protein is bound to GDP, it does not relay signals to the cell's nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To transmit signals, the protein must be turned on by attaching (binding) to a molecule of GTP. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Instead of triggering cell growth in response to signals from outside the cell, the overactive protein directs cells to grow and divide constantly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In this way the K-Ras protein acts like a switch that is turned on and off by the GTP and GDP molecules. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These mutations result in a K-Ras protein that is constantly turned on (constitutively activated) and directing cells to proliferate in an uncontrolled way, which leads to tumor formation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These proteins play important roles in cell division, the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions (cell differentiation), and the self-destruction of cells (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. (lookformedical.com)
  • These effects lead to prolonged activation of the K-Ras protein, which alters tightly regulated RAS/MAPK signaling during development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)